266 S.E.2d 702 | N.C. Ct. App. | 1980
BASSETT FURNITURE INDUSTRIES OF NORTH CAROLINA, INC.
v.
James Hugh GRIGGS.
Court of Appeals of North Carolina.
*703 Clifton & Singer by Richard G. Singer, Raleigh, for plaintiff-appellant.
Latham, Wood & Balog by Steve A. Balog, Burlington, for defendant-appellee.
WELLS, Judge.
Plaintiff first argues that the trial court erred in granting defendant's motion for summary judgment because defendant failed to plead the statute of frauds as an affirmative defense. Pursuant to G.S. 22-1,
[n]o action shall be brought . . . to charge any defendant upon a special promise to answer the debt, default or miscarriage of another person, unless the agreement upon which such action shall be brought, or some memorandum or note *704 thereof, shall be in writing, and signed by the party charged therewith or some other person thereunto by him lawfully authorized.
While the statute of frauds is an affirmative defense which ordinarily must be pleaded, G.S. 1A-1, Rule 8(c), our Supreme Court has held that for the purpose of ruling on a motion for summary judgment, an affirmative defense may be raised for the first time by affidavit. Bank v. Gillespie, 291 N.C. 303, 230 S.E.2d 375 (1976); accord, Cooke v. Cooke, 34 N.C.App. 124, 237 S.E.2d 323 (1977), disc. rev. denied, 293 N.C. 740, 241 S.E.2d 513 (1977). As the court explained in Gillespie, however, the preferred practice is to require a formal amendment to the pleadings.
Plaintiff next argues that the papers before the trial court demonstrated the existence of a genuine issue of material fact as to whether defendant had such a personal, immediate, and pecuniary interest in the transaction as to bring his promise within the operation of the "main purpose rule" and thus except it from the requirements of the statute of frauds. North Carolina has long recognized the exception to the statute of frauds generally referred to as either the "main purpose rule" or the "leading object rule." Burlington Industries v. Foil, 284 N.C. 740, 202 S.E.2d 591 (1974). The general application of the rule was set out in Burlington Industries as follows:
Generally, if it is concluded that the promisor has the requisite personal, immediate, and pecuniary interest in the transaction in which a third party is the primary obligor, then the promise is said to be original rather than collateral and therefore need not be in writing to be binding. Professor Lee, in North Carolina Law of Suretyship 12 (3d Ed. 1970), notes that the main purpose rule is applicable when a court has determined that the promisor's "answering for the debt or default of another is merely incidental to his broader purposes. He is participating in the principal contract and making its obligation his own. The expected advantage to the promisor must be such as to justify the conclusion that his main purpose in making the promise is to advance his own interests."
Id., 284 N.C. at 748-749, 202 S.E.2d at 597. In Burlington Industries, the defendant stockholder and director owned a 162/3 percent interest in the corporation whose debt he allegedly guaranteed, but his investment in the corporation totalled only $750, while credit extended by the plaintiff to the corporation amounted to $125,000. Justice Moore, writing for the Court, held that such an interest was too indirect and remote to invoke application of the main purpose rule.
In Burlington Industries, the Court discussed at length the development and application of the main purpose rule in North Carolina. Justice Moore, quoting from Annot., 35 A.L.R.2d 906, 910-911, 914 (1954), pointed out an important distinction in the rule recognized by our Supreme Court:
"As applied to promises by stockholders, officers, or directors, to pay a debt of the corporation, it may be said that the promise is original where the promisor's primary object was to secure some direct and personal benefit from the performance by the promisee of his contract with the corporation, or from the latter's refraining from exercising against the corporation some right existing in him by virtue of the contract. The benefit to the promisor is to be distinguished from the indirect benefit which would accrue to him merely by virtue of his position as a stockholder, officer, or director. If the benefit accruing is direct and personal, then the promise is original within the rule above discussed, and the validity thereof is not affected by the statute of frauds." (Emphasis added.) [Citation omitted.]
"Where an oral promise by a stockholder, officer, or director of a corporation is collateral in form and effect, and the consideration was not intended to secure or promote some personal object or advantage of the promisoras distinguished from the benefit accruing to a person from the mere fact of his being a stockholder, officer, or director, the *705 promise is collateral and within the statute of frauds." [Citation omitted.]
Id., 284 N.C. at 749-750, 202 S.E.2d at 598.
The foregoing comments provide the basis upon which the ultimate disposition of the issue by the Court in Burlington Industries may be reconciled with other cases in which the transaction has been held to be sufficiently direct and personal to come within the operation of the main purpose rule. In Studio, Inc. v. School of Heavy Equipment, 25 N.C.App. 544, 214 S.E.2d 192 (1975) one of the individual defendants orally guaranteed the debt of a corporation in which he served as chairman of the board of directors, drew a monthly salary of $2,000, and owned all of one class of stock and 49 percent of another class of stock. We held that the trial court had improvidently granted this defendant's motion for a directed verdict, since a jury could have found that the defendant's interest in the corporation was sufficient to allow application of the main purpose rule. In Studio, Inc., we recognized the thrust of Burlington Industries:
Burlington Industries v. Foil, supra, a 1974 decision, culminates a line of cases which have developed the "main purpose rule" and prescribed its limitations. The Foil case holds that the benefit accruing to a party merely by virtue of his position as a stockholder, officer, or director is not alone such personal, immediate and pecuniary benefit as to invoke the main purpose rule . . . .
Id., 25 N.C.App. at 547, 214 S.E.2d at 194; accord, Warren v. White, 251 N.C. 729, 112 S.E.2d 522 (1960); Supply Co. v. Motel Development, 32 N.C.App. 199, 231 S.E.2d 201 (1977); see, Note, Statute of FraudsThe Main Purpose Doctrine in North Carolina, 13 N.C.L.Rev. 263 (1935).
In the case sub judice there was evidence that defendant was Big Jim's managing director, owned half of the stock, and received from it a monthly salary of $3,000. There was also evidence that Big Jim's engaged in repeated and substantial transactions with a corporation in which defendant was the sole stockholder. The comment which defendant allegedly made to plaintiff's employees, that defendant wanted to be a millionaire before the age of forty, is evidence that defendant himself believed that he had a substantial personal interest in the extension of additional credit to Big Jim's. Considered as a whole, the evidence in this case tends to show such direct, personal, and immediate interest on the part of defendant as to distinguish it from Burlington Industries and present a question for the jury concerning the application of the main purpose rule. Accordingly, we hold that summary judgment was improvidently granted.
Reversed.
MORRIS, C. J., and PARKER, J., concur.
