| N.Y. Sup. Ct. | Sep 23, 1893
On the morning of the 30th of May, 1887, when plaintiff’s testator received the injuries from which he died, he was at work attending a mason who was building walls for a room, and was at a point about 25 feet from the large boiler used by the defendant for running its machinery. Defendant’s large boiler, which had been in use some 2 years, and was 66 inches in diameter and 16 feet long, containing 103 three-inch tubes, exploded, causing the death of plaintiff’s testator. His body was found about 20 feet from where the front end of the boiler was when it exploded. Evidence was given tending to show that the boiler had been out of repair for at least four months before the time of the explosion. In January, one Osborn was called upon to repair the first horizontal seam on the right side of the boiler, looking from the front, which seam ran along underneath the
“The metal being chipped first by a chisel to a smooth even bevel from the ■ upper to the lower surface of the sheet, and then the calking tool would be applied so as to produce a change in the thickness of that bevel, by forcing the iron on the lower edge against the iron on the lower sheet, so as to seal that leak. Improperly done, the calking would produce an irregular edge, such as is seen at this special point upon which I place my finger, where the iron has been forced back, and the straight line on the edge has been broken, and the edge of the sheets upset, and the metal forced in between it and lower sheet. The depth of the cut in the lower sheet, I should say from its appearance, as lying there on the table, was nowhere more than 1/16 of an inch, and in many places less. The tendency in that cut from expansion and contraction would be to produce a line of fracture, and the effect would be to produce a fracture such as is seen in bending a piece of tin along a certain definite line. * * =•• The calking is designed to close that seam,. and prevent the leak, but this wedging action would open it still further.”
He also testified that an explosion only occurs where there is a general weakness along considerable line of space, and that he found such a line of weakness along the horizontal seam; and he added that the break from rivet to rivet would contribute to make this a general line of weakness, and cause the explosion. Other evidence was given tending to indicate that the horizontal seam had been badly calked, and the weakest part of the boiler wás in the horizontal seam. When this action was before the court on the first appeal, (51 Hun, 188" court="N.Y. Sup. Ct." date_filed="1889-01-19" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/ballard-v-hitchcock-manufacturing-co-5496259?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="5496259">51 Hun, 188, 4 N. Y. Supp. 940,) in the course of the opinion delivered by Kennedy, J., it was assumed that the defendant “was required to exercise reasonable care and diligence to ascertain that the boiler was reasonably safe and fit for the purposes to which it was to be applied.” Plaintiff’s testator was entitled to “a safe and proper place in which to prosecute his • work,” and it was the duty of the defendant to furnish him such
“The duty of the master to furnish safe, suitable, and sound tools, machinery, and appliances for the use of the servant in the performance of the work of the master, and to keep them in repair, is not an absolute one, and is satisfied by the exercise of reasonable care and prudence on the part of the master in the manufacture, selection, and repair of such appliances. This is a duty which cannot be delegated to a servant, so as to excuse the master from damages occurring through an omission to perform it; yet, when the master has exercised all of the care and caution which a prudent man would take for the safety and protection of his own person, the law does not hold him liable for the consequences of a defect which corfid not be discovered by careful inspection, or the application of appropriate tests to determine its existence.”
The doctrine was again repeated in Fredenburg v. Railway Co., 114 N.Y. 582" court="NY" date_filed="1889-06-25" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/fredenburg-v-northern-central-railway-co-3605322?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="3605322">114 N. Y. 582, 21 N. E. Rep. 1049, in which case it is asserted to be the duty of the master to use care to make the place reasonably safe for its employes. The rule is again approved in Dobbins v. Brown, 119 N.Y. 188" court="NY" date_filed="1890-01-28" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/dobbins-v--brown-3602533?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="3602533">119 N. Y. 188, 23 N. E. Rep. 537, and it is there said the neglect must be proved by direct evidence, “or by proof of facts from which the inference of negligence can be legitimately drawn by the "jury;” and it is added: “The mere fact that an accident occurred which caused an injury is not generally, of itself, sufficient to authorize an inference of negligence.” In Butler v. Townsend, 126 N. Y. 110, 26 N. E. Rep. 1017, Finch, J., in delivering the opinion, says, “The rooms of a factory have been deemed ‘places’ for work, which the master was bound to make safe by the exercise of reasonable care.” From these cases it is apparent that the duty that the defendant owed to the deceased was to use reasonable care and diligence to keep the place where he was required to perform the services in which he was engaged reasonably safe, and shielded from injuries like the one caused by the explosion. It is therefore the defendant’s duty to keep its boiler in suitable repair, and in the discharge of that duty it became incumbent upon the defendant to make use of the proper instrumentalities in causing the repairs to be made. The trial judge' submitted to the jury the question of whether the duty of keeping the boiler in proper repair was discharged; and incidentally, in that connection, he submitted to the jury to say whether the efforts of Adams, Osborn, and Howard to put the boiler in a suitable condition were the efforts of the defendant. Defendant, by delegating the performance of that duty to Osborn, Adams, and Howard, made them its representatives, and for the time being they stood in the place of the defendant in the discharge of that duty. When this case was before us on the second appeal, (Sup., 15 N.Y.S. 405" court="N.Y. Sup. Ct." date_filed="1891-07-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/ballard-v-hitchcock-manufacturing-co-5501153?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="5501153">15 N. Y. Supp. 405,) it was said, in the course of the opinion, that:
“The evidence was not * * * sufficient to authorize the finding that Howard had sole charge, and- it should have been so held as matter of law. Crispin v. Babbitt, 81 N.Y. 516" court="NY" date_filed="1880-09-21" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/crispin-v--babbitt-3590745?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="3590745">81 N. Y. 516. He was there as an engineer running the engine and boiler. There was a superintendent and an assistant, both of whom were*1105 the superiors of Howard, and who had charge of the entire works, including the boilers and engines. They, and not Howard, stood in the place of the master.”
And later on in the opinion it was said:
“So far as the ordinary running of the engine and boilers was concerned, Howard was only a coemploye. As to the repairs, it is quite clear that he didn’t have full or sole charge. It was not a part of his duty, personally, to make the repairs, nor was the duty on him to select and employ the parties who should do it.”
While we adhere to the opinion then delivered, we are also now of the opinion that the evidence warranted the judge in submitting to the jury the question whether the boiler exploded at the horizontal seam through the groove caused by the improper calking, and in consequence of the improper calking, and whether this negligent calking was done by Osborn, Adams, or Howard, and, if it was done by Howard, whether he was authorized by the defendant to do the calking, and that upon all the evidence the verdict of the jury, finding favorable to the plaintiff on those questions, should be supported. While there is much adverse evidence in the case upon the subject, we think, under all the circumstances, that the question was one of fact for the jury to consider. It was said in Mullan v. Steamship Co., 78 Pa. St. 25, that whether the servant represents the master in respect to acts complained of, or occupies the position merely of a coservant, is a question of fact, to be determined by the jury upon sufficient evidence warranting a finding to that effect. Upon all the evidence, it was a question “whether the corporation, by any of its agents, failed to exercise due care to prevent injury to the plaintiff’s testator from defects,” and improper repairs to the boiler in question, near which he was required to discharge his duties. See Bushby v. Railroad Co., 107 N. Y. 383, 14 N. E. Rep. 407. In Canal Co. v. Mason, 109 Pa. St. 296, it was said:
“A master is bound to furnish his servants with such machinery as is reasonably safe and suitable for the work. If he employ other servants to construct or repair such machinery, he is responsible to his servants who use the machinery for any negligence in the work of construction or repairing.”
In the course of the body of the charge the trial judge submitted the question to the jury to determine whether the defendant, by its principal officers, had knowledge, “and permitted Howard to do the calking;” and he added:
“Then I charge you that that is equivalent to an authority; so that, if there was negligence in the calking of this seam, and it was done by Howard, under permission of the defendant, then the negligence of Howard is the negligence of the defendant, and for which the defendant is liable.”
And he added:
“If you shall find, however, that the seam was negligently calked, and the calking was done by some one with the authority or permission of the defendant, then I charge you, gentlemen of the jury, that you shall find that the defendant has been guilty of negligence. If you find that the defendant has been guilty of no negligence, your verdict must be for the defendant.”
“The evidence must establish personal fault on the part of the defendant and master, or the equivalent thereto; and that the defendant is entitled to the benefit of the presumption that he has performed his duty until the contrary appears.”
And he also charged—
“That, if the fault has been by an agent authorized to make these repairs by the defendant, that is equivalent to a personal fault of the master.”
In various other expressions the judge repeated the substance of his charge, and refused in some instances special requests which he deemed a call from the counsel to express in different language the same idea which he had delivered to the jury in the body of his charge.
Our attention is called to Brick v. Railroad Co., 98 N.Y. 211" court="NY" date_filed="1885-02-10" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/brick-v-rochester-new-york--pennsylvania-railroad-3610183?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="3610183">98 N. Y. 211. The duties that Thompson was performing at the time of the injuries “were those of a fellow servant, and not of the master, and hence, if he was chargeable with negligence, it was that of a fellow servant, and not of the master, within the principle of well-considered cases.” It was therefore held in that case that it was error to hold the defendant liable for the negligence of Thompson. In- the case in hand the jury have found that Howard, as well as Adams and Osborn, were discharging the duties of the master in calking the boiler, and that a failure to perform that duty was the failure of the master, rather than the failure of a coemploye. Therefore the case in hand differs from the Brick Case. Our attention is called to Hussey v. Coger, 112 N.Y. 614" court="NY" date_filed="1889-03-05" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/hussey-v--coger-3600668?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="3600668">112 N. Y. 614, 20 N. E. Rep. 556, and, in considering the facts in that case, the opinion, at page 620, 112 N. Y., and page 559, 20 N. E. Rep., states:
“It was no part of the duty of the master to remove hatches, or direct the particular mode of doing so, any more than to direct workmen in the use of the tools with which they performed their work. There were customary and established modes of performing such services, and each employe was expected to do his work in the manner and style to which he was accustomed, without special directions in respect thereto. It was entirely immaterial whether the superintendent undertook to perform the work of removing hatches, or ordered it to be done by others. He was, in either case, engaged in performing the duty of a workman.”
We think that case differs from the one before us. We are of the opinion that no error was committed in refusing to grant a non-suit at the close of the evidence.
2. The trial judge permitted the jury to find that the defendant or its officers knew that Howard was calking the boiler at different times. The defendant asked the court to charge that there was no evidence that the defendant knew it, and that the affirmative evidence was that the defendant did not know it. The court declin d, and an exception was taken. We think the court was not in error. There was proof that defendant’s officers were in and about the boiler room frequently, if not daily. There was proof that steam was seen or heard escaping on many different times and days, and (he witness Cady says:
“Mr. Howard would take tlie calking tools that was left there by' this boiler maker, and an armful of gunny sacks, and go up on the boiler. He would go*1107 up on the boiler with his gunny sacks and bags, and sit on them, and use the calking tools for calking, and would calk the seam, more or less, for several days; and sometimes, when he came down off the boiler, you couldn’t see or hear, scarcely any escape of steam, but it wouldn’t last long before it would appear again, and he would go up again. Sometimes it would be one day right after the next day. Sometimes it would skip three or four days or a week.”
The witness Bailey testified that he had heard steam escaping, and the witness Barton says he noticed it on several occasions, and the witness Shirley says he heard it occasionally. He was in the boiler room nearly every day and heard steam in the direction of the dome. The witness Bunn testifies that he saw it several times; saw small quantities of steam. It is true that witnesses were called to gainsay the testimony given upon that subject by the plaintiff, and the evidence of the employes and officers presented to the contrary produced a conflict upon that subject, which we think was properly referred to the jury, and that the verdict ought not to be disturbed, finding the essential facts as claimed by the plaintiff in that regard.
3. We think the defendant was not prejudiced by allowing the witness Hitchcock, in the course of his cross-examination, to answer to the following question: “Did you know Mr. Howard was absent from the boilers, and left Mr. Fuller there in charge?” The answer of the witness was, “I presume he was out, more or less.” We think the statement made by the witness did not prejudice the defendant.
4. A witness was called who testified that he went to Mr. Gleason, and told him the condition the boiler was in. Thereupon the court observed: “The general statement that he told him of the condition of the boiler is not competent, and the part of the answer that he told him of the condition of the boiler may be stricken out, but you can read anything he said to him as to the condition of the boiler.” An exception was taken to the ruling, which we think presents no error. The witness then proceeded to state what condition he told him it was in, to wit, that it was “in a dangerous condition. I thought it would have to be repaired. I told him I had just been calking it. I stated to him the condition the boiler was in. I can’t tell you what he asked me. I can’t tell the words, exactly, I said to him, now, and remember to word it word for word. I can’t do it, but I can tell what he did say. I said to him the boiler was in a condition it would have to be repaired, and that right away; and then he wanted to know how, and in what way, and what it would cost, and I went on, and gave him an explanation.” Considerable more evidence was given touching the conversation had with Gleason in respect to the condition of the boiler, and its need of repairs. Gleason was secretary of the company, and was frequently in and out of the boiler room down to about the 28th of April. It seems to have been proper to give the information that was communicated to Gleason, with a view of determining the extent of the knowledge of the defendant as to the condition of the boiler antecedent to the accident. Stephens v. Knitting Co., (Sup.) 23 N.Y.S. 656" court="N.Y. Sup. Ct." date_filed="1893-05-09" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/stephens-v-hudson-valley-knitting-co-5504735?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="5504735">23 N. Y. Supp. 656.