31 F.3d 401 | 6th Cir. | 1994
Bankr. L. Rep. P 76,017
In re Gloria A. McCLURKIN, Debtor.
HUNTINGTON NATIONAL BANK, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
Frank PEES, Trustee, Defendant-Appellee.
No. 93-3698.
United States Court of Appeals,
Sixth Circuit.
Submitted June 23, 1994.
Decided Aug. 5, 1994.
Stephen A. Santangelo, Weltman, Weinberg & Associates, Columbus, OH (briefed), for Huntington Nat. Bank.
Jeffrey Mark Kellner, Worthington, OH (briefed), for Frank Pees.
Before: MARTIN, SUHRHEINRICH, and DAUGHTREY, Circuit Judges.
SUHRHEINRICH, Circuit Judge.
Pees (Trustee) objected to Huntington National Bank's (Creditor) proof of claim in McClurkin's (Debtor) Chapter 13 bankruptcy. The bankruptcy court sustained the Trustee's objection and the district court affirmed. Creditor appeals and we REVERSE and REMAND for further proceedings.
I.
Creditor filed a proof of claim in McClurkin's Chapter 13 bankruptcy in the amount of $19,186.23. The claim is secured only by a second mortgage on Debtor's principal residence. Debtor's residence was appraised at $138,000.00 and the property is encumbered by a first mortgage in the amount of $110,512.98. Thus, because there remains $27,487.02 of "equity cushion" after subtracting the amount of the first mortgage, Creditor's proof of claim states that the debt is "fully secured."
Trustee objected to Creditor's proof of claim, acknowledging the amount of the debt and the appraised value of the collateral, but arguing that Creditor's claim should only be allowed as secured in the amount of $13,687.02, with the remainder allowed as unsecured. The Trustee arrived at this figure by taking the appraised value of the residence, $138,000.00, subtracting ten percent for "costs of sale," and then deducting the amount of the first mortgage. In Debtor's Chapter 13 plan, she proposes to keep her house and, thus, the "costs of sale" are purely hypothetical.
The bankruptcy court, on the authority of its earlier decision in In re Weber, 140 B.R. 707 (Bankr.S.D.Ohio 1992), sustained the Trustee's objection and held that Creditor had an allowed secured claim for $13,687.02 and an allowed unsecured claim in the amount of $5,499.79. The district court, relying on In re Overholt, 125 B.R. 202 (S.D.Ohio 1990), affirmed.1
The issue of whether, in valuing a creditor's secured claim, "costs of sale" must be deducted from the fair market value of the collateral even though the debtor proposes to retain the property, is an issue of first impression in this court. The position taken by the bankruptcy court and the district court has been rejected by the only two circuits to have addressed this issue. See Lomas Mortgage USA v. Wiese (In re Wiese), 980 F.2d 1279 (9th Cir.1992), cert. granted and judgment vacated on other grounds, --- U.S. ----, 113 S.Ct. 2925, 124 L.Ed.2d 676 (1993) (remanding for reconsideration in light of Nobelman v. American Savings Bank, --- U.S. ----, 113 S.Ct. 2106, 124 L.Ed.2d 228 (1993)); Brown and Co. Sec. Corp. v. Balbus (In re Balbus), 933 F.2d 246 (4th Cir.1991).
II.
The debate as to whether an allowance for hypothetical "costs of sale" is mandatory revolves around 11 U.S.C. Sec. 506, which provides, in pertinent part:
An allowed claim of a creditor secured by a lien on property in which the estate has an interest ... is a secured claim
to the extent of the value of such creditor's interest in the estate's interest in such property
. . . . .
and is an unsecured claim
to the extent that the value of such creditor's interest ... is less than the amount of such an allowed claim.Such value shall be determined in light of the purpose of the valuation and of the proposed disposition or use of such property....
11 U.S.C. Sec. 506(a) (emphasis and structure added).2
The legislative history emphasizes that Sec. 506(a) provides a flexible, rather than static, approach to valuation.
"Value" does not necessarily contemplate forced sale or liquidation value of the collateral; nor does it always imply a full going concern value. Courts will have to determine value on a case-by-case basis, taking into account the facts of each case and the competing interests in each case.
H.R.Rep. No. 595, 95th Cong., 1st Sess. 356 (1977), reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5787, 6312. See also S.Rep. No. 989, 95th Cong., 1st Sess. 68, reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5787, 5854.
A.
Courts that favor deducting "costs of sale," even though no sale is contemplated by the debtor's reorganization plan, base their decision almost exclusively on the first sentence of Sec. 506(a). They note that the statute does not equate a creditor's "secured claim" with the value of the collateral but, instead, with the value of the creditor's interest in the collateral. See In re Overholt, 125 B.R. at 214-15. Because a secured creditor's interest in collateral is always and only the right to force a sale of that collateral to satisfy the debtor's obligation, these courts conclude that the "creditor's interest" in the collateral is merely an interest in the proceeds of a sale of the collateral; proceeds which must be net of the costs of sale. Id. at 214.
These courts acknowledge that both the second sentence of Sec. 506(a) and the legislative history indicate a case-by-case analysis, but nevertheless hold that an automatic deduction for hypothetical costs of foreclosure must be made in all cases, even when the debtor proposes to keep the mortgaged property. See In re Overholt, 125 B.R. at 215 ("[t]he fact that a debtor intends to retain the collateral does not emasculate the fact that it is in the first instance the creditor's interest in the collateral that must be valued") (internal quotation marks omitted). In re Overholt attempted to reconcile this perceived "tension" between the first and second sentences of Sec. 506(a) as follows:
The statute establishes a two-part inquiry to determine two separate issues. The second sentence requires that the court determine the value of the property itself. The first sentence directs the court to calculate the creditor's share of that value once it has been established.
In re Overholt, 125 B.R. at 215.3 The court then concluded that, regardless of how the "value of the property itself" may vary from situation to situation, a "creditor's share of that value" must always reflect a reduction for costs of sale, which the court estimated for all cases, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, at ten percent. Id. at 214-15.
B.
Courts that reject an automatic deduction for "costs of sale," on the other hand, focus primarily on the second sentence of Sec. 506(a). In re Balbus, 933 F.2d at 252. This sentence directs that the valuation of the creditor's interest should be made in light of the "purpose" of the valuation and the proposed "disposition or use" of the collateral. See Sec. 506(a) (emphasis added). These courts reason that the second sentence of Sec. 506(a) would be reduced to surplusage if, in every case, the creditor's interest were limited by hypothetical costs of sale. In re Balbus, 933 F.2d at 251. Accordingly, these courts conclude that "the better view is that the secured creditor's interest may be valued for Sec. 506(a) purposes without superimposing a foreclosure or other sale of the collateral where a disposition of the property is not reasonably in the offing. " Id. (internal quotation marks omitted and emphasis added).
C.
Although the Supreme Court has never addressed the issue presented in the present case, it has consistently equated the creditor's interest in collateral with the value of that collateral in construing the valuation provision of Sec. 506(a) in other contexts. The Court first construed Sec. 506(a) in United Savings Assoc. of Texas v. Timbers of Inwood Forest Assoc., 484 U.S. 365, 108 S.Ct. 626, 98 L.Ed.2d 740 (1988), where, in discussing "adequate protection" under Sec. 361, the Court consulted Sec. 506(a) for the meaning of the phrase "the [creditor's] interest in property." Id. at 372, 108 S.Ct. at 631. The Court concluded that "[t]he phrase 'value of such creditor's interest' in Sec. 506(a) means 'the value of the collateral.' " Id. (citing the legislative history quoted, supra, at 403).
In United States v. Ron Pair Enterprises, 489 U.S. 235, 109 S.Ct. 1026, 103 L.Ed.2d 290 (1989), the Court held that an oversecured creditor could recover postpetition interest even though its lien arose as a matter of law rather than contract. Id. at 241-42, 109 S.Ct. at 1030-31. In reaching its holding, the Court noted that oversecured status, just as with undersecured status, is determined by Sec. 506(a), which the Court paraphrased as "provid[ing] that a claim is secured only to the extent of the value of the property on which the lien is fixed; the remainder of the claim is considered unsecured." Id. at 239, 109 S.Ct. at 1029. The Court elaborated:
Thus, a $100,000 claim, secured by a lien on property of a value of $60,000, is considered to be a secured claim to the extent of $60,000, and to be an unsecured claim for $40,000. See 3 Collier on Bankruptcy par. 506.04, p. 506-15 (15th ed. 1988) ("[S]ection 506(a) requires a bifurcation of a 'partially secured' or 'undersecured' claim into separate and independent secured claim and unsecured claim components").
Id. at 240 n. 3, 109 S.Ct. at 1029 n. 3.4
Finally, in Nobelman v. American Savings Bank, --- U.S. ----, 113 S.Ct. 2106, 124 L.Ed.2d 228 (1993), discussed at greater length infra, the Court held that Sec. 1322(b)(2) does not permit a "cramdown" of an undersecured creditor's claim secured solely by the debtor's principal place of residence. Id. at ----, 113 S.Ct. at 2111. The Court noted that, under Sec. 506(a), "the bank is still the 'holder' of a 'secured claim,' because the [debtor's] home retains $23,500 of value as collateral. The portion of the bank's claim that exceeds $23,500 is an 'unsecured claim componen[t]' under Sec. 506(a)." Id. at ----, 113 S.Ct. at 2110 (quoting Ron Pair Enterprises, 489 U.S. at 239 n. 3, 109 S.Ct. at 1029 n. 3). Again, as in Ron Pair Enterprises and Timbers of Inwood, the Court equated the "value of the creditor's interest" in the collateral with the value of the collateral.
These three discussions of Sec. 506(a), although in no sense "holdings," illustrate that the Court has never viewed Sec. 506(a) as limiting an undersecured creditor's interest to something less than the value of the collateral. To the contrary, they show that the Court has consistently viewed the "creditor's interest" as equal to the lesser of the amount of the lien or the value of the collateral. We see no reason to depart from this construction in the present application.
D.
The automatic deduction for "costs of sale" adopted in In re Weber and In re Overholt proceeds, in our view, from the erroneous assumption that a secured creditor "receives" only the net proceeds from the disposition of the collateral. See In re Overholt, 125 B.R. at 214. When a creditor forecloses on the property of a non-bankrupt debtor, or forecloses on the property of a bankrupt debtor after the trustee has abandoned the over-encumbered property, the creditor "receives" all of the proceeds of the sale. This amount is applied to the debtor's obligation which, by that time, includes the outstanding principal and accrued interest plus, almost-universally as a matter of contract, the creditor's costs, fees and expenses connected with the foreclosure. There is no basis, however, for assuming that the costs of sale are paid with the "first dollar" of the sale proceeds rather than being added to the debtor's deficiency.5
The idea of limiting a creditor's "interest" in the collateral to the hypothetical "net" sale proceeds appears also to have been influenced by the Bankruptcy Code's treatment of over secured creditors. Under Sec. 506(b), an oversecured creditor has a secured claim, to the extent of the excess value of the collateral, for any interest, fees, costs or charges provided for under the debtor's contract with the creditor. In such cases, however, the oversecured creditor is only oversecured, and thus has a secured claim for interest and expenses, to the extent of the net sales proceeds. See Sec. 506(c). The treatment of over secured creditors, however, is not relevant to determining, and provides no basis for limiting, the under secured creditor's interest in the collateral.
Finally, the automatic deduction rule may have been an attempt, where a Chapter 13 debtor proposes to keep the property, to mirror the practice in cases where the property will be abandoned by the trustee under Sec. 554. In such cases, a Sec. 506(a) valuation is necessary to determine the size of the undersecured creditor's unsecured claim so that it can be paid, pro rata, out of the estate's general distribution. The purpose of reducing the estimated sale proceeds to reflect anticipated costs of sale, however, is to increase the creditor's unsecured claim so that it accurately reflects the projected shortfall. There is no reason for turning this practice against the creditor, and using it to decrease the amount of the secured claim, where the creditor is prevented from foreclosing on the collateral by debtor's keeping of the property under a proposed reorganization plan.
E.
Based upon the foregoing, we adopt the construction of Sec. 506(a) employed by the Supreme Court in other contexts and hold that, where the debtor proposes to retain the collateral under a reorganization plan, Sec. 506(a) does not require or permit a reduction in the creditor's secured claim to account for purely hypothetical costs of sale.
III.
Creditor, although not moving to dismiss this appeal, has suggested that the issue of whether a ten percent deduction for hypothetical "costs of sale" in a Sec. 506(a) valuation has been rendered "moot" by Nobelman v. American Savings Bank, --- U.S. ----, 113 S.Ct. 2106, 124 L.Ed.2d 228 (1993), which was handed down after the district court's decision in this case. Debtor replies that Creditor may not "invoke" Nobelman because it failed to raise Sec. 1322(b)(2) in the bankruptcy and district courts. Both arguments are misdirected.
Nobelman resolved a split among the circuits concerning whether a Chapter 13 debtor may "cramdown" what is, in most cases, the Debtor's largest debt, i.e., his home mortgage. At the center of this debate is Sec. 1322(b)(2), which provides that a Chapter 13 debtor's reorganization plan may
modify the rights of holders of secured claims, other than a claim secured only by a security interest in real property that is the debtor's principal residence, or of holders of unsecured claims, or leave unaffected the rights of holders of any class of claims.
Sec. 1322(b)(2) (emphasis added).
The Court rejected the argument that this special protection for home mortgagees only extends to the amount of the creditor's "secured claim" as determined under Sec. 506(a). Nobelman, --- U.S. at ---- - ----, 113 S.Ct. at 2109-10. By the provision's plain language, the Court held, the creditor need only be a holder of a secured claim which is secured only by the debtor's principal residence. Id. at ----, 113 S.Ct. at 2111. Thus, although a creditor whose only security is the debtor's home may be under secured, Sec. 1322(b)(2) protects the creditor's entire claim and lien from modification, i.e., cramdown. Id.
Creditor argues that, because it is a holder of a claim secured only by the Debtor's principal residence, Nobelman prohibits the Trustee from bifurcating its claim under Sec. 506(a). Therefore, Creditor contends, we need not address the appropriateness of the automatic deduction rule. Creditor's position, however, was clearly rejected by the Court in Nobelman, in which the Court specifically noted that the debtors "were correct in looking to Sec. 506(a) for a judicial valuation of the collateral to determine the status of the bank's secured claim." Nobelman, --- U.S. at ----, 113 S.Ct. at 2110 (emphasis added). The Court simply held that Sec. 1322(b)(2) prohibits confirming a reorganization plan which "give[s] effect" to such bifurcation, i.e., modifies the creditor's rights with respect to either the creditor's secured or unsecured claim components, where the creditor is among the class of creditors (home-mortgagees) specially protected by Congress. Id. at ----, 113 S.Ct. at 2111. Accordingly, we hold that the Trustee in this case properly sought a valuation of the creditor's claim under Sec. 506(a) and that the validity of the Trustee's deduction for hypothetical costs of sale is squarely presented.6
Debtor's argument to the effect that Creditor has "waived" the protections of Sec. 1322(b)(2) by not "raising" it earlier is equally unavailing because it ignores the procedural posture of this case. This appeal arises from the Trustee 's objection to the Creditor 's proof of claim. The proper procedure in which to "raise" Sec. 1322(b)(2) is as an objection under Sec. 1325(a)(1) to the confirmation of the debtor's plan, not as a rejoinder to the trustee's request for a Sec. 506(a) valuation. Because Nobelman indicates that a Sec. 506(a) valuation is proper notwithstanding Sec. 1322(b)(2), Creditor's failure to "raise" this argument below has no effect on the present dispute over how that valuation should be done and will not prevent Creditor, if necessary, from raising Sec. 1322(b)(2) in an objection to Debtor's reorganization plan.
Its practical effect on this case notwithstanding, Nobelman is not dispositive of the present appeal. Although Nobelman might have provided ample incentive for Creditor to have dismissed this appeal, its having chosen not to do so leaves this court with no alternative but to address and resolve the underlying dispute regarding the automatic reduction of Creditor's secured claim to account for the hypothetical costs of selling Debtor's house.
IV.
Accordingly, because the issue presented survives the Supreme Court's intervening decision in Nobelman, and because the plain language of Sec. 506(a) does not contemplate a reduction of a creditor's secured claim to account for "hypothetical" costs of sale where a sale of the collateral is not contemplated by the parties, we REVERSE the decision of the district court and REMAND for further proceedings.
Despite the numerous published cases on both sides of this issue, see In re Jones, 152 B.R. 155, 183 (Bankr.E.D.Mich.1993) (collecting cases), it appears that only the Southern District of Ohio has consistently deducted for hypothetical costs of sale. We note that this rule has not been adopted elsewhere in the Sixth Circuit, see, e.g., In re Good, 151 B.R. 445 (Bankr.N.D.Ohio 1993) (Chapter 12); In re Jones, 152 B.R. at 188 (Chapter 13); In re Dinsmore, 141 B.R. 499 (Bankr.W.D.Mich.1992) (same), and that In re Claeys, 81 B.R. 985, 991 (Bankr.D.N.D.1987), the seminal case for the automatic deduction rule for hypothetical costs of sale and the case upon which both In re Weber and In re Overholt heavily rely, has recently been rejected in its own circuit, see In re Huff, 159 B.R. 262, 264 (Bankr.W.D.Mo.1993) ("hypothesizing" that Claeys would have been decided differently in light of recent appellate and Supreme Court cases)
All subsequent statutory references are to Title 11 of the United States Code unless otherwise indicated
Although this "two part inquiry" provided a tidy solution to what the court perceived to be an ambiguity in Sec. 506(a), it lacks a foundation in language of the statute. The second sentence of Sec. 506(a) begins with the phrase "[s]uch value," the only possible referent of which is "the value of the creditor's interest" as twice used in the first sentence of Sec. 506(a). Thus, both sentences of Sec. 506(a) refer to the same "value." Therefore, we reject the bifurcated analysis devised in In re Overholt
Applying the calculations urged by the Debtor in the present case, the Court's hypothetical should have resulted in a secured claim of $54,000 and an unsecured claim of $46,000
We realize that the automatic deduction rule of In re Overholt is not as obviously wrong when, as in this case, the creditor is a junior mortgagee. Assuming that it is the senior mortgagee who forecloses, the junior mortgagee may properly be said to be limited to the "net" sale proceeds, i.e., "net" of the full amount of the debtor's obligation, including fees and expenses of collection if provided for by contract, to the senior mortgagee. Application of the "automatic deduction" rule has never been limited to junior mortgagees, however, nor do we believe such a limitation is proper. There is no way of determining whether the presumptive ten percent deduction is sufficient to encompass the attorney's fees and other incidentals, in addition to the sales costs, that a senior mortgagee recoups before a junior mortgagee takes anything. Nor is there any reason to assume, in every case, that it will be the senior mortgagee who forecloses, and thus incurs these costs, rather than the junior mortgagee
A Sec. 506(a) valuation in Chapter 13 cases would retain significant importance if, as several courts have held, neither Sec. 1322(b)(2) nor Nobelman prohibit modification of the rights of a junior mortgagee whose claim is "wholly unsecured," i.e., where the value of the collateral is insufficient to cover the senior debt. See, e.g., Sette v. Bello (In re Sette), 164 B.R. 453 (Bankr.E.D.N.Y.1994); In re Kidd, 161 B.R. 769 (Bankr.E.D.N.C.1993); In re Williams, 161 B.R. 27 (Bankr.E.D.Ky.1993). We need not address this reading of Nobelman, however, in the present context