75 P. 832 | Cal. | 1904
Lead Opinion
This action was brought by plaintiff corporation to have an assessment of its franchise for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901, declared illegal and void, and to recover from defendant $12,187.76, paid by it under protest, as taxes thereon.
Defendant had judgment in the court below, and plaintiff appeals therefrom on the judgment-roll.
The claim of the plaintiff is, that it has never owned or possessed any franchise whatever, and that the only franchise in any way connected with it is the corporate franchise, or the franchise of being a corporation, which, it is claimed, is the property of its stockholders, and is not assessable or taxable to said corporation. The assessor of defendant, in addition to assessing the assessable tangible property of the plaintiff, situate in said city and county, consisting of land, improvements, furniture, library, typewriter, and money at $2,311,774, assessed its "franchise" at $750,000, and the board *278 of equalization of the city and county refused to lower said assessment or "give plaintiff any relief whatever." The tax on said $750,000 so assessed on the franchise amounted to $12,187.76, which was paid under protest.
It appears from the findings of the trial court that the plaintiff was incorporated in the year 1864, under the provisions of the act providing for the formation of corporations for certain purposes, approved April 14, 1853, and all acts amendatory thereof and supplementary thereto, for the purpose of carrying on the business of banking, and has ever since conducted such business under its articles of incorporation, and that it has never owned, possessed, claimed, or controlled any other rights, powers, privileges, or franchises than such as were acquired or conferred upon it by said articles of incorporation.
It further appears that the assessor found that the aggregate value of the tangible property of plaintiff, including non-assessable bonds and property not assessable in San Francisco, and all property assessable therein, was $5,156,903.08; that the aggregate market value of all the shares of capital stock issued by plaintiff was $8,100,000; and that the difference between the aggregate market value of said stock and the value of all tangible property of the corporation — to wit, $2,943,096.92 — was by him ascertained and determined to be the value of the so-called franchise of plaintiff, which he thereupon assessed and valued, for purposes of assessment and taxation, at the sum of $750,000.
The only franchise acquired under the articles of incorporation — and the findings in this case establish the fact that the corporation has no other franchise — was the right to be and exist as a corporation, with all the powers given by law to corporations, and the right to enjoy the privilege and immunities of a corporation in the conduct of the business of banking.
Admittedly, the mere right to do a banking business is not a franchise, in any sense of the word. It belongs to citizens generally, and is a common right, in the same sense that the right to do a grocery or dry-goods business is available to all citizens, and no grant from the sovereign is essential to its existence. Any individual, or any number of individuals, may, under such regulations as the state in the exercise of its *279 police powers may legally make, engage therein, without any grant from the state.
While, however, the right to engage in the business of banking is a common right, available to all citizens, such right can be exercised through the agency of a corporation only by express permission of the state. Corporations, being purely creatures of the law, may be formed only when the state so authorizes, and then only for such purposes as may be authorized by the state. It is universally recognized that the power of creating corporations is one appertaining to sovereignty, and can only be exercised by that branch of the government in which it is legally vested, and that whatever method may be adopted for their formation, and with whatever liberality the privilege of forming them may be conferred, every corporation is dependent for its existence upon the permission of the state in which it is created.
While our law provides that private corporations may be formed by any five or more persons, a majority of whom are residents of the state, for any purpose for which individuals may lawfully associate themselves, each corporation so created derives its right to exist as a corporation, with all the incidents thereof, for the purpose of doing the business specified in its articles of incorporation, directly from the sovereign power, precisely the same as the corporation that formerly existed in England under special grant from the king, and later under special act of parliament, or the corporation that in this country exists under special act of the legislative department of any of our states.
Whenever a corporation is legally formed, the right to be and exist as such, and as a corporation to do the business specified in its articles, whether it be a banking business, grocery business, or the operation of a railroad, or any other business in which individuals may engage without grant from the state, is a grant by the sovereign power, a valuable right which is generally known as the corporate franchise. (2 Morawetz on Corporations, sec. 922; Spring Valley Water Works v. Schottler,
This corporate franchise — viz., the franchise to be and exist as a corporation for the purposes specified in the articles of incorporation — appertains to every corporation, for whatever purpose it may be formed, and there is no distinction in this regard between the banking or grocery corporation, and the railroad, water, or gas corporation. The right to engage in every such business is open to all citizens, independent of any grant from the sovereign, but it is available to no one to conduct any such business through the agency of a corporation without such grant.
Certain occupations are, however, of such a nature that various privileges conferrable only by the sovereign power are convenient, and in most cases absolutely essential, to the successful maintenance of the business to be carried on, whether it be carried on by a corporation or by an individual, — such, for instance, as the right to use public highways. Such rights and privileges are also known as franchises, but they constitute a class entirely distinct from and independent of the corporate franchise. Such rights and privileges are of course the property of the corporation or individual by whom they have been acquired, and are taxable as such.
As already shown, the corporate franchise is considered as property separate and distinct from the so-called franchises which the corporation may acquire subsequent to its incorporation.
The plaintiff claims that because it has acquired and is exercising no such rights it has no franchise. The basis of this claim is the contention that this corporate franchise is not a *281 franchise of the corporation, but vests in and belongs to the members of the corporation. In a certain sense it is true that such a franchise is the property of the members of the corporation. It has been often said that a corporation is itself a franchise belonging to the members of the corporation, and a corporation may hold other franchises as rights or franchises of the corporation. Expressions of this character have been used for the purpose of distinguishing the rights and privileges which the corporation, as a legal being, subsequently acquires and controls, and which, when transferable, may be transferred by the corporation itself, from the franchise of being and existing as a corporation, which is incapable of assignment, and which survives "in the mere fact of corporate existence" after all property capable of assignment has been transferred to others by the corporation.
The corporation is, however, nothing other than its stockholders or members, transformed into and existing as one legal being by permission of the state. The incorporators and their associates and successors are the "body politic or corporate by the name stated in the certificate" (Civ. Code, sec. 296), and, as such body politic or corporate, they hold the right to exist and transact the business specified in the articles. They hold the right in their collective capacity as a corporation, and not severally as persons. They have no rights in regard to the corporate franchise that they can exercise, except through the corporation. It is the corporation, the "body politic or corporate," the legal creature comprised of the incorporators, their associates, and successors, that is invested by the state with life and the power to do.
It was said by the supreme court of the United States, inSociety for Savings v. Coite, 6 Wall. 594, 606: "Corporate franchises are legal entities vested in the corporation itself as soon as it is in esse. They are not mere naked powers granted to the corporation, but powers coupled with an interest which vest in the corporation, upon the possession of its franchises, and whatever may be thought of the corporators, it cannot be denied that the corporation itself has a legal interest in such franchises."
If this corporate franchise is assessable as property, then, that it must be assessed to the corporation instead of the members or stockholders is clearly settled in this state by the *282
decision in People v. Badlam,
It is not claimed that a corporate franchise may not be taxed by a state, but it is urged that such tax has always been an excise tax, and not a tax on property. An examination of the authorities will disclose the fact that in many cases it has been directly taxed as property. The manner and method, however, are entirely within the control of the state, which is supreme in such matters, so long as no constitutional right is impaired. As already shown, such a franchise is property. Mr. Justice Field, speaking for the supreme court of the United States, in Horn S.M.Co. v. New York,
In Central Pacific R.R. Co. v. California,
In State v. Anderson,
The Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky methods of taxation upheld by the court (see State v. Jones,
In several cases where it was said that the tax upon a corporate franchise could be sustained only upon the ground that it was an excise tax, the tax would have been invalid as a property tax solely for the reason that it was in effect levied on property exempt from state taxation under the laws of the United States. (See Home Ins. Co. v. New York,
The power of a state to impose a tax on the franchise of a corporation, in the nature of an excise or duty, does not, however, exclude the taxation, in a proper case, by a valuation made by the assessor. (Spring Valley Water Works v. Schottler,
Under the authorities, there can be no question that a state may provide for the taxation of a corporate franchise as property of the corporation.
It is further contended that a corporate franchise is not a franchise within the meaning of the provisions of our state constitution relating to taxation, and that this state has made no provision authorizing an assessment thereof.
The question thus presented can hardly be said to be a debatable one, in view of certain decisions of this court rendered shortly after our present state constitution went into effect, determining the effect of the provisions of such constitution in the matter of the taxation of property of corporations.
The constitution adopted in 1879, after providing that all property in the state not exempt under the laws of the United States shall be taxed in proportion to its value, declares that the word "property" as used in this connection includes "moneys, credits, bonds, stocks, dues, franchises, and all other matters, and things, real, personal, and mixed, capable of private ownership." (Const. art. XIII, sec. 1.) The legislature thereupon repealed section 3640 of the Political Code, providing for the assessment of shares of stock to the owners thereof, the assessable value thereof to be determined by deducting from the market value of the entire capital stock the value of all property assessed to it and dividing the remainder by the entire number of shares, and added a new section to that code (sec. 3608), in which they declared that *285
shares of stock in corporations possess no intrinsic value over and above the actual value of the property of the corporation which they represent, that the assessment and taxation of such shares and also of the corporate property would be double taxation, that all property belonging to corporations shall be assessed and taxed, but that no assessment shall be made of shares of stock. (Amendments to codes, 1881, pp. 56, 59.) Immediately after the enactment of this legislation, the question of the liability of shares of stock in corporations to assessment to the holders thereof came before this court. It was held that the language of the constitution clearly forbade double taxation; that the legislature had the right thereunder to say that all the property of the corporation should be assessed to the corporation, and the same property should not again be assessed for the same tax; that the "property" of the corporation included its franchise and everything else evidenced by the certificates of stock; that while the share of each stockholder was undoubtedly property, it was an interest in the very property held by the corporation, and nothing more; and that when all the property of the corporation, including its franchise, was assessed, which it was to be presumed would be done by the assessor in obedience to the requirements of the law, any further assessment of the shares to the individual stockholders would be double taxation. (People v. Badlam,
In the later case of Spring Valley Water Works v. Schottler,
This case involved the question as to the validity of the action of the board of supervisors of San Francisco, sitting as a board of equalization, raising the assessment of the franchise of the plaintiff from five thousand dollars to five million dollars. It appeared from the record in the case that the supervisors held the difference between the value of the tangible property of the corporation and the aggregate market value of the shares of stock in the company to be the value of the franchise. Practically every objection made to the assessment here involved was made in that case by eminent attorneys representing various corporations, including this plaintiff. The opinion of the court, signed by all of the six justices who participated in the case, overruling each of the objections, has been, so far as the records of this court show, accepted up to this time as a correct exposition of the law of California relative to the taxation of franchises of corporations.
While the plaintiff in that case possessed the right to lay down pipes in the streets, alleys, and ways of a city, and to collect rates for water furnished, which were said to be franchises, it was in terms declared by the court that its existence and right to employ its corporate powers is a franchise, and the court said in regard thereto: "We have no doubt that it was the intention of those who framed and ratified the constitution to place such franchises in the category of property to be taxed. . . . To hold that a private corporation does not own its franchise right, power, and privileges would be both novel and untenable. . . . The franchise of a corporation is and can be well defined to be the right of the corporation to exist and exercise the powers and privileges vested in it by its charter. . . . From the foregoing cases, it would seem that there can be no doubt of the power of a state to tax the franchise at its assessed value." Commenting on the decision in People v.Badlam,
It is sought to distinguish the case at bar from those of theSpring Valley Water Works v. Schottler,
The distinction is in no way material to the controversy here. As already shown, it was definitely determined in Spring ValleyWater Works v. Schottler, that whatever other franchises the water corporation possessed, its existence and right to employ its corporate powers was a franchise, constituting taxable property. Aside from this, however, the other rights possessed by the waterworks and gas company were rights granted by express provisions of the constitution to every individual in the state and to every company incorporated under the laws of the state for the purpose of supplying any municipality and its inhabitants with water or artificial light. (Const., arts. XI (sec. 19), XIV). While the generality of the grant does not deprive such rights of the character of franchises, they have value only so far as the exercise thereof contributes to the value of the capital of the corporation, and are precisely the same in this respect as the exercise of the corporate franchise. As was aptly said of such *288 other rights or franchises by counsel in Spring Valley WaterWorks v. Schottler, no one can sell them, for everybody has them, and no person can gain by the accession of such rights of others.
It is urged that the assessment on the corporate franchise is in this case grossly unjust as to amount, that the assessor's method of arriving at such valuation is improper and unjust, and that it includes such elements as dividends or profits, earning power, and good-will. The assessed value of the franchise, it will be observed, is a fraction over twenty-five per cent of the total value of the intangible property of the corporation, ascertained by a deduction of the value of the tangible property from the market value of the shares of stock.
The value of the franchises of a corporation is not limited by the cost of obtaining them. If it were so limited, such franchises as the right to use the public streets for water-pipes or gas-pipes, for the purpose of supplying a municipality and its inhabitants with water or gas, would be valueless and unassessable, for everybody possesses such rights under the terms of our constitution. It is the exercise of the right that gives the value that our laws require to be taxed. As was said in SanJose Gas Co. v. January,
It is clear that if the laws of this state properly express the intention that everything that gives value to the shares of a corporation shall be assessed as property of the corporation, the true value of those shares is a most important element in determining the value of such property.
Finally, it is urged that the assessment is in violation of the fourteenth amendment of the constitution of the United States, in that a corporation is thereby compelled to pay a tax of $12,187.76 for carrying on a "common business, banking, that every one has a right to carry on," while any person or partnership may carry on the same business without paying any tax.
If this contention be well founded, it of course follows that no tax whatever can be imposed by any state on the corporate franchise of any corporation which is engaged in a business open to all who choose to engage therein. In view of the many decisions of the United States supreme court already cited, upholding the taxation by states of corporate franchises, it would appear unnecessary to further discuss this claim. As *290 was said by the learned circuit judge in London etc. Bank v.Block, 117 Fed. 900, in upholding an assessment on such a corporate franchise, "The assessment is not . . . upon the business or occupation of a banker, but upon the property of complainant embraced in the unity of the franchise of the corporation to have perpetual succession, to have a common seal, and to act in all its business transactions of a general banking-house with those special advantages which are incident to corporate existence." A person or partnership engaged in the same business has no such property.
The judgment of the superior court is affirmed.
Shaw, J., Van Dyke, J., and Lorigan, J., concurred.
Dissenting Opinion
I agree with Justice McFarland that the mere franchise to be a banking corporation is not susceptible of valuation according to the criterion of value established by the statute. (Pol. Code, sec. 3617, subd. 5.) It is not transferable or vendible any more than a broker's seat in the stock and exchange board; and unless we are prepared to overrule the decision in San Francisco v.Anderson,
Rehearing denied.
Beatty, C.J., McFarland, J., and Henshaw, J., dissented from the order denying a rehearing.
Dissenting Opinion
I dissent, and at some future time, if other duties permit, will express my views on the question here involved more fully. At present I will say only this: the only assessment actually made was of appellant's "franchise." This attempted assessment was under any view void for want of description. If there be any particular property embraced under the general category "franchise" which is assessable, such particular property must be described in some manner sufficient to identify it. The mere word "franchise" is no more descriptive of any particular property than would be the words "an easement" or "a piece of land." 2. It appears, however, that the only franchise of appellant intended to be assessed was its mere franchise to be a corporation. But such a franchise, assuming it to belong to the corporation, and not to the stockholders, is not assessable, because it has no ascertainable value under the rule prescribed by the state constitution and the statute for determining assessable value. (Const., art. XIII, sec. 1; Pol. Code, sec. 3617.) It cannot be transferred by the owner, nor seized and sold under execution or other process of law, and is not in any way vendible. In this respect it cannot be distinguished from a "seat" in a stock board, which was held in Lowenberg v. Greenebaum,