OPINION OF THE COURT
(July 30, 2007)
I.
William A. Curtis, the Director of the United States Virgin Islands Department of Justice, Special Investigations Division, who is the defendant in a suit filed by Christopher Bryant Barton pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, appeals from the order of the District Court of the Virgin Islands denying his motion for summary judgment. Curtis argues that he is entitled to qualified immunity because he was acting in his official capacity in the events at issue. Barton responds that this court does not have jurisdiction, an issue we must address as a preliminary matter.
*1127 II.
A brief statement of the facts and procedural posture is necessary to put the matter before us in context. Barton and his former wife had been involved in a custody dispute when Mrs. Barton, on August 8, 2001, filed a complaint in the Territorial Court of the Virgin Islands alleging that Barton had removed their two children from the territory in violation of an order of that court. After investigating Mrs. Barton’s report, Curtis submitted an affidavit on January 8, 2003, to the Territorial Court in support of probable cause to arrest Barton for violating 14 V.I.C. § 843, Fraudulent Claims Upon the Government. The affidavit stated that the Territorial Court awarded physical custody to Mrs. Barton pursuant to a Florida court order (dated August 24, 1999); that Barton brought his two children to the Virgin Islands in violation of the Florida court order; and that the Territorial Court found that Barton made “fraudulent misrepresentations of fact[ ]” when he successfully petitioned the court for sole custody of his two children on September 11, 2000. App. at 87-89.
Barton was arrested in South Carolina on a fugitive warrant and was sent to the Virgin Islands where he was tried in 2004 on three counts of “knowingly and willfully concealing] a material fact from a government agency” in violation of 14 V.I.C. § 843(2). App. at 83-84. Specifically, the charge was that he had failed to inform the Territorial Court “that in August of 1999, he had been ordered by a Florida court and/or general master of said court,” (1) “to return his children to the state of Florida,” (2) “to relinquish the physical custody of his two children to the children’s mother,” and (3) “not to leave Broward County, Florida with his children.” App. at 83-84.
On February 25, 2004, Barton was convicted by a jury on all three counts and was sentenced to imprisonment. However, on December 30, 2004, the District Court Appellate Division reversed Barton’s conviction.
Barton v. Virgin Islands,
No. Civ.A.2004-89,
NO Order ratifying the General Master’s Report was ever entered in this matter, again, NO Custody Order was ever entered in this case by me granting any rights of custody to either parent regarding the above referenced children.
*1128 App. at 77.
Thereafter, Barton filed this action in the District Court of the Virgin Islands, claiming that Curtis, in his individual capacity, violated 42 U.S.C. § 1983 “by denying him due process under the law and his right to liberty.” Curtis’ Br. at 3. On August 22, 2005, Curtis filed a motion for summary judgment on the basis of qualified immunity. After the District Court held a hearing, it concluded that there were material facts in dispute and denied Curtis’ motion for summary judgment. Specifically, the District Court found that whether Curtis knowingly or recklessly presented false information to the Territorial Court in his affidavit in support of probable cause is a material issue of fact to be determined by the jury. Curtis then filed a notice of appeal. 1
III.
Under the collateral order doctrine established by the Supreme Court, there is interlocutory appellate jurisdiction over orders that fall into “that small class [of orders] which finally determine claims of right separable from, and collateral to, rights asserted in the action, too important to be denied review and too independent of the cause itself to require that appellate consideration be deferred until the whole case is adjudicated.”
Cohen v. Beneficial Indus. Loan Corp.,
We summarized the applicable principles in
Schieber
v.
City of Philadelphia,
This Court has jurisdiction to review a District Court order denying qualified immunity at the summary judgment stage under the collat-
*1129 eral order doctrine to the extent that the denial turns on questions of law. Mitchell v. Forsyth,472 U.S. 511 , 527-28.... We have no jurisdiction, however, in an interlocutory appeal to review a District Court’s determination that there is sufficient record evidence to support a set of facts under which there would be no immunity.
Id. at 415 (internal citation omitted).
This court exercises plenary review of questions of law appealed pursuant to the collateral order doctrine.
Id.
In reviewing a denial of summary judgment, this court must view the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, appellee Barton.
See, e.g., Kopec v. Tate,
Barton argues that we do not have jurisdiction because the District Court denied Curtis’ motion for summary judgment on the ground that there is a genuine dispute as to material facts. He relies in part on the Supreme Court’s decision in
Johnson
v.
Jones,
where the Court limited “interlocutory appeals of ‘qualified immunity’ matters to cases presenting more abstract
issues of law.”
In Johnson, the Court quoted from Mitchell with respect to the separable requirement of Cohen, stating:
it follows from the recognition that qualified immunity is in part an entitlement not to be forced to litigate the consequences of official *1130 conduct that a claim of immunity is conceptually distinct from the merits of the plaintiff’s claim that his rights have been violated.
Johnson,
Qualified immunity protects government officials “from liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.”
Harlow v. Fitzgerald,
Reasonableness under the second factor is an issue of law for the district court to determine; however, if there are facts material to the determination of reasonableness in dispute, then that issue of fact should be decided by the jury.
Sharrar v. Felsing,
IV.
Following these precedents, the District Court in this case approached the issue of qualified immunity as a two-part test, as set forth in Saucier. First, the Court heard arguments on whether, taking the facts in the light most favorable to Barton, Curtis violated Barton’s Fourth Amendment right to be free from arrest without probable cause. The parties do not dispute that this right is clearly established.
*1131 As to the second step, Barton’s complaint alleged that Curtis’ affidavit, which was the basis for the Territorial Court’s issuance of a warrant for Barton’s arrest, contained evidence that Curtis knew to be false “and nevertheless deliberately made them or he acted with reckless disregard for the truth.” Barton’s Compl. at 2. In support of this claim, Barton argues that Curtis stated in his affidavit “[t]hat. . . Barton in an effort to deceive the court, withheld the fact that this matter of custody had been brought before a Florida Court,” App. at 89, even though, before submitting that affidavit, Curtis had reviewed the transcript of the custody hearing, at which Barton had in fact disclosed the prior proceedings in Florida and North Carolina. Moreover, Barton supports his allegation that Curtis’ actions were either “knowing” or “reckless” by submitting evidence that there was no prior award of custody to Mrs. Barton, as the Florida “order” on which Curtis relied was by a master and had never been entered by Judge Carney, the Florida judge.
We do not decide at this preliminary stage of the proceedings whether Curtis’ interpretation of the facts discovered in his investigation of Barton, as he presented them in his affidavit in support of probable cause, was objectively reasonable or unreasonable. The District Court next needed to determine, as a matter of law, whether “it would be clear to a reasonable officer that his conduct was unlawful in the situation he confronted.”
Kopec,
We note that the issue as to whether Curtis knowingly or recklessly presented false information to the Territorial Court is the basis of Barton’s claim that Curtis violated 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Thus, the disputed issue of fact is inseparable from the legal question of qualified immunity.
See Johnson,
Because the District Court denied summary judgment on the ground that there is a material issue of fact to be determined by the jury, the order falls within Johnson and is one of the limited instances in which this Court does not have jurisdiction to hear an appeal of summary judgment in a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 cause of action where the defendant is *1132 asserting qualified immunity. 2 We will therefore dismiss this appeal for lack of jurisdiction. 3
Notes
This Court has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 over all appeals from final orders issued in the District Court of the Virgin Islands.
See 19 MOORE’S Federal Practice § 202.07[2] [b][iii][A] (Matthew Bender 3d ed.) (“[T]he district court might have denied a defendant’s motion for summary judgment because of the existence of a genuine factual dispute about what occurred. For example, under the plaintiffs version of the facts immunity might be inapplicable, while under the defendant’s version of the facts immunity would apply. In such a case, the court of appeals cannot decide the immunity issue as a matter of law, since the applicability of the defense will depend on what facts are found after a trial. In effect, an interlocutory appeal would require the circuit court to consider an issue that is not separate from the factual merits of the case.”).
Curtis argues that the § 1983 claim against him must be dismissed because he was acting in his official capacity and therefore the action cannot be maintained against him. Barton’s suit names Curtis in his individual capacity. The Supreme Court has held that “state officials, sued in their individual capacities, are ‘persons’ within the meaning of § 1983.”
Hafer v. Melo,