53 N.C. 366 | N.C. | 1861
During the pendency of this case in the Superior Court the defendants pleaded, since the last continuance, the following act of Assembly:
AN ACT TO PROVIDE AGAINST THE SACRIFICE OF PROPERTY AND TO SUSPEND PROCEEDINGS IN CERTAIN CASES.
SEC. 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of North Carolina, and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, That no execution of fieri facias or venditioni exponas founded upon a judgment in any suit or action for debts and demands due on bonds, promissory notes, bills or exchange, covenants for the payment of money, judgments, accounts, and all other contracts for money demands, or contracts for specific articles, other than those upon official bonds or in favor of the State, or against nonresidents, shall be issued (367) from the passage of this act, by any court of record or magistrate, for the sale of property, until otherwise provided by law; nor shall there be any sales under deeds of trust or decrees, unless by the consent of parties interested until otherwise provided by law.
SEC. 2. Where such executions have issued, and are now in the hands of officers, whether levied or not, the officer having such executions shall return the same to the magistrate or court from whence they issued, without further execution thereof, and executions upon the same judgments shall not issue again until the operation of this act ceases: Provided, That this act shall not be construed to discharge the lien which has already been acquired by the taking out such execution.
SEC. 3. There shall be no trials of any cases requiring the intervention of a jury, nor upon warrants before a justice of the peace in any suit or action for debts or demands due on bonds, promissory notes, bills of exchange, covenants for the payment of money, judgments, *281 accounts, and all other contracts for money demands, or contracts for specific articles.
SEC. 4. This act shall not apply to liabilities upon the part of public officers, either to the State or counties, corporations, or individuals, nor to State, county, or corporation taxes, nor to debts hereafter contracted, nor to debts due the State nor to debts due from nonresidents, nor to the annual collection of interest; Provided, that no note, bill of acceptance, or other obligation, the consideration of which is any debt or obligation at present existing, shall be held or considered as a debt hereafter contracted.
SEC. 5. The interest which has accrued since the first day of January, 1861, or which may hereafter accrue upon any bond or promissory note which was payable before the passage of this act, may be collected by action of debt of assumpsit before any justice of the peace, if the amount of interest sued for be within his jurisdiction, and if not, then in the county or Superior courts; Provided, however, that no warrant or suit shall be brought except for the interest of one year or more (always making an even number) by computing the time from the day when the interest upon such bond or promissory note began to (368) accrue.
SEC. 6. That any person who is about to remove his property out of the State without the consent of his creditors, shall not be entitled to the benefit of this act.
SEC. 7. That all mortgages and deeds in trust for the benefit of creditors hereafter executed, whether registered or not, and all judgments confessed during the continuance of this act, shall be utterly void and of no effect.
SEC. 8. The time during which this law is in force shall not be computed in any case where the statute of limitations comes in question.
SEC. 9. That this act shall be in force from and after its ratification.
Read three times and ratified in General Assembly, this 11 May, 1861.
And on the cause being called for trial, defendant's counsel urged the provisions of the said act as a reason why he should not go to trial and why judgment should not go against him. His Honor overruled the objection and ordered the trial to proceed, and on a verdict being rendered for the plaintiff, passed a judgment and ordered execution, from which the defendants appealed to this court. Questions involving the constitutionality of the Stay Law arose at this term on motions for the issuing of executions on judgments in this Court, which are all considered in the opinion of the Court. The plea since the last continuance, by which the defendants claim the benefit of what is commonly called the "Stay Law," presents for our decision the question of the constitutionality of an act of the last session of the General Assembly, entitled "An act to (369) provide against the sacrifice of property and to suspend proceedings in certain cases." The same question was raised in every case decided at this term, where the judgment in the court below is affirmed, by motions for judgment, and that execution shall be issued.
Whether in the present condition of the country the statute be expedient, is a question of which we have no right to judge. Our province is to give judgment on the question of the constitutional power of the Legislature to pass the statute.
In the discharge of this duty we are relieved by the fact that a question of such importance is not now presented for the first time, so as to put upon us the responsibility of making a decision on the strength of our own convictions; for we find that the line has been plainly marked, in fact, "blazed out," by many previous adjudications, so that it can be easily followed, and all we have to do is to make our application of well-established principles.
The right and the duty of this court to give judgment on the constitutional power of the Legislature in making statutes is established by so many elaborate opinions of this Court and of the Supreme Court of the United States, and of our sister States, as to make a further discussion of citation of authorities a useless attempt at a display of learning; so we assume that question to be settled.
Our opinion is that the statute under consideration, so far as it opposes the right of the plaintiff to judgment in the court below, or the motions for a judgment in this Court and for execution, is void and of no effect, because it is in violation of the Constitution of the United States and of the Constitution of the Confederate States, which in this respect is the same, and, also, of the Constitution of this State.
First, it is patent, by the face of the statute, that it does "impair the obligation of contracts." This is settled. Jones v. Crittenden,
(370) It is suggested that this case is distinguishable on the ground that when the statute in question was passed the country was in a state of established revolution, or in a state of "contemplated revolution" in reference to which the Legislature acted, which revolution has been carried out and consummated by a subsequent ordinance of the Convention, by force of which all acts done in reference to and in anticipation of the revolution are ratified and confirmed as incidents thereto.
This proposition, however much weight it may be entitled to in a *283 political forum, cannot, by reason of its generality, be appreciated by a legal tribunal, and a mind accustomed to the investigation of questions of law "grasps at it as at a shadow." But to avoid a complication of our question, we pass over the legal difficulty of the maxim, "That which is void cannot be confirmed," and let it be admitted that on 20 May, when the ordinance of the Convention by which this State was withdrawn from the Government of the United States went into effect, the statute under consideration was in full force and effect so far as restrictions by the Constitution of the United States were concerned, in the same manner and to the same extent as if the State of North Carolina had never been a member of or in any way connected with the Government of the United States, so as to bring up the naked question, What was the legal effect of the ordinance adopting the Constitution of the provisional government of the Confederate States, made on the same day, but some few hours after, the ordinance above referred to? The ordinance afterwards passed by the permanent convention was adopted. Here was a period, say, of seven hours, during all of which time the State of North Carolina, in reference to her connection either with the United States or with the Confederate States, was absolutely sovereign, and the statute in question, by the admission made for the sake of argument, was in full force and effect. Is it not clear, to the certainty of demonstration, that the effect of the ordinance adopting the Constitution of the Confederate States, which in express words provides, "No State shall pass any law impairing the obligation of contracts," was to abrogate or make void and of no effect this short-lived statute, on the ground that it was inconsistent with and in violation of the (371) Constitution then adopted?
The position that the words of the Constitution are "No State shall pass any law," using the word in the future tense, therefore any law which had already passed, although it impaired the obligation of contracts, was to be allowed to continue in operation, is a play upon words, and is not worthy of the gravity of the subject.
The evil which the Constitution intended to guard against at present was not the act of passing the law, but the effect incident to the operation of such a law, and in respect to this, whether it was passed before or after the adoption of the Constitution was immaterial. In illustration, suppose during its unfettered existence of seven hours the State had passed a law making tobacco a legal tender in the payment of debts: after the adoption of the Constitution of the Confederate States, would tobacco have still continued to be a legal tender? Most assuredly not, for the time of the passage of the law was immaterial. If all laws opposed to the express provisions of the Constitution then adopted were to continue in operation because they had been passed beforehand, *284 all of the acts of the General Assembly should have been subjected to rigorous scrutiny before the State was admitted into the Confederacy.
It is a well-illustrated principle of constitutional law that upon the adoption of a new Constitution, or an amendment of the Constitution, any and all laws previously existing are ipso facto annulled, and become void as far as they are opposed to and conflict with the new or amended Constitution — on the same reason that the statute repeals all statutes previously enacted inconsistent with its provisions, and a will revokes all former wills, or an order from headquarters countermands one previously given, so far as it conflicts with its meaning and intention and obvious policy.
(372) Second. But, apart from the Constitution of the Confederate States, we are of opinion that the statute is in plain violation of the Constitution of the State, on two grounds:
1. "The declaration of rights" fixes the principles of free government by affirming, in section 12, "No free man ought to be deprived of his life, liberty, or property but by the law of the land."
It is settled that, by force of this section, the Legislature has not the power to deprive A. of his horse and give it to B., or to deprive E. of his office and give it to C., or D. of his debt and give it to F. — in other words, the Legislature cannot deprive a citizen of his vested rights of property. See Hoke v. Henderson,
2. The statute is unconstitutional because it violates the fourth section of the "declaration of rights,": "The legislative, executive, and *285 Supreme judicial powers of government ought to be forever separate and distinct from each other."
Suppose the Legislature should pass a statute that the Governor, in the recess of the General Assembly, shall not embody the militia of the county of Rowan, or shall not embody the militia of the (373) State, or shall not do any act of his office, would "the legislative and executive powers of the government be kept separate and distinct from each other?" Or, suppose the Legislature should pass a statute, that the Supreme Court shall not give judgment and issue execution in Barnes v.Barnes (this action), or shall not give judgment and issue execution in any actions for debts due on bonds, promissory notes, etc., where in the trial of the case in the court below the intervention of a jury was required, or shall not give judgment and issue executions in any suit for action founded either on contract or tort brought before it by appeal from the Superior Court, would the legislative and supreme judicial powers of government be kept separate and distinct? In other words, would not the assertion and exercise of this power on the part of the Legislature destroy the independence of the executive or supreme judicial powers of the government and subvert the government established by the Constitution by centering all powers in the legislative department, and making a despotism, instead of a free government where the powers are divided and given to separate departments, each acting in its appropriate sphere as a check on the other?
Such, it seems to us, would be the result of the concession of the power assumed by the Legislature in the passage of the statute under consideration.
The result is not avoided by the fault that the restraint on the courts is confined by the statute to actions for debts and matters of contract, and that it is not absolute but merely "until otherwise provided by law" — for it is a question of power. If the Legislature has the power to impose this restraint on the courts until otherwise provided by law, it has the power to do so without the provision to remove the restraint when we have better times and it shall be easier for men to pay their debts; and, if it has the power to impose this restraint on the courts in respect to matters of contract, it has the power to extend it to matters of tort, and then a man who is stronger than I, may take (374) away my negro or my horse, or drive me out of my house, and the laws of my country will give me no redress, because the temple of justice is closed. A power to suspend or to abolish the administration of justice cannot exist in a free government; Without law and tribunals to administer it, there can be no government; it is anarchy, which is worse than despotism; and yet the power involved in the passage of the statute necessarily and by logical deduction leads to that result. *286
If there be such a power in the Legislature, we are, with all our boasted free institutions, infinitely behind the monarchy of England in respect to the protection of our rights of person and rights of property. Blackstone, the learned commentator on the Constitution and laws of England, in Vol. I, page 102, says, "A third subordinate right of every Englishman is that of applying to the courts of justice for the redress of injuries." Since the law in England is the supreme arbiter of every man's life, liberty, and property, courts of justice must at all times be open to the subject and the law be duly administered therein. The emphatic words of Magna Carta, are these, "Nulli negabimus aut differemus rectum veljustitiam, and therefore every subject for injury done to him, in terris,in bonis, vel persona, by any other subject, be he ecclesiastical or temporal, without any exception, may take his remedy by the course of the law, and have justice and right for the injury done to him, fully without sale, freely and without any denial and speedily without delay."
Upon the whole, we are satisfied that without reference to the Constitution of the United States or to that of the Confederate States, our State Constitution gives ample protection to its citizens against all encroachments on the part of the Legislature upon the rights of property, and the reason why such prominence has been given to that clause of the Constitution of the United States which prohibits laws impairing the obligation of contracts is that the courts found there a provision, expressed in direct and positive terms, upon which it was more convenient to put their decision than it was to refer to fundamental (375) principles embraced in the Constitutions of the several States, although not expressed in words so direct and positive; for, in truth, no government can be free, unless the Constitution provides for the protection of property, the due administration of the law, and the independence of "the supreme judicial department." Let the several motions for judgment and executions be allowed.
PER CURIAM. Affirmed.
Cited: Lipscombe v. Cheek,