61 F. 213 | N.D. Cal. | 1894
The libel in this case embraces 38 Separate claims for damages arising ont of breach of contracts of
The Queen of the Pacific, at the time the libel was filed, was not within the northern district of California, having departed therefrom some few hours previously. The monition was consequently returned “Hot Served.” An alias monition was issued and returned “Served,” and subsequently a bond was given, and the vessel released. The claimant thereupon excepted to the libel on the. grounds—First, that there is no cause of action against the vessel; second, that the cause of action, if any ever existed, is against the Pacific Coast Steamship Company; third, that the causes of action hare been waived and abandoned by virtue of a limitation clause of 30 days, contained in the bill of lading or shipper’s receipt; fourth,, that the'demands were stale, neglected, and legally abandoned, and barred by virtue of certain statutes of limitation of this state; fifth, that the court had no jurisdiction.
The objection that - the vessel was not within the jurisdiction of the court' when the libel was filed is immaterial. Rule 23 of the general admiralty rules prescribed by the supreme court provides: that' “all libels in instance causes, civil or maritime, shall state the nature of the cause, * * * and if the libel is in rem, that the propértyds within the district.” The libel in this case contains such, an allegation, and, for the present purpose, it must be assumed to be true. The explanation is made that, when the libel was verified, the vessel was in the district, but the objection is based upon the fact that she departed soon after, and was not in the district when the libel was filed. The vessel had, however, departed upon one of her regular voyages, and upon her return she was duly served with process. The contracts declared on are contracts of affreightment entered into between the Pacific Coast Steamship Company and the shippers of the goods. It is a maritime contract, cognizable in'the admiralty, and this is sufficient. Morewood v. Enequist, 23 How. 491; The Belfast, 7 Wall. 642. The court, having jurisdiction of the subject-matter, obtained jurisdiction over the res, when it was attached by the marshal upon the alias monition. Taylor v. Carryl, 20 How. 599; Cooper v. Reynolds, 10 Wall. 317; The Rio Grande, 23 Wall. 465.
The first and second exceptions are substantially the samé. The claimant contends that the Pacific Coast Steamship Company, and not the vessel, should have been proceeded against; in other words, he claims that these contracts of affreightment were personal engagements between the Pacific Coast Steamship Company, as th<é
“The district court seems to have considered that a ship was a juridical person, having a status in the courts oí admiralty, and that the admiralty was entitled to precedence whenever any question arose which authorized a judicial tribunal to call this legal entity before it. The district court, in describing the source of its authority, says of the contract of bottomry that ‘it is made with the thing, and not the owner,’ and that the contract of the mariners is similar; that the res ‘represents’ in that court all persons having a right and privilege, while the rights of the owner are treated there as something incorporeal, separable from the res, and which might be seized by ihe sheriff, even though the res might be in the admiralty. This representation is not true in matter of fact nor in point of law. Contracts with mariners for service, and other contracts of that kind, are made on behalf of owners, who incur a personal responsibility; and, if lenders on bottomry depend upon the vessel for payment, it is because the liability of the owner is waived in the contract itself. ’In all causes of action,’ says the judge of the admiralty of Great Britain, ‘winch may arise during the ownership of the persons whose ship is proceeded against, I apprehend that no suit could ever be maintained against a ship where the owners were not themselves personally liable, or where the liability liad not been given up.’ The Druid, 1 W. Bob. Adm. 399. And the opinion of this court in The Freeman v. Buckingham, 18 How. 183, was to the same effect.”
In the case last cited the court say:
“We are of opinion that under our admiralty law contracts of affreightment, entered into with the master, in good faith, and within the scope of his apparent authority as master, bind the vessel to the merchandise for,the performance of such contracts, wholly irrespective of the ownership of the vessel, and whether the master be the agent of the general or the special owner.”
We come now to the exception that the action is barred by the statutes of limitation of this state. It is a well-settled rule that a state statute of limitation does not apply to maritime liens. The H. B. Foster, 3 Ware, 167, Fed. Cas. No. 6,291; The Platina, 3 Ware, 182, Fed. Cas. No. 11,210; The Key City, 14 Wall. 653; Hen. Adm. Jur. 185; Griswold v. The Nevada, 2 Sawy. 145, Fed. Gas. No. 5,839; Willard v. Dorr, 3 Mason, 91, Fed. Cas. No. 17,679; Brown v. Jones,
“There is no statute of limitation raising a bar in the admiralty. Lapse of time, indeed, connected with circumstances, will create an equitable Dar. Every man is bound to use reasonable diligence in enforcing his rights. If he does not, and in the free and rapid circulation of property he suffers other persons to acquire an interest in the subject-matter without notice of his rights, the just penalty of such neglect may be the forfeiture of his rights, or postponement of them to the equitable claims of others. Ships, it is well known, are frequently changing owners. Still more frequent are claims and rights against them for wages, repairs, and supplies. All such claims ought to be enforced in due season, and,.indeed, promptly, and not be allowed to lie as secret liens and charges, which may operate as a surprise, if not a fraud on others. It is such considerations th'at have led able and learned admiralty judges to say that they will look narrowly into a lien claim of this kind if it is sought to be enforced at a later time than the termination of the voyage for which the supplies were furnished, and not because the claim then necessarily and legally becomes stale."
In tbe case of Tbe Key City, 14 Wall. 653, tbe supreme court, speaking through Mr. Justice Miller, declared tbe law of tbe admiralty respecting tbe defense of lacbes or delay on tbe judicial enforcement of a maritime lien as follows:
“We think that the following propositions, as applicable to the case before us, may be fairly stated as the result of these authorities: (1) That, while the courts of admiralty are not governed in such case by any statute of limitations, they adopt the principal that laches or delay in the judicial enforcement of maritime liens will, under proper circumstances, constitute a valid defense. (2) That no arbitrary or fixed period of time has been; or will be, established as an inflexible rule, but that the delay which will defeat 'such a suit must in every ease depend on the peculiar equitable circumstances oE that case.”
In other words, tbe deduction from tbe authorities is that, while there is no such thing as a statute of limitation in tbe admiralty law, yet courts of admiralty, in tbe furtherance of justice, will act by analogy, and refuse to entertain any suit where tbe party seeking to enforce bis claim or lien has been guilty of lacbes. It is in fact the equitable doctrine of lacbes, depending upon tbe circumstances of tbe case. What would be lacbes in one case might not constitute such in another. Tbe question is one addressed to tbe sound discretion of tbe court, depending upon all tbe facts of tbe particular case. It is, therefore, a question of evidence, to be determined hereafter upon tbe facts as they may appear.
The counsel for claimant further contends that tbe libels should have counted on a tort, and not on a contract. Tbe libelants bad tbe election to sue upon contract or tort. They could stand upon tbe
“The district court lias full jurisdiction of contracts of affreightment, whether evidenced hy charter party or bill of lading; and, though the damages may, in any case, be somewhat indirect,—as, for instance, if they arise out of a .jettison which requires contribution, or out of a fraudulent payment of salvage by the master,—yet the mode in which the claim for compensation arises, will not oust the jurisdiction.”
In the case of The M. Vandercook, 24 Fed. 472, decided hy Judge Nixon, and quoted hy counsel for claimant to the point that this suit should he an action ex delicto, and not ex contractu, the learned judge had to deal with a contract of towage, and not of affreightment, where a different principle has been held to apply. But Judge Benedict, in The Samuel J. Christian, 16 Fed. 796, held that one might sue on a contract of towage for negligence of the tug in towing the vessel. This was likewise held by Judge Brown in The Crapeshot, 22 Fed. 123. Judge Brown says: “By the law of both countries [America and England] negligence in a common carrier is a tort as well as a breach of contract.”
The last objection is based upon the following clause in the shipping receipts:
“It Is expressly agreed that all claims against the P. C. S. S.' Co., or any of the stockholders of said company, for damages to or loss of any of the within merchandise, must be presented to the company within thirty days from the date hereof; and that after thirty days from the date hereof no action, suit, or proceeding in any court of justice shall bo brought against said P. C. S. S. Co., or any of the stockholders thereof, for any damage to or loss of said merchandise; and the lapse of said thirty days shall be deemed a conclusive bar and release of all right to recover against said company, or any of the stockholders thereof, for any such damage or loss.”
The libelants did not present their claims for damage or loss to the company within 30 days from the date of the bills of lading or shipping receipts, nor was this action brought within that time. Counsel for libelants contends that this stipulation is limited to personal actions against the Pacific Coast Steamship Company and its stockholders, and does not apply to an action against the vessel, —to a suit in rem. The strict letter of this clause certainly justifies such a construction of its terms. That a stipulation of this charac
“Though it is perhaps too late to say that a carrier may not accept his charge in special terms, it is not too late to say that the policy which dictated the rule Of the common law requires that exceptions to it be strictly interpreted, and that it is his duty to bring his case strictly within them.”
In Mew Jersey Steam May. Co. v. Merchants’ Bank, 6 How. 383, Judge Nelson thus states the law:
“The special agreement in this case under which the goods were shipped, provided that they should be conveyed at the risk of Harnden, and that the respondents v ere. not to be accountable to him or to his employers, in any event, for loss or damage. The language is general and broad, and might very well comprehend every description of risk incident to the shipment. But we think it would be going further than the intent of the parties, upon any fair and reasonable construction of the agreement, were we to regard it as stipulating for willful misconduct, gross negligence, or want of ordinary care, either in the seaworthiness of the vessel, her proper equipments and furniture, or in her management by the master and hands. * * * If it is competent at all for the carrier to stipulate for the gross negligence of himself and his servants or agents in the transportation of the goods, it should be required to be done at least in terms that leave no doubt as to the meaning of the parties.”
In the case of Airey v. Merrill, 2 Curt. 8, Fed. Cas. Mo. 115, Mr. Justice Curtis said:
“The rule of construction as to exceptions is that they are to be taken most strongly against the party for whose benefit they are introduced. * * * These words of exception being introduced by the covenantor for his own benefit, if they are capable of bearing a more or loss extended meaning the rule requires that meaning to be allowed to them which is least beneficial to the covenantor.”
In Hooper v. Wells, Fargo & Co., 27 Cal. 11, Judge Sawyer used the following language:
“What is the extent of the restriction, upon the common-law liabilities of the defendants ? The language must be taken most strongly against the defendants. Edw. Bailm. 492. The instrument is executed by them alone. It was' drawn up with care, in language selected by themselves, the blank form having been printed in advance, ready to be presented to all persons offering property for transportation by their express. The restrictions were for their benefit. The owners of packages sent by express rarely examine with care, or, indeed, have an opportunity to critically consider, the terms of the receipt presented by them; and general terms, under such circumstances, are apt to mislead. These are some of the reasons given in the books. * * * To justify the conclusion that such exemption is contemplated, the language should be unequivocal, and susceptible of no other reasonable interpretation.”
In tke above case tbe language used by Judge Sanderson, wbo dissented from tbe opinion of tbe court on other points, is as follows:
“The instrument was prepared by the defendants without previous consultation with the plaintiff, who had, therefore, no choice in the selection of the terms employed. And it is well settled that the language creating tlie exceptions from liability in such cases must be strictly construed against the party in whose favor they are made. The language was introduced by the defendants for their benefit; and, if it ‘is susceptible of a more or less exr tended meaning, the rule of construction in such cases is to adopt that which is the least favorable to the party who is to be benefited thereby.”
“As the exception is an innovation on the principles of law, and introduced exclusively for the benefit of the carrier, the construction must be made most strongly against him.” '
The inequality upon which the parties stand with respect to stipulations limiting the c.. trier’s liability is forcibly stated by Mr. Justice Gray in the case of Liverpool & G. W. Steam Co. v. Phenix Ins. Co., 129 U. S. 441, 9 Sup. Ct. 169, which is as follows:
"The carrier and bis customer do not stand upon a footing of equality. The individual customer lias no real freedom of choice. He cannot afford to higgle or stand out, and seek redress in the courts. He prefers rather to accept any bill of lading or to sign any paper that the carrier presents; and in most cases he has no alternative but to do this, or to abandon his business.”
Subjecting the stipulation in the contracts of affreightment in ibis case to a strict construction, and it is evident that it in terms applies only to the Pacific Coast Steamship Company and to. its stockholders. The vessel is not mentioned in this stipulation, and the court cannot import this qualification into the contracts as one contemplated by both parties.
But, even if the stipulation should be deemed to apply to the vessel, the period of 30 days from the date of the contracts appears unreasonable. The provision is not 30 days from the time of the loss or damage, hut, 30 days from the date of the contract. In the case of Pacific Exp. Co. v. Darnell, 6 S. W. 765, it was held that 60 days from the date of the contract was unreasonable. The court say;
"Aliy reasonable limitation contained in the bill of lading would be upheld by the court. But it has been decided by this court that an unreasonable restriction is not valid, even in cases to which our statute does not apply. Railroad Co. v. Harris, 07 Tex. 100, 2 S. W. 571. Is this a, reasonable limitation? We think not. If it had been stipulated that a claim should lie made in 60 days from the ascertainment of the loss, the case would have been different. But to require a shipper to give notice of his claim within a short period of the date of the bill of lading, without reference to the time when a loss for the breach of the contract accrued, is to impose a restriction which in many cases would deny a, right of action, and thereby permit the carrier to contract against his negligence, which is never allowed.”
In the case of Express Co. v. Reagan, 29 Ind. 21, a period of 30 days was held to he unreasonable, under the circumstances of that case, and void as against public policy. The limitation of 30 days provided in the contract under consideration appears to be unreasonable. The vessel might be detained at sea by storms or accident, and the shipper would be debarred from presenting any claim by the lapse of the 30 days, or have but a short time in which to ascertain Ms loss or damage and present his claims for the same to the company. Contingencies might, arise which would render a period of that duration, beginning to run from the date of the inception of the contract, useless, and which would practically deprive the shipper of any opportunity for redress.
It follows from these considerations that the exceptions should be overruled, and it is so ordered.