254 F. 481 | N.D.W. Va. | 1918
This case has been submitted for final hearing after all the evidence has been taken in open court and time given counsel to file briefs. Such briefs have been filed, and they, as well as the ones filed in relation to the preliminary motions heretofore made in the cause, have been most carefully considered. I have already filed two memorandum opinions as to the disposition of these preliminary motions.
The contention arising in this case grows out of the sale made by the defendant to the plaintiff of an oil lease in Wetzel county, this state, known as the Morgan lease. The plaintiff claims that this sale was effected by and through the effort of W. T. Robinson. Plaintiff contends he was acting as the agent for defendant in effecting this sale. Defendant denies this agency. Plaintiff further contends that Robinson induced Barnett, acting as agent for and in its behalf, to make the contract of purchase by gross fraud and misrepresentation. The defendant denies this, and in addition insists that, if fraudulent and false misrepresentations were made by Robinson in securing the contract, afterwards, after it had been fully informed of such,
There is no question as to the change of the terms and conditions of the contract after the plaintiff was informed of the true oil and gas yielding production from the wells situate on the lease. In fact, the whole character of the original contract was changed. This original contract bore date February 29, 1916. By its terms Barnett undertook for $350,000 to purchase all the capital stock of the defendant company, for which he was to pay $10,000 March 4, 1916, and $10,000 on Saturday of each week thereafter until the whole purchase price was paid. If a default of seven days was made in any payment, he was to forfeit all previous payments made to the New Martinsville Oil Company, and the stock certificates for the stock were to be returned to its stockholders, from whom they had been obtained. The stock certificates of defendant, indorsed in blank, so as to properly transfer them, were to be delivered to Robinson as trustee for the New Martinsville Oil Company, and he was to deposit them in the West Virginia Bank at Clarksburg in escrow, and in his name, to be turned over to Barnett only when all payments had been made. In the meantime, while the management and control of the property was to pass immediately to Barnett, no oil produced by the property was to be sold, except by consent, and if Barnett defaulted in any "payments this oil was to belong and go to the New Martinsville Company, as well as all sums that had been paid. This contract was executed solely by J. W. Barnett, W. T. Robinson and A. R. Stallings..
On March 7th following it was modified by an agreement, signed only by the same three parties, to. the effeqt that if Robinson and Stal-lings could not secure all the stock,'but could deliver more than 60.per cent, of it, Barnett was to take and pay for the same at a proportionate rate of $350,000 for the whole. Barnett paid, under this contract, a total sum of $25,000. That Barnett was in' fact acting for the plaintiff, the Bamett Oil & Gas Company, is not denied. He, C. W. Barnett, and L,. M. Stephens were the leading organizers of that company, and it seems, immediately after this contract was signed, proceeded to advertise, in connection with Clark, a New York,broker, its stock for sale, asserting and setting forth that it owned, among other property, this Morgan lease, having a settled daily production of 255 barrels of oil per day, and did sell enough thereof to realize the sum of $25,000, which was paid as above stated upon this contract.
It is claimed by plaintiff that these representations were made by Stephens and Clark, the broker, in good faith, upon the representations made by Robinson to Barnett and Stephens; that upon consultation with counsel they discovered and realized that they, under the contract, had in fact no direct right nor title whatever to this Morgan lease; that their purchase was solely that of the stock of the New
In the meantime the operation of the wells had been under the control of Culp as manager of the plaintiff, but the oil produced had been run into the pipe lines and the run tickets had been sent to Mc-Farlane, the defendant’s treasurer. Culp had reported to Barnett that he had been deceived in the producing capacity of the wells, but to what extent had not been set forth, and Barnett about this time disposed of his interests in plaintiff company, resigned his office of president and his directorship, and no investigation of the extent of the deception was made by him. The run tickets were asked for, at or about the time of this May meeting, of McFarlane, who promised to send them to plaintiff’s attorney and subsequently he did send them. In September following .still another meeting between representatives of the plaintiff and officers and stockholders of defendant was held at Cumberland, Md. At this meeting, it seems, the failure in production was quite vigorously discussed, and demands made for rescission or readjustment of the contract. The defendant refused any other settlement than one involving extension of time and modification of the number and amounts of payment, and the result was the release of the old deed of trust, the execution of a new one to secure a balance, $185,400, upon this Morgan lease and other property owned by plaintiff. This trust was executed October 1, 1916. It was expressly provided that none of the wells should be shot, except by consent of defendant.
In June (apparently the 19th), 1917, a conference was had bétween the attorneys and some of the officers of these companies, the result of which was that on the 22d a check was sent by plaintiff’s treasurer for $5,000 to the attorney for the defendant, with a letter setting forth what its writer understood had been agreed upon, among other things that plaintiff should have permission to shoot any of the wells in such manner as good practice warranted, and was to be granted permission to surrender any of the Culp leases (covered by the deed of trust), other than the Morgan one, unproductive and causing outlay in the payment of rentals, and in case the debt in full was paid on or be
Thereupon this bill was filed, and upon notice and hearing had Circuit Judge Pritchard awarded a restraining order, afterwards continued by my order. The bill in effect charges that during all these 15 months from March, 1916, to June, 1917, when these proceedings were had, the plaintiff’s officers were laboring under the oppressive fear of the disastrous results that would arise from litigation and exposure of the untrue representations made by them, in the sale of stock, solely by reason of their faith in Robinson and his misrepresentations; that the defendant and its officers knew this, and took advantage of it to enforce a fraudulently procured and grossly unjust and outrageous contract; that the wells never did have a settled production of 255 barrels per day, or more than a third of it; that not until November, 1916, did any opportunity offer for any relief from this embarrassing condition; that then certain of its officers, by purchase with their own funds, secured and transferred to their company additional properties which turned out to be valuable, and, at the time of filing the bill in July, 1917, had been so productive as to put the company upon a sound and substantial basis, so that it could, without fear, assert its determination to resist the defendant’s oppressive demands.
The first question that arises is: Was Robinson acting as agent for the defendant company in this sale, and are it and its stockholders legally bound by his acts in that regard ?
I cannot doubt it. It is not denied that these stockholders, with a very few exceptions, ratified the provision of the first contract that constituted him their-trustee to receive from them their stock and place it in escrow in the bank at Clarksburg. They recognized their obligation to pay him and Stallings over $40,000 for their services in this behalf, and provided for its payment out of the purchase price that was to be paid for the property. They at no time, so far as the evidence discloses, during the months prior to the advertisement of the sale, denied his right to make on their behalf the sale, but, on the contrary, strenuously insisted upon its enforcement.
The second question, then is: Did he make the false representations charged in the bill as to the settled production of the property, which were relied on and constituted the moving cause of the contract’s execution?
As to this I am not in doubt. It is fully testified to by Barnett, who at the time he testified was no longer concerned as stockholder in the Barnett Company. He testifies that, prior to the agreement, Robinson furnished a detailed written statement purporting to show the condition of each well on the lease and its producing capacity; that the aggregate of all exceeded 350 barrels daily; that some of this production was initial or “flush,” and some what might be considered “settled,” or fairly so; and that from this statement they figured that the fixed daily production could be reasonably estimated at 255 barrels, and that upon this basis the contract was made. This
On this subject of duress, in U. S. v. Huckabee, 16 Wall. 431, 21 L. Ed. 457, it is said:
“Duress, it must be admitted, is a good defense to a deed, or any other written obligation, if it be proved that the instrument was procured by such means; nor is it necessary to show, in order to establish such a defense, that actual violence was used, because consent is the very essence of a contract, and if there be compulsion there is no binding consent, and it is well settled that moral compulsion, such as that produced by threats to take life or inflict great bodily harm, as well as that produced by imprisonment, is sufficient in legal contemplation to destroy free agency, without which there can be no contract, because in that state of the case there is no consent. Unlawful duress is a good defense to a contract, if it includes such degree of constraint or danger, either actually inflicted or threatened and impending, as is sufficient in apprehension or severity to overcome the mind and will of a person of ordinary firmness.”
This ruling of the Supreme Court would seem to justify the statement made in the note to Hatter v. Greenlee, 26 Am. Dec. 374, that—
“This branch of the law may be considered to be in or to have just passed through a state of transition, the old and harsh doctrines of the common law of the time of Lord Coke, on the subject, everywhere giving way to more liberal views; more especially is this so upon this side of the Atlantic.”
In another of these very admirable notes (covering 18 closely printed pages) to the case of Mayor of Baltimore v. Lefferman, 45 Am. Dec. 153, the subject is exhaustively treated, a vast number of authorities are cited, and an attempt is rhade to define wherein and upon what conditions the “more liberal views” held by the courts -“upon this side of the Atlantic” are applicable. The result to my mind leads to
In this note it is said, upon authority of Moses v. Macfarlane, 2 Burr. 1009:
“The action for money had and received, which is the form in which a party must sue to recover back a payment which he has made by compulsion, is an equitable action, and it proceeds on equitable principles. It does not lie, therefore, unless the payment was made under circumstances rendering it inequitable and unjust to retain the money paid.”
If this were the extent of the law’s limitation, there would be little trouble in determining this case, for I think 'it is plainly apparent that this contract, originally, was procured to be executed by the fraudulent and false representations of Robinson, acting as agent for the defendant corporation and its stockholders, and for which, therefore, they should be held bound; that it was a grossly inequitable and unjust contract; and that plaintiff and its officers were induced, by the Compelling fear of financial ruin to the company, loss of business standing and reputation to its officers and principal stockholders, and their possible criminal prosecution, to execute the after contracts ratifying it and make the further payments they made. But the writer goes on and says:
“There must he some culpability on the part of the defendant to enable the plaintiff to recover back money paid on the ground that the payment was involuntary. If the party receiving the payment acts in the supposed exercise of a legal right, using no coercion or unlawful measures to compel payment, hut the other party pays the money under the compulsion of a third person, for whoso acts the payee is in no way responsible, the action will not lie.”
How shall we apply this limitation here? It cannot be said that the defendant corporation, its officers, or its stockholders were directly threatening either loss financially or of reputation or criminal prosecution. Nor were the persons to whom the stock of plaintiff had been sold. They were ignorant of the situation, and it was vital, it seemed to the plaintiff’s officers, that they should remain so until they were able to change conditions. The situation in brief may be stated thus: While not threatening in any way these men with loss or prosecution, the defendant, through its agent, was responsible for the compelling fear that the purchasers of plaintiff’s stock would cause it to suffer great loss, and its officers to be prosecuted, and instead of aiding them to escape from such embarrassing position, on the contrary, in a sense at least, used it as a means of securing the ratification of their unjust and oppressive contract.
Does the liberality of the law, in transition from the harsh rules ■ laid down by the common law as enunciated by Lord Coke, go far enough in the application of its doctrine of duress to apply to such condition of affairs ? I have found no decision exactly in point, and it would be entirely burdensome to attempt a discussion of the multitude of cases relating to the general principles. In addition to the many cit
Pomeroy in his Equity Jurisprudence (2d Ed.) §■ 948, says:
“Whenever one person is in the power of another, so that a free exercise of his judgment and will would be impossible, or even difficult, and whenever a person is in pecuniary necessity and) distress, so that he would be likely to make an undue sacrifice, and advantage is taken of such condition to obtain from him a conveyance or contract which is unfair, made upon an inadequate consideration, and the like, even though there be no actual duress or threats, equity may relieve defensively or affirmatively.”
A long and earnest study of this case has led me to doubt whether the law relating to duress relied upon by counsel can be applicable, except to a limited extent, in aid of another ground for relief now to be considered; and this for the reason that its principles seem to be confined to personal transactions, and not to corporate control and management. Be this as it may, I am constrained to the conclusion that the contract price for this property was an exorbitant one, possibly three times what it was worth, and it was secured to" be paid by the false and fraudulent representations of defendant’s agent; that its enforcement would be unjust and inequitable; that the ratifications of this contract were made by plaintiff and its officers when they were “in pecuniary necessity and distress,” driven thereby “to make an undue sacrifice,” and that defendant, knowing this condition, took an unfair advantage to secure them; that in consequence the plaintiff corporation, on its own behalf and on behalf of its innocent stockholders, who were no parties to the transaction, is entitled to some relief in this court of equity, under this principle set forth by Pomeroy and the cases cited by him and by many others.
What shall be the measure of this relief? It is not denied that the lease had some intrinsic value, and that the personal property conveyed in connection with it also had value, all of which plaintiff has secured under the contract. Whether such value could now be ascertained accurately may be questioned. If it could, it would be beyond the power of a court of equity to attempt to make a new contract for the parties, based upon the value of the property. I think it is only within its power to abate the purchase price to the extent that the defendant sold what it did not have, because it did not exist; but such abatément must be at the rate of value the parties contracted to pay for it, if it had existed. A very serious trouble here arises because of the anomalous character of the property. Oil and gas, in, a sense, are sui generis. When dormant in mother earth, they are realty. When produced on top the ground, they become personalty. Archer, Oil ?md Gas, 558, and numerous cases there cited.
It is impossible to tell how much of this peculiar kind of realty exists under a given tract of land until by the drill and pump the quantity in personalty has been secured above ground. It is well settled that a failure of quantity of land sold is subject to abatement of purchase price any time, at least, before the purchase price per acre is
I therefore have reached this conclusion: First — That, if the defendant company elects, by answer filed within 10 days, to have the contract rescinded rather than the contract price abated, I will direct a decree to that effect and refer the cause to a master, to ascertain and report an accounting' between the companies as to the oil obtained by the plaintiff, the money paid to and received by the defendant, and other matters arising as to the use and consumption of the personal property involved. If the defendant shall not so elect to rescind the contract, I will enter a decree abating the purchase price, basing it upon the difference between the misrepresented 255 barrel daily production and what was the actual daily production at the time the first contract was made. If parties cannot agree what this actual production was on that date, I will direct a master to ascertain the daily production for each of the 30 days just preceding the date of this contract, and ascertain the average for such number of days, and fix it as the actual daily production. This may he considered in a measure an arbitrary basis, but it is as nearly equitable as, I conceive* can be arrived at under the existing conditions.