Gilchrist, J.
The plaintiffs were made, by the will of John Balch, testamentary guardians of Plummer Balch. The will provides that the plaintiff's shall maintain the minor until he shalL become of age, in the same manner as fathers or guardians, he rendering due subjection by labor and obedience to the plaintiffs ; and if he should refuse so to do, a deduction is to be made from his legacy.
By the stat. 12 Car. 2d, ch. 24, it is enacted that a father may dispose of the custody and tuition of his children by will, so long as they remain under the age of twenty-one years, and that the guardian so appointed may maintain an action against any person who shall unlawfully detain such children, &c.
. Chancellor Kent states that this act has been adopted in this country. 2 Kent's Com. 224. And although we have *441no statute prescribing the powers and duties of a testamentary guardian, that one may be appointed by a testator is to be inferred from the case of Noyes vs. Barber, 4 N. H. Rep. 406 ; and from our statute of June 19th, 1828. N. H. Laws 358, (Ed. of 1830.) And his powers are to be ascertained only from the language of the act of 12 Car. 2d, and the decisions thereon. By the words of the act, the father only can appoint the guardian ; and his power to do so does not appear to be taken from him by the act of July 2d, 1822, which empowers the judge of probate to appoint guardians to minors, “ when and so often as there shall be occasion.” It was admitted, in the case of Eyre vs. The Countess of Shaftsbury, 2 P. Wms. 121, that such an office was one of personal trust, and not assignable ; and it was held by the court that a testamentary guardian takes place of all other
guardians, and that the statute puts him in loco patris. To the same effect is the case of Rex vs. Isley, 5 Ad. & E. 441. It was held by Lord Macclesfield, in the Duke of Beaufort vs. Berty, 1 P. Wms. 704, that the statute only authorized the father to choose a different person from him who would have been guardian in socage, and to continue the guardianship to the age of twenty-one years, instead of fourteen, and that a testamentary guardian had no more power than, a guardian in socage, and was only a trustee. Although it would seem that the older authorities held that a guardian in socage might transfer the ward to a stranger — Crompton’’s Jurisdiction of Courts 118 — yet Mr. Hargrave suggests whether the guardianship was ever transferable by bargain and sale, as it is admitted to be a personal trust wholly for the benefit of the infant, and so not assignable. Note 13, to Co. Litt. 88, b. And it is said, in Gilbert’s Eq. Rep. 175, not to be assignable.
It would seem, therefore, that the defendant could not succeed to, nor the plaintiffs part with, any of the powers with which the testator had clothed them as testamentary guardians. Nor is there any expression in the will which *442would imply that the testator considered the guardianship as other than a personal trust. The minor is to be supported and maintained as parents or guardians maintain those under their care ; and the provision that the minor is to render “ labor and obedience” to the plaintiffs, seems to make the trust as personal as can well be done.
Nor could the defendant have acquired any authority over the minor by this indenture, considered as an indenture of apprenticeship. If the guardianship be a personal trust, the superintendence over the minor cannot be transferred to a stranger by an instrument under the name of an indenture of apprenticeship. But considered even as such an instrument, this indenture is defective. By our statute of the 28th of December, 1805, N. H. Laws 175, (Ed. of 1830,) relating to masters and apprentices, a father may apprentice his children, over the age of fourteen years, by indenture, having the minor’s consent expressed in the indenture. As such consent is not expressed in this case, the instrument would not be binding as an indenture of apprenticeship, even if it had been made by the father. Day vs. Everett, 7 Mass. R. 145 ; Matter of McDowle, 8 Johns. 328; The King vs. Cromford, 8 East 25. And in no view of the case can the plaintiffs have any more extensive rights than those possessed by the father.
But admitting that the instrument might have been invalid at the time of its execution, both because the rights and duties of the plaintiffs were not assignable, and because the infant was not a party to it, still, under the circumstances of this case, the action may be sustained. The plaintiffs were residuary legatees under the will, and were entitled to the “ labor and obedience” of the minor. If he had refused to render such labor and obedience, a reasonable deduction might, by the will, have been made from his legacy. This deduction, if it had been made, would have been for the benefit of the residuary legatees. The minor did not refuse to do as the plaintiffs desired, but lived with and rendered *443service for the defendant, in such a manner that the covenants of the plaintiffs were fulfilled. He thus assented to the contract; and, on becoming of age, ratified it by accepting the legacy, and asserting no claim against the plaintiffs for any compensation for his services. By accepting the whole legacy, he must also be considered as relinquishing all claim on the defendant for his services, thus leaving the plaintiffs to assert their claim under the indenture ; for he is not entitled under the will to the legacy, and a compensation for his labor also. The legacy was to become his, provided he should render labor and obedience to the plaintiffs. If he should perform this duty to another person, at the request of the plaintiffs, they would be estopped from asking any deduction from the legacy. As the intention of the testator was that they should have the benefit of his services, perhaps if he had accepted but a part of the legacy from the administrator, he might have maintained an action against the defendant to recover the value of his services. But this question need not be settled here. Whether he might have availed himself of any objection to such a disposition of his person and labor, or not, he did not choose so to do. Against him the plaintiffs have no cause of complaint, unless it be his apparent collusion with the defendant, and his acceptance of the sum of one hundred and fifty dollars, to which it seems he must have known that the plaintiffs were justly entitled.
But whatever exception might have existed in behalf of any person, this defendant has no answer to this suit. The contract was not prohibited by law, and was not fraudulent in fact. The defendant has acted as if he supposed the infant was entitled under the will both to the whole legacy, and to a compensation for his services. There is no objection, if he desire it, that he should take upon himself the risk that such was the legal effect of the will, except that he thus has delayed the plaintiffs in the exercise of their rights. But his legal views cannot, of course, affect his liability to *444the plaintiffs. With the assent of the minor, he has reaped the full benefit of his contract, in receiving the labor of the minor. The plaintiffs have parted with their right to call on the infant for his services, as between themselves and the defendant, and the agreement has been executed. When the infant became of age, nothing remained but a duty on the defendant to pay the money according to the agreement. To pay this sum he has bound himself by a covenant under seal. It is unnecessary to inquire whether the covenants in the indenture were dependent or independent ; whether the rendition of the service by the minor for the defendant were a condition precedent to the maintenance of this suit, or not. Probably it was so ; as the plaintiffs agreed to have the minor live with the defendant for five years ; and as the money was not payable until the end of that time, the rendition of the labor was evidently the consideration for the defendant’s covenant. The refined and subtle distinctions to be found in some of the earlier cases, between dependent and independent covenants, have been, to a great extent, removed by the more liberal construction adopted by recent decisions. The principle laid down by Lord Mansfield, in Kingston vs. Preston, cited in the case of Jones vs. Barkley, 2 Doug. 691, and now established, is that the dependence or independence of covenants is to be collected from the evident sense and meaning of the parties ; and, that however transposed they might be in the deed, their prece-dency must depend on the order of time in which the extent of the transaction requires their performance. Here, the plaintiffs’ covenant, if it were a condition precedent, was performed ; and as no reason, either of a legal or equitable character, occurs to us why the defendant should not pay the money, the opinion of the court is that there be
Judgment for the plaintiffs.