26 N.Y.S. 259 | N.Y. Sup. Ct. | 1893
This was an appeal from a judgment entered in Oneida county May 24, 1893, upon a verdict directed by the court The action was to recover on two bonds executed by the defendant, the first of which was as follows:
“Know all men by these presents that I, E. D. Klock, of the city of Utica, in the state of New York, for divers good causes and considerations me thereunto moving, have covenanted, promised, and agreed, and by these presents do covenant, promise, and agree, to and with the Bank of Hamilton, its successors and assigns, that George F. Hawkins will, upon the maturity thereof, pay a certain promissory note for two thousand dollars, bearing date on the first day of April, 1891, made by said George F. Hawkins, payable seven months after the date thereof, with interest at the rate of seven per cent, per annum, to the order of the said George F. Hawkins, and indorsed by him; and I do guaranty to the said bank the payment of the said note. Witness my hand and seal this first day of April, 1891.
“E. D. Klock. [Seal]"
The answer of the defendant admitted the incorporation of the plaintiff; that it carried on business at Hamilton, in the province of Ontario; that the defendant resided at the place alleged in the-complaint; and admitted the execution of the bonds. It was then alleged, among other things, that the bonds were signed, executed,, and delivered upon the representation of Hawkins that the notes referred to therein were to be discounted in due course of business by the plaintiff, and the proceeds thereof placed to the credit of Hawkins, to be used and employed by him in the conduct of his business at Orangeville, Out., in the purchase, packing, and selling of eggs; that said notes and obligations were to be delivered to the-Hamilton Bank for the purpose of procuring said bank to discount said papers, and pass the proceeds of such discount to the credit of the said Hawkins, to enable him to continue and carry on his business at Orangeville; that said notes and obligations were not to housed or employed in any way as collateral security to the plaintiff for any obligation that the bank then or thereafter might hold against the said Hawkins otherwise than by discounting said notes,, and placing the proceeds of said discount to the credit of said Hawkins, to be used by him in the due course of business; that the plaintiff was made acquainted with the conditions upon which said obligations were executed and delivered; that in violation thereof, and of the agreement upon which the same were delivered, it took said notes, and did not discount the same, or place the proceeds of said notes, when discounted, to the credit of said Hawkins, to be used’ in his business, but, on the contrary, it held said notes and obligations as collateral security to other indebtedness which said Hawkins was owing said bank, and did not present said notes for payment in the due course of business, but held the same long after-they were past due, holding them as collateral security, when the account of said Hawkins with the bank was sufficient in amount to have paid said notes; that the same were not protested for nonpayment, but were held by the bank in violation of the terms on which said notes were delivered to the plaintiff, and contrary to the-terms upon which said agreement was delivered, and in violation of the agreement upon which they were so executed and delivered to said bank; and that the notes referred to in said bonds were-diverted, misappropriated, and misapplied, in violation of the rights,, understanding, and agreement with the defendant and said Hawkins.
On the trial the following proceedings and rulings were had and made:
“By the Court: We will assume that the letter was destroyed. By Defendant’s Counsel: And that it was shown to the. cashier of the plaintiff by Hawkins, after its receipt, that the guaranty was forwarded in return after conference with, and with the knowledge of, the plaintiff’s cashier, with a letter to Mr. Block, inclosing the guaranty. The Court: Assuming those-facts, go on. The defendant’s counsel offered to show contents of this letter, and made the following statement: I desire to show that the letter stated this-*261 In substance,—I do not give It In detail,—that It stated that he would sign the guaranty of the payment of two notes, one of two. thousand dollars and another of one thousand dollars, the notes substantially as described in this paper; but that he would not guaranty the paper to be used as collateral, or other than in the usual course of business; and that the guaranty should only be valid as to the paper indicated and attached if discounted by the plaintiff. I shall follow it by showing that the letter was shown by Mr. Hawkins, who received it, to the then cashier of this plaintiff; that Mr. Hawkins and the then cashier, for the purpose of procuring the execution of Exhibit A, wrote him inclosing Exhibit A, and saying to him that the note should only be used for that purpose, when it was intended by them to be used as collateral only; and that, in reliance upon it, he executed Exhibit A, and returned it; and that the note of which Exhibit A is a guaranty was only used as collateral. Not only showing it by other witnesses, but by a chain of circumstances by other witnesses. Also showing the same facts as to the one thousand dollar note by correspondence with reference to it, and by conversations. Mr. Beardsley: I object to it,—First, as intending by paroi to vary a sealed instrument; second, that Mr. Hahn is now dead. The evidence was excluded. The Court: The evidence is excluded upon the ground that the liability of the defendant in this case is fixed by Exhibits A and B, which are under seal; that they cannot be varied by a paroi agreement; that, so far as the inducements or false representations having been made, which was the inducement that led to the execution of the instrument by the defendant, it cannot be shown, because fraud is not pleaded in the answer. The evidence will be excluded. Defendant’s Counsel: I desire to follow it up by showing that Mr. Klock believed the correspondence to be correct, and relied upon it, and that the plaintiff and Hawkins both intended to deceive him in procuring it. The evidence was objected to. Objection sustained, and the defendant duly excepted. The defendant then asked leave to amend his answer, so as to admit this proof. The motion was denied and the defendant duly excepted. By Defendant’s Counsel: Mr. Hawkins is here, and I desire to prove the same facts by him as I stated. By the Court: I think your offer is broad enough, as now stated, to cover that. At least the court has assumed that you would either prove by this "witness, or some other witness to be called by you,—Mr. Hawkins and other witnesses,—the facts which you have stated. So you may have the exception squarely.”
Thus it is seen that the court refused to permit the defendant to show that the bonds in suit were made, signed, and delivered for a specific purpose; that it was expressly agreed by and between the maker, the defendant and the plaintiff’s cashier, that the notes which the bonds were given to secure were not to be used as collateral security; that the bonds were given upon the express understanding that they were not to be thus used; and that in direct opposition to such agreement they were so used by the plaintiff, and not for the purpose intended and agreed upon.
In Benjamin v. Rogers, 126 N. Y. 60, 26 N. E. 970, it was held that a transferee of negotiable paper, who takes it knowing that it was executed by an accommodation maker, and was transferred in violation of conditions or limitations imposed by such maker, cannot maintain an action thereon against him; and that such a maker has a right to determine for himself what use shall be made of it, and may impose seemingly immaterial conditions limiting its use; and no one can get title, as against him, who takes it with full knowledge, in violation of such conditions. In that case the action was upon a joint and several promissory note. It appeared that it was signed by the plaintiff’s testator as surety, solely for the accom
“Certainly the general rule which excludes evidence of parol negotiations and undertakings, when offered to contradict or substantially vary the legal import of a written agreement, is not to be questioned or disturbed. In this state it has been thought to be so well settled in reason, policy, and authority as not to be a proper subject of discussion. It has full application, however, within very narrow limits. In the first place, it applies only in controversies between parties to the instrument, (New Berlin v. Norwich, 10 Johns. 229,) and between them is subject to exceptions upon allegations of fraud, mistake, surprise, or part performance of the verbal agreement; nor does it deny the party in whose favor that agreement was made the right of proving its existence by way of defense in an action upon the written instrument, under circumstances which would make the use of it for any purpose inconsistent with that agreement, dishonest, or fraudulent, (Martin v. Pycroft, 2 De Gex, M. & G. 785, 795; Jervis v. Berridge, 8 Ch. App. 351.) A party sued by his promisee is always permitted to show a want or failure of consideration for the promise relied upon, and so he may prove by paroi that the instrument itself was delivered even to the payee, to take effect only upon the happening of some future event, (Seymour v. Cowing, 40 N. Y. 532; Benton v. Martin, 52 N. Y. 570; Eastman v. Shaw, 65 N. Y. 522,) or that its design and object were different from what its language, if alone considered, would indicate, (Denton v. Peters, L. R. 5 Q. B. 475;. Blossom v. Griffin, 13 N. Y. 569; Hutchins v. Hebbard, 34 N. Y. 24; Seymour v. Cowing, supra; Barker v. Bradley, 42 N. Y. 316; Grierson v. Mason, 60 N. Y. 394.) He may also show that the instrument relied upon was executed in part performance only of an entire oral agreement, (Chapin v. Dobson, 78 N. Y. 75,) or that the obligation of the instrument has been discharged by the execution of a paroi agreement collateral thereto, (Crosman v. Fuller, 17 Pick. 171,) or he may set up any agreement in regard to the note which makes Its enforcement inequitable.”