delivered the opinion of the court.
J. S. Ashworth brought an action of trover against the Bank of Bristol, but did not describe the defendant as a corporation. The process was served on the president of the bank in this State, and there is no complaint here that the return of- the officer on its face did not show due service. The defendant appeared at the rules and pleaded to the jurisdiction of the court on the ground that the defendant was a foreign corporation, did no business in this State, had no office or place of business here, and had no agent in this State upon whom process could be legally served. The clerk received and filed the plea and the plaintiff filed an objection, or objections, thereto, the character and scope of which do not. appear in the record. At the succeeding term of the court the defendant further tendered a motion in writing to dismiss the case for want of jurisdiction of the court, and also tendered the affidavit of the president of the bank in support of its motion. The motion and
“This day came the parties by their attorneys, and thereupon the defendant, by its attorney, appeared specially to object to the jurisdiction of this court, and filed its motion to dismiss this case, said motion supported by the affidavit of J. H. McCue, president of defendant, Bank of Bristol, to which motion and affidavit plaintiff objected, and the court having maturely considered defendant’s plea in abatement, and the plaintiff’s objection thereto, filed at rules, and said defendant’s motion and affidavit, and plaintiff’s objection thereto, made this day, doth sustain the plaintiff’s objection to said plea, and doth reject the same, and doth overrule defendant’s motion to dismiss this casé.”
It will be observed that no exception is noted in the order to this ruling of the court, nor does the record anywhere' disclose any objection to it. At a subsequént day during the same term, the defendant pleaded not guilty, upon which plea issue was joined and a trial had, and there was a verdict and judgment in favor of the defendant in error.
No bills of exception appear in the record, and the only errors assigned are the rejection of defendant’s plea in abatement and the overruling of its motion to dismiss the case.
The case lies within very narrow limits. The plea presented a good defense, if it was in due form and was properly made a part of the récord so that it can be inspected. The motion likewise presented a good defense, if that defense could be presented in that way, and the ruling of the court thereon was objected to and such ruling and the affidavit filed with the motion were properly made parts of the record. In other words, if the record shows that the trial court had no jurisdiction over the defendant, then the judg
The mere fact that a defendant is a nonresident does not oust courts of general jurisdiction of their jurisdiction over them, if they are found and served with process within the territorial limits of such court’s jurisdiction. A foreign corporation, however, cannot be said to be “found” within a jurisdiction in which it does no business and has neither agent nor property; and domestic courts have no power to render judgments against them without voluntary appearance.
It must be conceded that the defendant in due time filed its plea to the jurisdiction, and that the same thereupon became a part of the record. It was accepted and filed by the clerk at rules in the exercise of a ministerial and mandatory duty, and became thereby as much a part of the record as the declaration in the case. This being true, there was only one method, if strict rules of practice are to control our decision, by which it could be expunged from the record, and that was by a motion to strike out. No such motion was, in fact, ever made, nor indeed any motion at all in regard thereto. Some sort of objection, we know not what, evidenced solely by a bare reference thereto in the order of the court, was filed at rules, presumably after the plea was filed, and in sustaining that objection the order did purport to reject the plea; but the order must be construed in the light of the proceedings before the court, and when so construed it amounted manifestly to no more than holding that the plea was not good, and cannot be held to have supplied the place of the necessary motion to strike out. Even if there had been a formal motion to reject, as there certainly was not, such a motion would have been inappropriate because the plea had already become a part of the record. It is quite true that if a plea or any other paper
This court is confronted with the necessity of interpreting the effect of the lower court’s action upon the plea in question, in the absence of any motion at all by the defendant in error, either to strike out or reject. The order must be construed in the light of the proceeding upon which it was based, and this proceeding was a mere undefined objection. There was no warrant for and n.o virtue in filing
This conclusion does no violence to the established rule that a plea never authoritatively in the record, or being thus in is expressly stricken out, must be made the subject of a bill of exceptions, or an express order of the court, to .make it a part of the record on appeal. We recognize the authority of Fry v. Leslie, 87 Va. 269, 12 S. E. 671, and Leary v. Briggs, 114 Va. 41, 76 S. E. 907, which may be said to go as far as any Virginia cases in the direction of the plaintiff’s contention. In both of these cases the pleas had been filed at rules and were held not to be parts of the record, but they had first been expressly stricken out of it by the trial court. Some expressions in these cases might appear to sustain the view pressed upon us in this case, but in the light of the facts with which they were concerned we do not think they do so.-
Having reached the conclusion that the plea in question is a part of the record, we may consider briefly the objections thereto. As already pointed out, no grounds of objection appear of record, but in argument two reasons have been urged against the form of the plea. The first of these is that it fails to give the plaintiff a better writ within this State. There is plainly no merit in this objection. “It is true, as a general rule, that a plea in abatement must show a more proper or sufficient jurisdiction in some other court
The judgment will be reversed, and this court will enter an order overruling the objection to the plegf and remanding the cause to the circuit court for further proceedings to be had therein not in conflict with the views herein expressed.
Whittle, R, and Burks, J., dissenting.
Reversed.