14 Colo. 140 | Colo. | 1890
The judgment appealed from in this case was rendered June 26, 1886. It was found by the court that “the equity of this case is not with the said plaintiffs, but is with the said defendants.” There was .no other finding. The decree, dismissing the bill, was predicated upon this finding alone. To determine the appeal, therefore, a review of all the evidence is necessary. The trial having been had entirely upon depositions, it is the duty of the court, not only to sift and weigh the testimony, but to consider the whole case, not only upon the law, but upon the facts as well. Jackcson v. Allen, 4 Colo. 263; Miller v. Taylor, 6 Colo. 41; Sieber v. Frink, 1 Colo. 148; Bank v. Newton, 13 Colo. 245.
There is a conflict of evidence upon all, or nearly all, .the issues in the case. A discussion of the testimony in
The evidence tends to show that prior to November 1, 1884, George R. Gwynn and James Moynahan claimed to be the owners of eight certain lode mining claims, situate in the county of Park, which had been theretofore the property of the Great West Mining Company. The interest of Gwynn was an undivided two-thirds, and that of Moynahan an undivided one-third. They derived their title from sheriffs’ deeds, issued to them as purchasers at execution sales, upon judgments recovered against the Great West Mining Company.' No part of the property had been patented. The validity of the title was doubted, on account of the irregularities in the judgments.
The property was subject to a trust-deed, which had been made by the Great West Mining Company in April, 1882, to secure the payment of a promissory note given to one Duncan McBride, for the sum of $3,000, with interest at the rate of one and one-half per cent, per month. Two thousand dollars had been paid upon the note. The mining company was insolvent and could make no further payment. Prior to the month of October, 1884, this note and trust-deed had been placed in the hands of George C. Bates, one of the original plaintiffs in this case, for collection. Gwynn, through Bates, as the attorney for McBride, had agreed to purchase the note, and had employed him to institute suit in the federal court to foreclose the trust-deed. The purpose of the foreclosure was to perfect the title to the property.
In October Gwynn decided to sell the property. He claimed to represent his own interest and also that of Moynahan. He authorized Bates to negotiate a sale. The price and terms do not appear to have been definitely settled when the authority was given. Gwynn proposed to sell the entire property and any interest which he had
The negotiations for the property with Gwynn were had pursuant to this agreement. A contract for the purchase of his interest was made on or about the 5th day of December, 1884. Prior to. that time, Moynahan had denied Gwynn’s authority to represent him, and negotiations were had with him independently. By the terms of the contract with Gwynn the parties agreed to pay the sum of $6,194 for his interest in the property, and his right to purchase the McBride trust-deed; $2,000 of this sum was paid in cash, and the balance was to be paid forty-five days thereafter. Gwynn thereupon executed a deed conveying his interest in the property, which was placed in escrow in the First National Bank of Denver, to be delivered to Alfred H. Wilson and Randall W. Wilson upon the payment of the sum of $4,194, the balance of the purchase price. The interest of Moynahan was purchased on December 6, 1884, for the sum of $2,000. Five hundred dollars of this sum was to-be paid ■on December 16, 1884; $1,000 on January 16, 1885; and the balance of $500 on February 3,1885. Moynahan duly executed a deed to his interest upon December 6, 1884, which deed was placed in escrow in the Colorado National Bank, and there remained until the several sums mentioned were paid, when it was delivered to Alfred H. and Randall W. Wilson.
At the time this purchase was made the property was in the possession ota lessee. The lease was to expire at noon on December 8th. Gwynn agreed to deliver possession of the property to the Wilsons immediately upon the expiration of the lease, and entered into a contract with them to work the mines until they could take charge of the business themselves. By the terms of this agree
December 8, 1884, Gwynn took possession of the property as the representative of the defendants. The mines were then very productive. Gwynn violated his contract in every particular. He began to work the property, but failed to account 'for the proceeds, and failed to keep the Wilsons advised of his operations. Early in January, 1885, Bates went east, and did not return until about the 1st of March. The balance of the purchase price was due to Gwynn on or about the 14th of January, 1885. Before that day arrived the Wilsons, believing that Gwynn, in violation of his contract, had taken from the property more than sufficient money to pay this balance, and in order to get time to investigate, obtained from Gwynn an extension of the time to March 3, 1885. The balance due to Moynahan was paid in accordance with the terms of the agreement with him. Bates being absent, nothing was done by the Wilsons to protect their rights as against Gwynn until his return. In the interval Gwynn actually realized from the property more than $20,000. When Bates returned, he determined to commence suit against Gwynn at once to recover this money. As a first step, however, it was thought necessary to obtain the deed, which was still in the First National Bank in escrow. A bill was filed in the district court of Arapahoe county, and an injunction obtained restraining Gwynn from working the property, and also enjoining the First National Bank from paying over to Gwynn the amount of money which was then deposited, for the purpose of obtaining possession of the deed. Gwynn appeared and answered the complaint, setting up as defenses that, by the failure of the Wilsons to pay the purchase price in accordance with the terms of the con
Defendants insist that Bates was guilty of a violation of his agreement to defend the title to the property, and protect the interest of the Wilsons, because the compromise was made upon the unjust terms demanded by Gwynn. It is clear, however, from the evidence, that the Wilsons settled with full knowledge of their rights, believing that it would be best to obtain possession of the mine upon any terms rather than enter into protracted litigation. By the settlement they received one-third of the net proceeds which Gwynn realized from the mines; it being conceded that the one-third belonged to them, as owners of the Moynahan interest. This amounted to about $3,500. After this settlement, the parties acquired undisputed possession of the property, and immediately began the prosecution of the enterprise under their contract. Bates began to take the necessary steps to obtain patents for the property. He also continued the prosecution of the suit in equity brought to foreclose the McBride trust-deed.
Prior to April 1, 1885, after some discussion, the parties agreed to organize a body corporate for the purpose of conducting their common business. On or about April 1, 1885, a certificate of incorporation was prepared by Bates, which was executed by him and by the Wilsons upon that day. On account of the importance of this instrument as evidence, and the effect which it is claimed to have upon the rights of the parties, the material parts of the certificate are here stated in full: “First. The corporate name of said company is The Woodmas of Alston Mining Company. Second. The object of such corporation is the working, operating, buying and selling ore, and leasing mines of gold and silver, in Park and other counties, in
After filing the certificate, and until the bringing of this suit, the business of these parties seems to have been conducted in the name of this corporation, to wit, The Woodmas of Alston Mining Company.
Bates spent a considerable portion.of his time at Alma in the business of the company. He continued to take the steps deemed to be necessary by him to obtain patents for the property. It appears, however, that at about
In May, 1885, Bates obtained a decree of foreclosure of the McBride trust-deed. By this decree it was adjudged that there was due to McBride the sum of $1,916, and it was further adjudged that, if the defendant, the Great West Mining Company, should fail to pay this sum and costs of suit within thirty days from the date of decree, then the property should be sold. Under this decree the property was advertised to be sold at Alma upon the 15th day of August, 1885. William M. Burns, sheriff of that county, was appointed a special master in chancery to make the sale. The defendant Alfred H. Wilson and George O. Bates attended the sale. Prior' to that time, no serious controversy appears to have arisen between the parties. It had been claimed by defendants that they had been misled in executing the articles of incorporation, with the clause therein declaring that the stock should be “ divided half and half between the parties.” They contended that Bates was to receive but one-third ■of the capital stock, and that his right to any interest therein was entirely dependent upon his performance of the contract entered into at the time the original purchase was made. It appears, however, that this controversy did not seriously interfere with the relations of the parties, and that they continued their operations together, the same after as before the misunderstanding .arose. Upon the day of the sale Bates did not have the .money to pay the amount of the decree. He therefore proposed to Wilson to bid for the property the amount found due by the court, in the name of his client Duncan McBride. His purpose seems to have been to bid in the property, and afterwards secure the certificate of pur
Before the sale took place it had been arranged between Wfison and the special master that the money should be paid to him some day thereafter. The sale was made and the property was sold to the corporation for the sum of $2,300. After the sale, Wilson demanded that Bates should provide the money to pay for the property, as he had agreed to do under the contract. This he would not or could not do. Wilson refused after-wards to pay his bid. In his testimony he states, as a reason for his refusal, that he had become satisfied that the trust-deed had been paid; that nothing was due thereon; and that he desired an opportunity to investigate. After this attempted sale, the parties continued the business of working the mines as before. A resale was ordered, which was advertised to take place upon October 16th. Bates and defendant Alfred H. Wilson, accompanied by counsel, attended the second sale. Bates again proposed to bid off the property for the amount of the decree, in the name of his client McBride. To this Wilson strenuously objected, and a serious controversy arose between the parties. They were not able to agree as to the manner of conducting the sale. When the property was offered by the special master, Wilson bid for the property the sum of $2,600. He then demanded that the master should immediately deliver to him a certificate of sale. The master declined to do this until the money had been paid to him, assigning, as a reason, that Wilson had failed to complete his bid and pay the money at the first sale. As a result of this controversy, Wil
Prior to the sale, a serious controversy had arisen between the parties. The defendants first insisted that the complainant Mary Barker Bates had no interest in the property, either as a stockholder or otherwise. They also claimed that Bates was without a present interest in the property, for the reason that his interest was conditional, and could not vest until he had performed his contract, obtained patents for the property, and provided for the payment of the McBride trust-deed. It appears that, at or about the time of the sale, the defendants had refused to permit Bates, or any one representing him, to enter upon the premises. Thereupon, and on the ljth of October, 1885, this suit was begun.
The action was originally brought by the complainants, as the owners of one-half of the capital stock of the company. Their claim to relief was entirely predicated upon their relations to the corporation as stockholders. They alleged that they were the owners of one-half of the capital stock; that the defendants denied their interest, and interfered with the exercise of their rights. They prayed for an injunction, for the appointment of a
By their answer, most, if not all, of the material allegations of the complaint were put in issue. As affirmative matter, it was averred that a contract had been entered into between the defendants and Bates substantially the same in its terms as the contract already recited, except that the interest which Bates was to acquire was an undivided one-third interest, and the further important exception that the performance of all of his covenants and agreements was a condition precedent to his obtaining any interest whatever in the property. There are many allegations which chai’ge Bates with misrepresentation, misconduct, fraud and bad faith. As these allegations are not sustained by the evidence, they are not deemed material. All the material allegations of the answer were put in issue by the replication. The trial was had upon all the issues presented by the pleadings. A very large part of the testimony was taken prior to the 11th of February, 1886, upon which day George O. Bates died.
March 23d, by leave of court, an amended complaint was filed by Mary Barker Bates, as surviving plaintiff, in her own right, and as widow and only heir at law and executrix to the last will and testament of George O. Bates, deceased. In this complaint the contract alleged to have been entered into by George O. Bates in his lifetime is set forth in detail. It is also alleged that, pursuant to said contract, the plaintiff had caused to be prepared an application for patents upon the property, and presented the same to Alfred H. Wilson, as president of the corporation, with the request that he duly sign the same, but he refused so to do. It is further alleged that
June 14, 1886, a supplemental complaint was filed by leave of court, in which it is alleged, in substance, that since the filing of the amended complaint the plaintiff had purchased the McBride certificate of sale for the benefit of the defendant corporation. To this supplemental complaint the defendants answered that the said certificate had not been acquired by the said plaintiff, but by Lewis C. Rockwell, her attorney, for the purpose of harassing and oppressing the defendants, etc.
Upon the trial of these several issues it appeared that the plaintiff Mary Barker Bates had, through her attorney, Mr. Rockwell, entered into negotiations with McBride some time prior to April 14, 1886, the day upon which the right to redeem would expire, and that such certificate was actually received by Rockwell on the morning of April 14, 1886; that he then went directly to the residence of Alfred H. Wilson, to inform him that he had received the certificate; that Wilson was not at home, having left the city the night before to go to Park county for the purpose of finding Mr. Burns and redeeming the property from sale; that Wilson did pay to Burns the amount of the decree, judgment and costs; that the master thereafter paid the same into court. Before the conclusion of the trial the certificate was presented to and filed with the court as evidence of the performance of the original contract between the parties. At the time the decree was rendered the situation of the parties seems to have been about as follows: Mrs. Bates had caused the application for patent to be prepared and presented to the defendants to be signed by them as officers of the corporation, but they declined to sign the application. The certificate of purchase had been obtained from
In the application of equitable principles to the facts stated, it is necessary, first, to determine the nature of the contract entered into by George O. Bates and Alfred H. Wilson and Randall W. Wilson, and the relations and rights of the parties under that contract. The evidence tends irresistibly to establish the fact that the terms of the contract were settled and agreed upon before or at the time the negotiations with Gwynn and Moynahan, for the purchase of the property, began. The conditions upon which the parties were to join in the enterprise were clearly and well defined. The mutual promises which sustained and supported the agreement were clearly understood. The negotiations for the purchase were to be carried on by Bates. He undertook to acquire the title, vested in Gwynn and Moynahan, together with Gwvnn’s right to purchase the trust-deed, upon the best terms that could be secured. The Wilsons did not agree to purchase the property upon any terms, but upon terms which might be satisfactory to them. If Bates secured favorable propositions from Gwynn and Moynahan, then the Wilsons, if necessary, were to advance money sufficient to pay the entire purchase price of the property. Having secured the title of Gwynn and Moynahan, it was the duty of Bates, at his
When the property had been secured, the title was to be held by Alfred H. Wilson and Eandall W. Wilson, for the benefit and mutual interest of all concerned. The relation which resulted was in the nature of a mining partnership. That it was so understood by the parties is clear from the evidence of all three, as to the reasons which induced them to form a corporation, to the effect that they sought to avoid liability as partners.
The contract being a valid one, and sustained by sufficient consideration, and having been entered into prior to the purchase, it necessarily follows that, when Gwynn and Moynahan conveyed their title to A. H. and E. W. Wilson, the property was acquired, charged with a trust of which the three parties to the precedent agreement were beneficiaries. The subject of the trust was the property in controversy. The terms of the trust were settled by the contract. The rights of the beneficiaries to participate in the proceeds of the mines were dependent upon the performance of their several undertakings. Before Bates could participate in the proceeds of the property, the defendants were entitled to receive the entire amount of money which they had advanced to pay the purchase price. When that sum had been realized by them, Bates was entitled to be reimbursed for the expenditure made by him in and about obtaining the patents and the satisfaction of the trust-deed. The performance of these undertakings, however, were none of them to be conditions precedent to the acquisition of an interest in the enterprise. If, by the operation of the mines, a sufficient amount was realized to pay the amount advanced by the Wilsons, as cash payments, and the balance of the purchase price as it became due, they were clearly entitled to make that application. If, after the payment of those sums, there remained sufficient of
The next question presented is the effect upon the rights of the parties, resulting from the attempt to organize a corporation. If a body corporate was in fact created, and if by the conveyance of the legal title to that body, which was made by the Wilsons, .the corporation actually acquired the property, the effect of that transaction would be clear and unmistakable. The corporation would then have become trustee in place of A. H.
and R. W. Wilson. Such is always the relation between a body corporate and its. stockholders. The interest of the parties in the capital stock of the company should then have been taken and considered as a substitute for their interest in the body of the property itself. Instead of beneficiaries under a trust, their legal status became that of stockholders of a corporation.
First, then, was a body corporate in fact created? This may well be doubted. It is unnecessary to define or discuss the nature of a corporation in this connection. In this state, corporations are organized under the general laws, and are therefore creatures of statute, and can be brought into existence only by substantial compliance with statutory provisions. The statute is in the nature of a general grant of the right to exercise corporate franchises to such persons as may comply with its terms. The certificate of incorporation constitutes the evidence of the acceptance of the terms and conditions contained in the statute. After it has been duly filed, it is the only evidence of the existence of a corporation de jure. The
If any one of these statutory requirements is omitted, such omission is a fatal defect, and confers no de jure right to exercise corporate franchises. Tested by this provision of the statute, the certificate in question is clearly insufficient. Disregarding the omissions, which may be considered as mere irregularities, upon examination it will be found that one of the essential requisites of corporate existence does not appear. It contains no provision for directors, trustees or any governing body. By its fifth provision the control and management of its affairs are vested in Alfred H. Wilson, president, Randall W. Wilson, vice-president, and George O. Bates, attorney, etc. These officers can in no sense be regarded as a board of directors. In all regularly constituted corporations they are elected by and are executive officers of the board of directors or trustees. The corporation consists of its shareholders. The control of its affairs is vested in a board of directors. The shareholders elect this board, except for the first year. The number of directors and their names for the first year must be inserted in the certificate. The body corporate can be regularly organized only by and through its directors or trustees. It is their duty to select the officers, who in this instance are named in the certificate. This corporation was not regularly organized. The legal right, therefore, to exercise franchises as a corporation de jure was not secured. If the defendants were in a position to question the validity of the certificate in question, or to challenge the right of the corporation to exercise corporate franchises, or its ■capacity to take title to property, they might successfully do so. Mining Co. v. Herkimer, 46 Ind. 142; Reed v. Railroad Co. 50 Ind. 342; Harris v. McGregor, 29 Cal. 124; People v. Self ridge, 52 Cal. 331; State v. Central, etc. Ass’n, 29 Ohio St. 399; Abbott v. Refining Co. 4 Neb. 416; Stowe v. Flagg, 72 Ill. 397; Bigelow v. Gregory, 73 Ill. 197; Doyle v. Mizner, 42 Mich. 332.
The rule and the reason for it cannot be better stated than in the language of Cooley, J., in Swartwout v. Railroad Co. 24 Mich. 389: “It will be seen that the associates, under a statute which authorized them to incorporate themselves, had taken steps for that purpose, had assumed that the purpose was accomplished, and had for some time exercised corporate powers. The defendant was one of their number. He had acted with the rest in laying claim to corporate authority, and he had made payments on the assumption that the claim w'as well based. * * * The original associates, together with those with whom they became united by the consolidation, were unquestionably a corporation de facto, whether they were such de jure or not; and, as a corporation in view of the facts in proof, it .is reasonable to presume they had contracted debts and incurred obligations. * * * Where there is thus a corporation de facto, with no want of legislative power to its due and legal existence; where it is proceeding in performance of corporate functions, and the public are dealing with it on the supposition that it is what it professes to be, and the questions suggested are only whether there has
The principles established by these authorities are clearly applicable to this case. It necessarily follows that defendants cannot now question the corporate capacity of the Woodmas of Alston Mining Company to take title to the property in controversy, or that the title to the property is actually vested in that company by the deed executed by them.
This de facto corporation, therefore, became, and is now, the representative of all the parties. Instead of being beneficiaries, with an interest in the property, the parties have become stockholders in the corporation, and as stockholders their rights are to be determined. The effect of the declaration of the rights of the parties in the capital stock contained in the certificate as a contract need not be determined. The fact that it appears in an instrument, executed before the body corporate was created, is not material. The arrangement was participated in by the entire constituency of the company. This being so, it is obligatory upon all parties in .interest, and, having been acted upon by all the members which constituted the corporation, no one of them can be heard to deny that it is binding upon the corporation itself. The effect of this declaration, as an item of evidence, is not so clear. The language used by the parties is as follows: “ The capital stock is $500,000, divided into fifty thousand shares, of $10 for each share, divided half and half between the parties.” There were three parties, and the expression, “divided half and half between the parties,” standing alone and unexplained, is without significance, unless construed to mean “ equally between the parties.”
This fact, however, is by no means conclusive upon the issues in this case. These remain practically the •same. The entire body of the capital stock is substituted in place of the property. If, as has been stated, at the time this suit was instituted, Bates had been guilty of inequitable or fraudulent misconduct; if a reasonable time had elapsed, and complainants had failed to discharge the contract obligations imposed upon them; if, by reason of their omission to institute the necessary proceedings to perfect the title to the property, by securing patents, or through the purchase under the McBride trust-deed, the defendants have sustained injury which cannot be compensated,— then, notwithstanding the organization of a corporation, the declarations as to the division of the capital stock, the subsequent conveyance •of the property to the corporation, and the conduct of the parties under the corporate organization, it was still competent for the court to find that the equities were with the defendants, and not with the plaintiffs. No extended discussion of these propositions is necessary. The facts must be considered in connection with the construction which has been given to the original contract between the parties. It was not the duty of the court below to determine the right of complainant to acquire an interest in the property, but her right to enjoy the benefits of an interest already vested. Time was not of the essence of the contract. Performance was not, had not been made,
Bates did not make application for letters patent, as he had agreed to do. It appeal’s, however, that, by an arrangement between the parties, this application was postponed until after the sale under the decree could be had. It further appears that, before the close of the trial, the present complainant, having taken the necessary steps, as must be presumed, presented the application to the defendants, as officers of the company, with the request that the same be executed in order that she, in her own right and as the representative of her deceased husband, might institute proceedings to secure patents in compliance with the contract. The contention of defendants, that the postponement of the application had resulted in expensive litigation, is not sustained by the evidence. On the contrary, it appears, from the testimony of Alfred H. Wilson himself, that adverse claims-were expected at the time, or soon after the property was purchased.
Again, at the first sale under the decree of foreclosure, the property was purchased by the Wilsons, as officers of the corporation. The only reason given by Alfred H. Wilson for his failure to complete the purchase, by the payment of the money, is that he believed nothing was due upon the trust-deed, and he wanted time to investigate. It is true that Bates had failed to provide the
Again, at the second sale, Bates proposed to pursue the same course. The right to purchase, either as an individual or as an officer of the company, was clearly open to Wilson. At that time controversy had arisen between the parties, and he was acting under the advice of counsel. Notwithstanding the opportunity to purchase, he permitted Bates to bid in the property in the name of his client, and to take the certificate of sale. Subsequently, and before the trial was completed, the certificate was obtained for the benefit of the company. It is true that the Wilsons redeemed the property from sale by payment of the amount of the decree. This was done by them, however, without any effort on their part to ascertain whether the certificate was or could be obtained for the benefit of the parties in interest. It was also done after this litigation was begun, under the advice of counsel, acting undoubtedly upon the theory that performance of the original contract by complainant was a condition precedent to acquiring any interest in the property; that the corporate organization was fraudulent and illegal, and could be ignored; and that defendants were the owners of the entire property. This theory cannot be adopted by this court. The evidence contained in the record is very voluminous, and seems to extend to every issue which has been discussed, or which is raised by the plead
The judgment of this court is that the decree of the court below be reversed, and that a decree be entered in accordance with the views hereinbefore expressed. Such decree should be so framed as to restrain defendants from interfering with plaintiff in the exercise of her right as a stockholder of the defendant corporation, or from preventing her from making application for patents, in the name of and through the corporate organization, and should require defendants, as officers of that company, to execute all papers necessary in that behalf. It should provide for an accounting between the parties, upon which accounting, among other matters, all sums expended by defendants in the purchase of the property should be allowed, including the amount paid to redeem from the sale under the foreclosure decree; also all sums expended in the operation and development of the property. The amount paid by complainant to secure the certificate of sale should be allowed to her unless already returned. The decree should also provide that, after United States patents have been obtained, all sums necessarily expended by Bates in his life-time in that behalf should be allowed to complainant; that all further sums necessarily expended in obtaining the patents be charged against the interest of complainant; and that, after such accounting, the net proceeds of the property be divided between the parties according to their respective interests in the capital stock of the defendant corporation,— the interest of complainant being one-third, and that of defendants two-thirds; the trial court to make such orders, in respect to the continuance or discharge of any receiver in the action, as the rights and interests of the
Richmond and Reed, CO., concur.
For the reasons stated in the foregoing opinion the decree is reversed, and the cause remanded for the entry of a decree, and further proceedings in accordance with the views and suggestions therein expressed.
Reversed.
Chief Justice Helm not sitting.