The appellant, Harold E. Baldwin, appeals a May 16,1996, decision of the Board of Veterans’ Appeals (BVA or Board) which held that a VA regional office (RO) rating decision of November 1956 did not contain clear and unmistakable error (CUE). The appellant filed a brief and a reply brief in support of his claim, and the Secretary filed a brief urging affirmance of the BVA decision. An amicus curiae brief on behalf of the appellant was submitted to the Court by the Blinded Veterans Association. Upon consideration of the submissions to the Court and the record on appeal, the Court will affirm the Board’s decision for the following reasons.
I. FACTS
Mr. Baldwin served in the U.S. Navy from March 1952 to March 1956. Record (R.) at 9. His entrance physical examination noted that he wore glasses and had imperfect vision, corrected to 20/40. R. at 10-13,16. That examination also indicated normal clinical evaluations for “[e]yes— [gjeneral,” “[ojphthalmoscopic,” “[pjupils,” and “[ojcular motility.” R. at 11. In September 1953, an ophthalmology consultation noted, “Old healed central chorioretin-itis bilateral,” and referred Mr. Baldwin for further examination. R. at 19. (“Cho-rioretinitis” is defined as “inflammation of the retina and choroid of the eye.” “Choroid” is defined as “a vascular membrane containing large branched pigment cells that lies between the retina and the sclera of the eye.” WebsteR’s Medical Desk DICTIONARY 120 (1986).) One week later, a second consultation reported, “[Bjilateral central choroiditis — old—healed—no treatment indicated. This could have been a
In August 1956, Mr. Baldwin applied for service connection for, inter alia, “headaches and poor vision — since 1954.” R. at 31. The RO denied this claim in November 1956, characterizing it as a “6099” claim for “defective vision,” and stating, “Enlistment examination noted defective vision with corrected vision of 20/40 bilateral. Vision at discharge is the same. There is no evidence of aggravation beyond natural progress during service.” R. at 37. A letter from the RO notifying the veteran of this denial stated, “Before compensation payments can be authorized, it is necessary that the evidence on file show a disease or injury incurred in or aggravated by service in line of duty and disabling to a degree of 10% or more.... Your defective vision condition was not incurred in or aggravated by military service.” R. at 39. The veteran did not appeal this decision.
In March 1970, the appellant apparently attempted to reopen his claim. See R. at 50 (The Court notes that the record on appeal does not include a copy of the appellant’s March 1970 request). In August 1970, a special VA eye examination reported that Mr. Baldwin had been blind for three years, and noted a diagnosis of “central chorioretinitis, bilateral, extensive— with defective vision secondary in each eye, cause unknown (in blind category bilaterally).” R. at 48. A September 1970 rating decision purported to reopen Mr. Baldwin’s claim and to “amend” the rating decision of 1956, awarding him a 100% non-service-connected pension for “[Diagnostic Code] 6005-6067 100% Central Cho-rioretinitis, Bilateral” as well as a “special monthly pension on account of need of regular aid and attendance from 3/31/70.” R. at 50.
In April 1993, the veteran filed a “request for re-opening of claim for service connection of blindness based on [CUE]” in the 1956 rating decision. R. at 52. Mr. Baldwin asserted that his eye disease was diagnosed in service, and under the rating schedule extant in 1956, such condition entitled him to a 10% rating, “even without specific disability.” Id. He stated, “Failure of DVA to evaluate choroiditis and to rate this disease constitutes [CUE] under 38 C.F.R. [§ ] 3.105(a).” Id. A rating decision of November 1993 denied the appellant’s CUE claim. R. at 58. That decision held that the 1956 decision “clearly considered the history of pre[-]service vision problems and based denial of service connection on the lack of any new eye disease or aggravation of eye disease.” Id. It further stated, “The prior decisions were not based on belief that the claimant was not seen during service for the preexisting disability.” Id.
The veteran appealed this decision to the BVA, arguing that the 1956 denial was “arbitrary and capricious, [and] without support in law, regulation, medical principles, or medical documents” because it failed to evaluate the in-service diagnoses of chorioretinitis and choroiditis, and focused only on his refractive vision impairment. R. at 63. Mr. Baldwin asserted that the original denial of his claim constituted a failure on the part of VA in its duty to assist him, lacked adequate reasons or bases, and was violative of VA “[d]ue [p]rocess regulations.” R. at 63, 72. He further asserted that the refractive condition was separate and distinct from the eye disease, that there was no evidence that he had any eye disease prior to service, and that the physicians’ statements
On May 16, 1996, the BVA denied the appellant’s claim. R. at 1. The Board stated that the appellant had alleged neither that the RO had failed to correctly apply the law nor that it had failed to have all of the correct then-available-facts before it when it denied his claim. R. at 4-5. The Board characterized the appellant’s contentions with respect to the RO denial as ones of failure to assess and construe properly the available evidence; an argument which may not form the basis for a claim of CUE. Id. The Board found that Mr. Baldwin had failed to assert with adequate specificity how a “manifestly different” result would be dictated, even if his allegations did represent CUE. R. at 5. Finally, the BVA stated,
[A]t the time of the November 1956 rating decision, the RO adjudicators had all the correct facts before them and correctly applied the law in fight of a reasonable interpretation of the facts. The RO found that the veteran’s defective vision existed prior to service and was not aggravated therein. There was ample evidence in the record when the RO made its adverse decision to make that decision reasonable. The contents of the decision show due consideration to controlling legal authority, as it existed at that time, including the presumptions of soundness and aggravation.
R. at 6.
Mr. Baldwin asserts three primary arguments in his appeal to the Court: (1) that the BVA determination that there was no CUE was arbitrary and capricious, because the RO failed to take into consideration all of the facts of record and to apply the existing laws in 1956, and had it done so, a manifestly different result would have been reached; (2) that the BVA failed to give adequate reasons or bases when it stated that the RO had considered the legal authority then controlling, and that there was ample evidence in the record for the RO decision, but failed to state what that legal authority or “ample evidence” was; and (3) that the BVA violated its duty to assist him by failing to consider his argument that VA never adjudicated a claim for eye disease. Appellant’s Brief (Br.) at 7-20.
The Secretary responds that the 1996 BVA decision here on appeal is not arbitrary or capricious, and should therefore be affirmed. Secretary’s Br. at 9. The Secretary asserts that the appellant’s “corrected visual acuity was the same at separation as it was at enlistment!, and] there was no evidence of in-service injury or aggravation_ At most, the rating decision’s lack of discussion of an etiology for the defective vision occasioned a failure in the duty to assist, which cannot form a valid basis for a CUE claim.” Id. The Secretary argues that because the veteran’s “abnormal visual acuity” was noted at entry, he was not entitled to the presumption of soundness, and because no aggravation of his preexisting condition was shown during service, the rating decision of 1956 was correct. Id. at 11-12. With respect to the appellant’s claim that the Board failed to address an eye disease claim, the Secretary states:
In attempting to now make the basis for [his] CUE claim as stated before the BVA into two issues, ... Appellant runs afoul of the specific pleading requirements for CUE and attempts to circumvent the fact that the duty to assist cannot form the basis of a CUE claim, by asserting that the BVA failed to address an artificial ‘issue’ that was not*5 raised or inferred below as a separate claim.
Id. at 13.
II. ANALYSIS
A. CUE
Title 38 of the Code of Federal Regulations provides, in pertinent part, that “[pjrevious determinations which are final and binding ... will be accepted as correct in the absence of clear and unmistakable error. Where evidence establishes such error, the prior decision will be reversed or amended.” 38 C.F.R. § 3.105(a) (1998); see also 38 U.S.C. §§ 5109A, 7111 (codifying section 3.105(a)). “In order to find CUE it must be determined (1) that either the facts known at the time were not before the adjudicator or the law then in effect was incorrectly applied, (2) that an error occurred based on the record and the law that existed at the time the decision was made, and (3) that, had the error not been made, the outcome would have been manifestly different.” Grover v. West,
In determining whether CUE exists, the scope of the Court’s review is restricted to the BVA decision which addressed the veteran’s CUE claim, whether that decision was “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law” (38 U.S.C. § 7261(a)(3)(A); see also Archer v. Principi,
The appellant has attempted to assert a valid CUE claim, for he cláims both that the RO did not consider all of the facts of record, such as the discussions of choriore-tinitis and choroiditis included in his service medical records (SMRs), and that the RO did not apply the regulations in effect in 1956, because if it had, he would have received a 10% rating for his eye disease, whether or not it was then disabling. The Court finds, however, that the appellant’s arguments are unpersuasive, and that in essence the appellant’s claim is really one disputing how the 1956 RO weighed the evidence, which cannot support a holding of CUE. See Russell, supra.
With respect to the appellant’s contention regarding the facts considered, or not considered, by the RO, the Court notes that it was not until 1990 that ROs were required to summarize the evidence they had considered in their decision and to include the reasons for their denial of a claim. 38 U.S.C. § 5104(b); Veterans’ Benefits Amendments of 1989, Pub.L. No. 101-237, § 115(a)(1), 103 Stat.2062, 2065-66 (1989); see also Norris v. West,
Upon review of the statutes and regulations extant at the time of the 1956 rating decision, the Court further holds that the BVA was not arbitrary or capricious in its holding that they were correctly applied. See Ternus v. Brown,
Service Connection Generally. — Service connection connotes many factors. In general and fundamentally it means establishment of the incurrence of disease or injury or aggravation of preexisting disease or injury resulting in disability coincidentally with the period of active military or naval service. This may be accomplished by the presentation of the affirmative facts showing the inception of an injury or disease during active service or through the operation of the legal presumptions which, when the required conditions are proved, establish the inceptive date of injury or disease through legislative fiat during the period of active service.
VA Schedule for Rating Disabilities, 1945 edition, at 2. Further, in the section that dealt with “The Organs of Special Sense,” the Schedule stated:
1. Refractive Error. — In considering impairment of vision from the standpoint of service connection and evaluation it is necessary to exclude the effect of uncomplicated refractive errors.
8. Complete Diagnosis. — •... Actual pathology, other than mere refractive error, is required to support impairment of visual acuity.
Diseases of the Eye
6005 Choroiditis
6006 Retinitis
6009 Eye, injury of, unhealed
The above disabilities, in chronic form, are to be rated from 10 percent to 100 percent for impairment of visual acuity or field loss, pain, rest-requirements, or episodic incapacity, combining an additional rating of 10 percent during continuance of active pathology. Minimum rating during active pathology. .. ,10[%.]
Id. at 51, 53, 56. The rating code for an “unlisted” eye condition was diagnostic code (DC) 6099. See Id. at 10-11 (In selecting diagnostic code numbers, “[t]he first two digits will be selected from that part of the schedule most closely identifying the part, or system of the body involved; the last two digits will be ’99’ for all unlisted conditions”). The appellant argues that because: (1) the regulations state that refractive errors should not be considered in the rating evaluation; (2) there was a specific diagnostic code for choroiditis which was not mentioned by the RO; and (3) the RO did not evaluate his condition under this diagnostic code but rather under DC 6099, that the correct laws were not applied at the time of Mr.
As the Court stated in Fugo, “[Even] where the premise of error is accepted, if it is not absolutely clear that a different result would have ensued, the error complained of cannot be, ipso facto, clear and unmistakable.”
Even if the Court accepted the argument that the RO did not adequately consider all of the evidence of record and all of the laws and regulations extant at the time of its decision, had they done so the next step would not necessarily have been the grant of benefits, but rather a request that the appellant undergo an additional medical examination; a breach of the duty to assist, which cannot form the basis of a CUE claim. See Caffrey v. Brown,
The appellant further argues that the RO erred in stating that his condition was not aggravated by service, and that in fact he should have been presumed free of eye disease when he was accepted in service because of the silence on his entrance examination regarding any such condition, and his testimony that he had never been previously diagnosed with any eye condition other than refractive error. While at first glance the appellant’s argument looks meritorious, the Court holds that even had the RO considered the appellant to have been sound upon entry into service, a different rating decision would not necessarily have resulted. As noted above, the SMRs discuss only an “old healed” condition. Even had the 1956 RO explicitly stated that it presumed the veteran was in sound condition with respect to any eye disease when he was accepted for service, it is not manifestly clear that in 1956 Mr. Baldwin would have succeeded in obtaining service connection for his chorioiditis or chorioretinitis. See Schedule at 2, 51-56. Then, as now, in order for a veteran to obtain service-connected benefits, there must first be evidence of an “injury or disease.” See Schedule at 2; 38 U.S.C. 5107(a) (requiring all benefits claimants to submit evidence of well-grounded claim); Caluza v. Brown,
B. Board’s Reasons or Bases
The appellant argues that the case should be remanded to the Board because its statement of reasons or bases for its denial of CUE was not adequate under 38 U.S.C. § 7104(d)(1). Br. at 19; see also Gilbert v. Derwinski,
[A]t the time of the November 1956 rating decision, the RO adjudicators had all the correct facts before them and correctly applied the law in light of a reasonable interpretation of the facts. The RO found that the veteran’s defective vision existed prior to service and was not aggravated therein. There was ample evidence in the record when the RO made its adverse decision to make that decision reasonable. The contents of the decision show due consideration to controlling legal authority, as it existed at that time, including the presumptions of soundness and aggravation.
R. at 6. This statement indeed fails to discuss or analyze the precise facts and legal authority relied on by the 1956 RO. However, as concluded above, the appellant’s claim amounts only to a disagreement with how the evidence was weighed by the 1956 RO and thus, “any inadequacy in the Board’s statement of the reasons or bases for its decision on that claim would be nonprejudicial error because a CUE claim could not have been granted on any of the theories advanced by the appellant.” Eddy,
C. Unadjudicated Claim
The appellant argues that the BVA violated its duty to assist by failing to address his argument that his 1956 claim included a separate claim for “eye disease” which had not been adjudicated and remains pending at VA. Br. at 7-10. The original claim filed by Mr. Baldwin was for “poor vision.” R. at 31. Once this claim was denied in November 1956, the next correspondence from the appellant to VA regarding any eye claim was in 1970. See R. at 50. Throughout this appeal, the appellant and his representative have repeatedly framed the issue in this matter as CUE, and have argued that one of the “errors” was the 1956 RO’s failure to consider the appellant’s eye disease in adjudicating the “poor vision” claim. See e.g. R. at 52 (Appellant’s April 25, 1993, submission entitled “Request for re-opening a claim for service connection of blindness based on [CUE]” which states, “[F]ailure of DVA to evaluate choroiditis and to rate this disease constitutes [CUE] under 38 C.F.R. 3.105(a)”); R. at 58 (November 1993 rating decision denying CUE); R. at 63 (Appellant’s December 1993 NOD, saying 1956 “evaluation of ‘vision defect’ [was] not an evaluation of choroiditis.... This is a claim based on [CUE]”); R. at 72 (Appellant’s February 1994 appeal to BVA stating, “Claim is based on [CUE]”); R. at 81 (Appellant’s representative’s April 1994 statement saying, “Issue: Service connection for blindness due to chorioretinitis based on CUE”); R. at 94 (Appellant’s representative’s statement saying, “Issue: [CUE] in previous rating decision.... There is no indication that this claimant has ever been notified that service connec
Not until the appellant’s counsel’s brief to this Court was the “issue” in this matter framed as two issues: the first encompassing CUE, and the second an unadjudicated claim for eye disease. The Court has jurisdiction to determine whether it has jurisdiction over a particular matter, in this case an unadjudicated eye disease claim. See Noll v. Brown,
III. CONCLUSION
Upon consideration of the record, the Secretary’s brief, the appellant’s brief and reply brief, and the amicus curiae’s brief, the Court holds that the Board’s November 8,1996, decision is AFFIRMED.