delivered the opinion of the Court.
The Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, has freight stations at Oakley and at Madisonville, both within the city limits of Cincinnati. It duly published, in connection with other carriers, interstate carload rates on lumber from southern points to Oakley and to Madi-sonville. It also duly published itftrastate carload rates from Oakley to Madisonville. The interstate rates to Madisonville were highér. than the interstate rates to Oakley plus the local rate from Oakley to- Madisonville. W. H. Settle & Co., who are lumber dealers, with a place of business at Madisonville, had lumber shipped from the South to Oakley; paid the freight to that point; received at that station delivery of the loaded cars on the team tracks or in the bulk yard; and, without unloading any of the cars, reshipped them within a few days to Mad-isonville on local bills of lading, paying the local freight rate.' Thus, the shippers secured transportation of the lumber to Madisonville by paying less in freight charges than would have been payable according to the interstate tariff, if the cars had been billed through to Madisonville. At the time these cars were shipped from points of origin, and continuously thereafter, it had been the intention of the shippers that the cars should go to Madisonville. They were billed to Oakley and physical possession was
*168
taken by the shipper there, in order to get the benefit of the lower freight charges resulting from the combination of rates. The .railroad insisted that, in view of this fact, the through rate to Madisonville applied; ^,rid it brought an action against the shippers, in the Federal District Court for Southern Ohio, Western Division, to recover the difference between the amounts actually received and the through rate to Madisonville. A demurrer to the petition, which set up the above facts, was overruled by the trial court; judgment entered thereon was reversed by the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit; and the case was remanded to the District Court.
It is admitted that if the reshipment from Oakley to Madisonville was part of a through interstate movement, the railroad was entitled to recover. The question is presented whether, in view of the undisputed facts, the original and continuing intention so to reship made the reshipment, as matter of law, part of a through interstate movement. The following instruction given and excepted to shows sufficiently how the question arose:
“As a matter of law, the existence of an original and continuing intention in the minds of the defendants Settle and Clephane to reship this lumber from Oakley, to Madisonville, for the purpose of saving expense, is not, of itself, sufficient to convert the shipments into through shipments, if there was otherwise a good-faith delivery at Oakley. ... If there was a good-faith delivery of this lumber at Oakley, to Settle and Clephane, the fact they always had an intention in their mind, and persevered in that intention, of. reshipping it to Madisonville *169 for the purpose of saving money on freight, that would-not necessarily constitute a through'shipment in interstate commerce.”
No material fact; evidential or ultimate, had been left in dispute. There was no room for any issue of good faith to be determined by the jury. Physical delivery of the cars to the shippers had been made at Oakley, after payment of the freight and other charges. The shippers had no place of business at Oakley. The delivery there was the completion. of one stage in’the contemplated movement to Madisonville. After a .brief interval' the second stage was begun under the local bill of lading. It was conceivable that the shippers might find a customer who would take the lumber at Oakley; and, in that event, the rail movement would have ended there. But that was not probable or expected; nor was it the reason for shipping to Oakley. The movement had' been divicled by the shippers into two stages—instead of using through billing—because they believed that by so doing they could secure transportation to Madisonville at less than the through interstate rate. Whether under the Act to ■•Regulate Commerce lower intermediate rates can be so used in combination, is the precise question for decision.
The contention of the shippers is that the character of a movement, as intrastate or interstate, and, hence, what the applicable rate is, depends solely upon the contract of transportation entered into between shipper .and carrier at the point of origin of the traffic; that when an interstate shipment reaches the destination named in this contract and, after payment of charges, delivery is taken there by the consignee, the contract for interstate transportation is ended; that any subsequent movement of the commodity is, of necessity, under a new contract with the carrier and'at the published rate; and that, since this lumber came to rest at Oakley before that new movement, the reshipment from there to Madisonville (both
*170
stations being within the State of Ohio), was an intrastate movement. This contention gives to the transportation contract an .effect greater than is . consistent with the purposes of the Act to Regulate- Commerce. The rights of shipper against' carrier are determined, bylaw through the provisions of the tariff which are embodied. in the applicable published rate.
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. do.
v.
Robinson,
If the intention with which the .shipment; was made had been -actually in issue, the fact that possession of the cars was taken by the shipper at Oakley and that they were not rebilled for several days, would have justified the jury in finding that it was originally the intention to end the movement at Oakley and that the rebilling to Madisonville was an afterthought. But the defendant Clephane admitted at the trial that it was intended from the beginning that-the cars should go to Madisonville;
*171
and this fact was assumed in the instructions complained of. ' In other words, Madisonville was at all times the destination of the cars; Oakley was to be merely an intermediate stopping place; and the original intention persisted in was carried out. That the interstate journey might end at Oakley was never more than a possibility.' Under these circumstances, the intention as.it was carried out determined, as matter of law, the essential nature of' the movement; and hence that the movement through to. Madisonville was an interstate shipment. For neither through billing, uninterrupted movement, continuous possession by the carrier, nor unbroken bulk, is an essential of a through interstate shipment. These are common incidents of a through shipment; and when the intention with which a shipment was made is in issue, the presence, or absence, of one or all of these incidents may be important evidence bearing upon that question. But where it is admitted that the shipment made to the ultimate destination had at all times been intended, these incidents are without legal significance as bearing on the character of the traffic. For instance, in many cases involving transit or reconsignment privileges in blanket territory, most or all of these incidents are' absent, and yet the through interstate tariffs apply. See
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. Co.
v.
Harold,
Through rates are, ordinarily, made lower than the sum of the intermediate rates. This practice is justified, in part, on the ground that operating costs of a through movement áre less than the aggregate costs of the two independent movements covering the same route. But there may be traffic or commercial conditions which com-, pel, or justify, giving exceptionally low rates to move *172 •ments which are intermediate. The mere existence of such intermediate rates confers no right upon the shipper to use them in combination to defeat the applicable through rate. Here, there had been published interstate rates for the transportation from the southern points to Madisonville. For such transportation the interstate rates to Madisonville were the only lawful rates. To permit the applicable through interstate rate to be defeated . by use of a combination of intermediate rates would open ydde the door to unjust discrimination. And it would unjustly deplete the revenues of the carrier. The sole question, therefore, which could arise in this case was whether the movement actually entered upon at point of origin, and persisted in, was transportation of the lumber to Madisonville.
Before the decisions above referred to it was commonly assumed that, while a carrier, or one of its employees, might not act as a reconsigning agent for a shipper in' order to ¿nable him to use a combination of lower intermediate rates and thus avoid the higher charges incident to the through interstate movement,, the shipper might so use the combination, provided he consigned the car to himself at the intermediate point, there paid the charges, took possession, and then reshipped the car on the local rate to its real destination.
1
The distinction made was without basis in reason. To permit carriers’ revenues from interstate rates to be depleted by such misuse of a combination of intermediate rates-would be no less inconsistent with the provisions and purposes of the Act to Regulate Commerce than to permit them to be used as a ■ means of discrimination. And, since the decisions cited
*173
above were rendered, the principle there declared has been steadfastly applied by the Interstate Commerce Commission for the purpose of protecting revenues of railroads against such attacks.
1
See also
McFadden
v.
Alabama Great Southern R. R. Co.,
The mere fact that cars received on interstate move- • ment are reshipped by the consignee, after a brief interval, to another point, does not, of course, establish .an essential continuity of movement to the latter point. The reshipment, although immediate, may be an independent intrastate movement. ' The instances are many where a local shipment follows quickly upon an interstate shipment and yet is not to be deemed part of it, even though some further shipment was contemplated when the original movement began. Shipments to and from distributing points often present this situation, if the applicable tariffs do not confer reconsignment or transit privileges. 2 The distinction is clear between cases of that character and the one at bar, where the essential nature of *174 the traffic as a through movement to the point of ultimate destination is shown by the original and persisting intention of the shippers which was carried out.
Reversed.
Notes
See Morgan v. Missouri, Kansas & Texas Ry. Co., 12 I. C. C. 525, 528; Wood Butter Co. v. Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Ry. Co., 16 I. C. C. 374; Big Cañon Ranch Co. v. Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio Ry. Co., 20 I. C. C. 523, 526. Compare Kurtz v. Pennsylvania Co., 16 I. C. C. 410, 413.
Kanotex Refining Co. v. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. Co., 34 I. C. C. 271; 46 I. C. C. 495; Rates on Railroad Fuel and Other Coal, 36 I. C. C. 1, 8; Lumber Rates from Newcastle, Cal., 37 I. C. C. 596, 597; Lumber from Easton, Wash., 39 I. C. C. 188, 189; Miller Brothers v. St. Louis & San Francisco R. R. Co., 42 I. C. C. 261, 262; Memphis Merchants Exchange v. Illinois Central R. R. Co., 43 I. C. C. 378, 391; Woolworth v. Union Pacific R. R. Co., 46 I. C, C. 437, 438; Sugar Land Mfg. Co. v. Beaumont, Sour Lake & Western Ry. Co., 56 I. C. C. 212.
Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. Co.
v.
Iowa,