646 F.2d 792 | 2d Cir. | 1981
Lead Opinion
The Valley Hospital (the Hospital), defendant below, appeals a decision and order issued by Judge Morris E. Lasker of the Southern District of New York on July 8, 1980, declining to apply retroactively the Supreme Court’s holding in Rush v. Savchuk, 444 U.S. 320, 100 S.Ct. 571, 62 L.Ed.2d 516 (1980), that a plaintiff cannot obtain personal jurisdiction over a non-resident defendant through quasi-in-rem attachment of an insurance policy issued to the defendant by the defendant’s resident insurer. 493 F.Supp. 120. Appeal of this issue was certified to us under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b). On the facts of this case we conclude that Rush should be applied retroactively and therefore reverse.
On December 14, 1974, Donald Holzsager entered the Valley Hospital, a charitable organization as defined by New Jersey law, in Ridgewood, New Jersey, as an outpatient complaining of chest pain. Dr. Jack C. Warburton allegedly diagnosed his illness as gastroenteritis and discharged him. Within 15 minutes he died of a heart attack. At the time of his death, he and his wife,
Mrs. Holzsager retained counsel approximately one week after her husband’s death. Under New Jersey law, N.J.S.A. 2A:31-3, she could have brought suit against the Hospital and Dr. Warburton in New Jersey state courts at any time within two years, i. e., until December 14, 1976. However, if she had done so she would have been confronted with a New Jersey law, N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-7, limiting a charitable hospital’s liability to $10,000, although the potential liability of Dr. Warburton would have been unlimited. No such law limiting the liability of a hospital for damages for wrongful death exists in New York.
Rather than bring her action in New Jersey with the foregoing limitations, Mrs. Holzsager waited 20 months until August, 1976, when she re-established residence in New York, where she then instituted the present malpractice action against the Hospital alone in the New York County Supreme Court, premising jurisdiction on her attachment of an insurance policy issued to the Hospital by the Continental Insurance Co., a resident of New York, under the authority of Seider v. Roth, 17 N.Y.2d 111, 269 N.Y.S.2d 99, 216 N.E.2d 312 (1966), a decision permitting the exercise of personal jurisdiction through quasi-in-rem attachment of insurance policies issued by resident insurers.
After successfully petitioning to remove this case to the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York on September 24, 1976, the Hospital filed its answer on October 15, two months before New Jersey’s two-year statute of limitations was due to expire. Among other allegations, the answer urged as a second affirmative defense the following:
“This Court, and the Court from which this action was removed, lacked jurisdiction over the person of the defendant.” The Hospital then sought to vacate the attachment and dismiss the complaint on the ground that Mrs. Holzsager was not a bona fide resident of New York when she instituted suit and was therefore not entitled to invoke Seider v. Roth jurisdiction by attachment. This motion was denied upon receipt of an affidavit satisfying the court that Holzsager had become a bona fide resident. The Hospital then successfully moved to have the case transferred to the District Court for the District of New Jersey for the purpose of impleading Dr. Warburton, who had moved to California but remained within the reach of New Jersey’s long-arm statute.
After impleading Dr. Warburton, the Hospital joined the doctor in moving to dismiss the action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, pointing out that the New Jersey $10,000 limitation on charitable organizations’ liability made the jurisdictional amount requirement for diversity jurisdiction, 28 U.S.C. § 1332, unreachable. New Jersey District Judge H. Curtis Meanor granted this motion, acknowledging that objections to subject matter jurisdiction are non-waivable and can be raised at any time. See F.R.Civ.P. 12(h)(3). However, because he was reluctant to dismiss the federal case on the Hospital’s motion when the case had been removed to federal court in the first place on the assumption that federal subject matter jurisdiction existed, he remanded the case to Judge Lasker in the Southern District of New York. Judge Lasker held on December 18, 1979, that under New York conflicts of laws principles the New Jersey charitable limitation would not apply to suits brought by New York residents, and accordingly declined to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. 482 F.Supp. 629.
Meanwhile the Supreme Court was reconsidering the legitimacy of quasi-in-rem jurisdiction in general, and of Seider -type attachment jurisdiction in particular. When Mrs. Holzsager first brought this suit in 1976, the constitutional legitimacy of Seider jurisdiction was established in this Circuit, Minichiello v. Rosenberg, 410 F.2d 106 (2d Cir. 1968) (en banc), cert. denied, 396 U.S. 949, 90 S.Ct. 370, 24 L.Ed.2d 254 (1969), and
Shortly after Rush was decided, the Hospital moved to dismiss this case for lack of personal jurisdiction. Judge Lasker denied this motion. Though he agreed with the Hospital that it was not precluded by waiver, estoppel or consent from raising objections to the court’s jurisdiction over its person, he concluded that Rush should not be applied retroactively to eliminate the court’s personal jurisdiction over the Hospital. He then certified both the waiver issue and the retroactivity issue to this court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b).
DISCUSSION
Appellee here first maintains that the Hospital constructively waived its power to object to the court’s personal jurisdiction over it. She contends that the defense of lack of personal jurisdiction set up in the Hospital’s answer was insufficiently specific to constitute an attack on the constitutionality of the Seider attachment, and argues that the Hospital’s failure to raise a defense precisely claiming Seider-type jurisdiction to be unconstitutional adds up to a waiver under Federal Rules 12(h)(1) and 8(c).
The plain language of the Hospital’s second affirmative defense, that the
In any event a party cannot be deemed to have waived objections or defenses which were not known to be available at the time they could first have been made, especially when it does raise the objections as soon as their cognizability is made apparent. As the Supreme Court observed in Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts, 388 U.S. 130, 143, 145, 87 S.Ct. 1975, 1985, 1986, 18 L.Ed.2d 1094 (1967), where defendants raised a constitutional defense only after trial had finished and the Court had handed down an intervening new decision indicating that such a defense might exist,
“the mere failure to interpose such a defense prior to the announcement of a decision which might support it cannot prevent a litigant from later invoking such a ground.... [A]n effective waiver must, as was said in Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464 [58 S.Ct. 1019, 1023, 82 L.Ed. 1461] [1938], be one of a ‘known right or privilege....’ We would not hold that Curtis waived a ‘known right’ before it was aware of the New York Times decision. It is agreed that Curtis’ presentation of the constitutional issue after our New York Times decision was prompt.”
The clairvoyance demanded by plaintiff here of the Hospital is inconsistent with the doctrine of waiver.
“First, the decision to be applied nonretroactively must establish a new principle of law, either by overruling clear past precedent on which litigants may have relied ... or by deciding an issue of first impression whose resolution was not clearly foreshadowed.... Second, it has been stressed that ‘we must . . . weigh the merits and demerits in each case by looking to the prior history of the rule in question, its purpose and effect, and whether retrospective operation will further or retard its operation.’ . .. Finally, we have weighed the inequity imposed by retroactive application, for ‘[wjhere a decision of this Court could produce substantial inequitable results if applied retroactively, there is ample basis in our cases for avoiding the “injustice or hardship” by a holding of nonretroactivity.’ ” 404 U.S. at 106-07, 92 S.Ct. at 355 (citations omitted).
Mrs. Holzsager maintains that the Chevron criteria militate in favor of non-retroactivity in this case because Rush overruled long-settled law, because the Hospital is responsible for time wasted in this suit, and because she will be deprived of her day in court if Rush is applied to her. Though her arguments are not without force, we again must disagree.
In the absence of waiver, some other contact by the Hospital with the State of New York, or exceptional circumstances, none of which conditions are met here, personal jurisdiction over the Hospital cannot be found here any more than in Rush itself. Faced with similar conditions in that case the Court did not suggest or imply that its decision should be treated as prospective only, which would have enabled the claim there to proceed.
Nothing in the Chevron Oil Co. criteria for determining retroactivity dictates a different result from Rush in this case. Admittedly, the Rush decision reversed established law, so that Holzsager meets the first Chevron criterion although, as noted above, the volume of criticism of the Seider rule made the prospect of its continuing validity questionable. Even conceding plaintiff the first criterion, however, appellee fails to meet Chevron’s other two conditions. Holzsager presents us with no argument, and we see none, explaining how the purposes of Rush would be retarded by retroactive application or furthered by prospective application only. Nor do we perceive the equities as weighing in her favor. Though
The logical place for plaintiff to bring suit, even if only protectively, was in the State of New Jersey, where she, her husband and the Hospital resided at the time of his death, where the wrongful conduct on the part of the Hospital allegedly occurred, where his will appointing her Executrix of his estate was probated, and where personal jurisdiction could be obtained over Dr. Warburton, the person allegedly guilty of the malpractice leading to the death. Although plaintiff was not precluded from forum shopping in an effort to find a more advantageous jurisdiction for her purposes, the choice obviously subjected the Hospital to inconvenience and expense, since it was not subject to personal jurisdiction in New York, and it might be subjected to a larger recovery in New York than the statutory limit in New Jersey. Where such substantial inequity might be caused the Hospital by her choice, we find no reason to favor her by holding Rush non-retroactive at the Hospital’s expense merely because her gamble on a potentially more lucrative forum failed.
The decision and order of the district court on the issue of retroactivity of Rush v. Savchuk are reversed.
. Since Judge Lasker did not certify the issue of whether his refusal to apply the New Jersey charitable immunity limitation, which would have eliminated the district court’s subject matter jurisdiction, if applied, was consistent with either New York law or the federal Constitution, we did not decide the question. However, our silence should not be interpreted as approval, at least in the case of a plaintiff who was not a resident of New York at the time of the alleged wrong but a resident of the state imposing limitations on liability, as was the case here. See John Hancock Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Yates, 299 U.S. 178, 57 S.Ct. 129, 81 L.Ed. 106 (1936); Allstate Ins. Co. v. Hague,-U.S.-, 101 S.Ct. 633, 66 L.Ed.2d 521 (1981); O’Connor v. Lee-Hy Paving Corp., 579 F.2d 194, 205 (2d Cir. 1978); Krauss v. Manhattan Life Ins. Co., 643 F.2d 98 (2d Cir. March 9, 1981); Reich v. Purcell, 67 Cal.2d 551, 63 Cal. Rptr. 31, 432 P.2d 727 (1967).
. Rule 12(h)(1) provides:
(h) Waiver or Preservation of Certain Defenses.
“(1) A defense of lack of jurisdiction over the person, improper venue, insufficiency of process, or insufficiency of service of process is waiver (A) if omitted from a motion in the circumstances described in subdivision (g), or (B) if it is neither made by motion under this rule nor included in a responsive pleading or an amendment thereof permitted by Rule 15(a) to be made as a matter of course.” Rule 8(c) provides:
“(c) Affirmative Defenses. In pleading to a preceding pleading, a party shall set forth affirmatively accord and satisfaction, arbitration and award, assumption of risk, contributory negligence, discharge in bankruptcy, duress, estoppel, failure of consideration, fraud, illegality, injury by fellow servant, laches, license, payment, release, res judicata, statute of frauds, statute of limitations, waiver, and any other matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense. When a party has mistakenly designated a defense as a counterclaim or a counterclaim as a defense, the court on terms, if justice so requires, shall treat the pleading as if there had been a proper designation.”
. The Court’s reversal in Rush unequivocally meant that the plaintiff would be unable to present his case in any forum, including Indiana, the state forum in which the accident took place. The statute of limitations had apparently expired in Indiana (the record is unclear on this point). Moreover, Indiana’s guest statute did not allow automobile passengers to sue their drivers. Thus the effect of Rush was to deny the plaintiff there any relief. Here nothing prevented Mrs. Holzsager from instituting a protective action against the Hospital at any time within two years after her husband’s death.
. Our disposition of this appeal makes it unnecessary to us to determine whether the Supreme Court’s recent opinion in Firestone Tire & Rubber Company v. Risjord, 449 U.S.-, 101 S.Ct. 669, 66 L.Ed.2d 571 (Sup.Ct.1981), was embracing personal jurisdiction or just the subject matter jurisdiction involved in the case when it stated that “[a] court lacks discretion to consider the merits of a case over which it is without jurisdiction and thus, by definition, a jurisdictional ruling may never be made prospectively only.” Id. at 676. Similarly, we leave for another day the determination of what, if any, limits exist on this court’s power to apply a rule prospectively only when the Supreme Court has not indicated whether it should be retroactive, see United States v. Fay, 333 F.2d 12 (2d Cir. 1964), aff'd., 381 U.S. 654, 85 S.Ct. 1750, 14 L.Ed.2d 623 (1965).
Concurrence Opinion
(concurring):
I concur in the result reached in this case and with the reasoning Judge Mansfield uses in concluding that The Valley Hospital did not waive its power to object to the court’s personal jurisdiction over it. I also agree that Rush v. Savchuk, 444 U.S. 320, 100 S.Ct. 571, 62 L.Ed.2d 516 (1980), should be applied retroactively. I reach this conclusion, however, not as a result of applying the three general criteria set out in Chevron Oil Co. v. Huson, 404 U.S. 97, 92 S.Ct. 349, 30 L.Ed.2d 296 (1971), for deciding whether to apply a newly-announced rule retroactively, but rather by looking to the language of Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Risjord, 449 U.S.-, 101 S.Ct. 669, 66 L.Ed.2d 571 (1981), that “by definition, a jurisdictional ruling may never be made prospective only.” Id. at 676.
I hesitate to rely on Chevron because (1) the Chevron criteria are general whereas Firestone deals specifically with jurisdiction; (2) Chevron did not decide whether a jurisdictional ruling should be applied prospectively only, and (3) I have been unable to find an instance where any circuit court has relied on the criteria of Chevron in deciding whether to give retroactive effect to a jurisdictional ruling.
While the issue in Firestone was subject matter jurisdiction rather than personal jurisdiction, I find Justice Marshall’s phrasing instructive, if not controlling. The statement “by definition, a jurisdictional ruling may never be made prospective only,” id. at 676, is hardly ambiguous. If it is dictum it is certainly strong dictum and the most recent word from the Supreme Court on this issue. I would rely on it. If, however, Chevron is the correct standard to apply in deciding the retroactivity issue, I would agree that Holzsager fails to meet the conditions necessary to prevail.