Tbe evidence shows that tbe day after tbe accident tbe plaintiff was confined to her bed and Dr. Graham was called to attend her. He was in constant attendance upon her until tbe 19th day of December following, when be was discharged, and Dr. Hoermann was employed and attended her until her recovery. Dr. Graham testified that when be first examined tbe plaintiff she bad a temperature of 103 with severe рains over tbe entire abdomen, especially on tbe left side. She bad an indurated mass on tbe left side through tbe vagina extending up to tbe anterior superior spinous process. As time passed on, that ecchymotie condition became greater, due to tbe fact that tbe blood became more stagnant and collected about that injured part. She became very sick and be was led to believe that she bad an abscess in tbe pelvic cavity. On October 31st be put her under chloroform and examined that region. He found a congealed gaseated mass. He also performed a curettement. On tbe 21st day of November be performed what be calls a major operation to determine what caused tbe congested mass in tbe left iliac fossa. During tbe time from October 16th •to December 19th be saw her from one to three times a day. She was very much excited, weak, bad high temperature, and was in bed during all of tbe time. During that time her condition was generally very painful and be considered it extremely serious. He expressed tbe positive opinion that her condition was caused by tbe injury. When be left her on December 19th she was improving, but she would at least *550 bave to bave tbe services of a physician for six or eight weeks after thаt. She had temperature when he left her and would have it for at least three weeks from that time.
The plaintiff testifies that after Dr. Graham was discharged and Dr. Hoermann was placed in charge of the case she was taken to the hospital on the 19th of December, where an operation was performed upon her. She remained in the hospital from the 19th day of December until the 10th day of January, when she was taken home and there confined to her bed until April, 1916. That is all we know concerning her condition after Dr. Graham was discharged, as Dr. Hoer-mann was not called as a witness in the case. Neither do we know the reasons for, nor the nature of, the operation performed by Dr. Hoermann at the hospital, as the plaintiff sould give no information upon that matter.
Upon the trial, pursuant to an order of the court, Dr. P. H. McGovern made a physical examination of the plaintiff. Dr. Graham was present at this examination. He found a fibroid tumor in the womb. He testified that the tumor must have been coming on for some time. It was not due to injury. It was his opinion that the condition described by Dr. Graham was due to the fibroid tumor and not the injury. Dr. Graham, however, testified positively that there was no fibroid tumor present at the time he was attending plaintiff.
At the conclusion of the testimony defendant Schwab moved to strike out all of the testimony of the plaintiff to the effect that she was taken to the hospital and was there operated on by Dr. Hoermann and incurred expense, for the reason that it did not appear in the case that she went to the hospital by reason of the accident. He assigns the refusal of the court to strike out this testimony as error. He also claims that the court erred in including question No.'3 in the special verdict, because there was no evidence that she suffered mental pain at any time. Another alleged error is the instruction of the court relative to question No. 3, wherein the court assumed *551 that the plaintiff was in the hospital until April, 1916. Error is also assigned upon the refusal of the court to grant a new trial, for the reason that there was not sufficient testi-, mony from which the Jury could honestly and clearly dеtermine the amount of plaintiff’s damages, the damages being necessarily based upon conjecture and guess.
We will dispose of ail these assignments of error with the statement that we are entirely satisfied that whatever prejudice, if any, resulted to the appealing defendant by reason of the court’s action in these various respects ^vas adequately compensated by'the remissiоn of $1,000 from the verdict. We think the testimony fully sustains the judgment for the plaintiff for $2,000. In the first place, she proved expenses in the neighborhood of $500; $215 to Dr. Graham, services of a girl at $5 per week, and board at $4.per week, for twenty weeks, and the services of a scrub woman at $2 per week for •a like period. This leaves but $1,500 to compensate her for the pain, suffering, inconvenience, and loss of time. Thаt she suffered seriously is fully established by the testimony of Dr. Graham; and the trial judge, in his decision upon a motion for a new trial, says: “It seems quite certain that she was a severe sufferer for some time after the accident, and that her suffering was produced by it.” She was attended by Dr. Graham for more than two months, and his testimony was that she would require the services of a physician, as a result of the injuries, for a period of six to eight weeks thereafter. It appears that she was confined to her bed until April, and that she had undergone an operation, in the hospital, between the 19th of December and the 10th of January. It does not appear that her prolonged confinement in bed, nor the operation in the hospital, was due to the injury; but, excluding that from consideration, and taking into consideration only the testimony of, Dr. Graham,, from which it may fairly be inferred that she was confined to her bed for a period of four months as a result of the injury, we do not think the
*552
judgment is excessive.
Duncan v. Grand Rapids,
The defendant also seeks a reversal of tbe judgment because of the error of the court in directing a verdict in favor of the defendant Wilkinson^ He claims that he is entitled to a reversal because, if the defendant Wilkinson wére held, he would be entitled to contribution; that, upоn the present state of the record, Wilkinson has been discharged from liability, and that this is res adjudicaba as between Schwab and Wilkinson in any future .action which may be brought by Schwab against Wilkinson for contribution. The respondent replies that, while the court directed a verdict in favor of Wilkinson, the judgment makes no disposition of the action as to him; that there is no judgment discharging him; that no appeal has been taken from any judgment to which he is a party; that he is not in court on this appeal, and that his rights cannot be considered.
Wilkinson was a party to this actiоn. Ilis liability to the plaintiff was in issue. A trial thereof was had, and the court directed a verdict in his favor. It is familiar that there can be but one judgment in the same action, and that judgment should dispose of all the issues. . While Wilkinson is not mentioned in the judgment he is not held liable by the terms thereof; and, bearing in mind that the judgment is presumed to have'.disposed of all the issues, if we aré to regard substance rather than form, the judgment as rendered will have to be construed as one in favor of Wilkinson. It is idle to say that Wilkinson’s rights are not judicially determined in this action, and the judgment must be so construed. The notice of appeal was addressed to and served on Wilkinson; he is a party to this appeal, though in default, and the effect of the judgment as to him may be considered.
We third?; there was sufficient evidence in this case to take the question of Wilkinson’s negligence to the jury, and that *553 tbe court erred in directing a verdict in bis favor. This being so, it becomes necessary to consider whether the defendant Schwab is entitled to a reversal of the judgment by reason thereof.
Appellant’s argument, as before stated, is based upon the proposition that the judgment is res adjudicata upon Wilkinson's liability to him in any future action which Schwab may bring against Wilkinson for contribution. We do not consider the question of whether, under the facts shown, 'Schwab would have a valid claim for contribution against Wilkinson in any event. That question can only arise when such action shall be brought. We must consider, howevеr, whether the judgment in this action, as we have construed the same, is res adjudicata upon the question of defendant Wilkinson's liability to the plaintiff in any future action which Schwab may bring against Wilkinson for contribution, and, if so, whether appellant is entitled to a reversal thereof in order to protect him from such result.
Is the judgment rendered in this action res adjudicata in an action for contribution between the codefendants ? It is generally held that a judgment in favor of the plaintiff against one or more codefendants is res adjudicata in subsequent actions between such codefendants so far as the question of. indebtedness of the defendants to the plaintiff is concerned, but no farther. An examination of the authorities, however, will disclose that in the cases where it has been so held the indebtedness was based upon contract binding the defendants either jointly or jointly and severally, or where there was a responsibility over, as in cases of principal and surety, and the like. Under such circumstanсes there is a manifest propriety in holding the judgment in the original action to be res adjudicata upon the question, because all defendants, parties to such action, had equal right and opportunity to contest the issue and to appeal from an adverse decision. In such question all defendants had a common in *554 terest, common rights, and common opportunities. Furthermore, where the liability of the defendants to the plaintiff is founded upon a contract, whether written or resting in parol, the judgment in the original action establishes the status, the force and effect of the contract, and fixes the rights of all who are parties to the contract and parties to the action so far as its validity is concerned, and fixes the amount the plaintiff who sues thereon is entitled to recover.
We have been cited to no case in which it has been held that a judgment rendered in an action against separate tortfeasors is
res adjudicata
even upon the question of the liability of the defendants to the plaintiff in a subsequent action between,the tortfeasors, and our independent search has revealed but one such case. In
Westfield G. & M. Co. v. Noblesville & E. G. R. Co.
We see a striking difference between an action brought to hold independent tortfeasors and an action based upon a contract defining the liabilities of the defendants to the plaintiff. In the latter case the liability springs from a common source. It is defined by the same instrument. It is established by the same language. In truth and in fact, the liability is joint. In the case of independent tortfeasors, such as here, the liability grows out of the independent conduct of each *555 defendant. Tbe term “joint tortfeasors,” so often used, is misleading to say the least. In cаses like this they are not joint tortfeasors in any other sense than that they may be joined as defendants by one who has suffered injury or damage by reason of their independent but concurring wrong. They may both or all be liable for the injury which the plaintiff has sustained, but such liability does not arise from their joint action. It arises from their independent action, which concurred to consummate the injury. If it be found in such an action that A. is liable for the injury it does not follow that 33. also is. The liability of one to the plaintiff is not fixed when that of the other is ascertained, because their liability does not spring from a common source. The liability of each grows out of an entirely independent state of facts. We believe that the foregoing is sufficient to indicate that the reason of the rule which makes the judgment in the original action against defendants, whose liabilities are founded upon contract, res adjudicata of the amount and nature of the indebtedness of all defendants to the plaintiff, does not apply in tort actions.
Having pointed this distinction between actions on contract and actions in tort, we will now inquire whether the situation presented meets the tests of fundamental essentials necessary to constitute res adjudicata. We think it will fail to meet at least some such tests necessary to constitute it res adjudicata even upon the question of the indebtedness or liability of defendants to the plaintiff in a subsequent action for contribution between the defendants.
It is fundamental and universal that the former judgment proffered as
res adjudicata
in a subsequent suit must have been rendered in an action in which the parties to the subsequent suit were adverse parties. What is meant by adverse parties scarcely needs definition. Its significance is apparent from the expression itself. They must be opposite parties to an issue between them. The issue must be proffered by one
*556
and controverted by tbe other. They must be arrayed on opposite sides of the issue. Manifestly the relation between
Schwab
and
Wilkinson
in the instant case does not respond to this requirement. There was no issue between
Schwab
and
Wilkinson.
The plaintiff wаs endeavoring to hold both. It was the endeavor of each to escape liability to the plaintiff. Each might have sought to escape this liability by fastening the blame upon the other, but in no other sense were they adverse parties.
Schwab
did not have control of the proceedings to enable him to exhaust the question of
Wilkinson’s
liability. A situation apt to arise under similar circumstances is well illustrated by the cаse of
Ellis v. C. & N. W. R. Co., ante,
p. 392,
In arriving at a determination of this question we may and should look to the consequences. An element essential to *557 constitute res ad judicata is a right of appeal from the judgment. If this judgment is to be held to he res adjudicata between Schwab and Wilkinson, it is apparent that Schwab has the right of appeal, because he is an aggrieved party. Sec. 3048, Stats. But what does that mean ? It means that the plaintiff, who is entirely satisfied with the judgment she has secured, must be put to the burden, expense, and hardship of another trial of her action. Such a proceeding would be intolerable. It cannot be thought of. This plaintiff must not be subjected to any such burden because of a possible future controversy between the defendants upon the subject of contribution. The suggestion that the case should be reversed for this reason becomes more absurd when we reflect that a new trial of the аction will settle nothing between Schwab and Wilkinson. Their rights are not at issue and cannot be until the judgment has been paid, because until that time an action for contribution does not accrue. The .only thing to be accomplished by a new trial is to save defendant Schwab from a conclusive judicial determination of a single fact necessary for him to establish in order to recover contribution, namely, the fact that Wilkinson’s negligеnce did not concur in producing the actionable wrong. If the defendant Wilkinson had not been made a party no question of res ad-judicata would have arisen. Why will not justice be done by leaving Schwab and Wilkinson in the same position they would have been if he had not been made a party ? It seems to us that not only the application of well established legal principles, but considerations of justice as well, dictate the conclusion that the judgment appealed from is not res ad-judicata upon this question.
It follows that Schwab is not aggrieved by that feature of the judgment releasing Wilkinson. He cannot appeal there^ from and сannot secure a reversal and new trial because the court erred in releasing Wilkinson. The judgment will have no more force or effect in this respect than if Wilkinson had *558 not been made a party to tbe action. Tbis leaves not only Scjiwab, but any independent tortfeasor, at liberty to bring bis action for contribution against any and all persons wbo it is claimed were in part responsible for tbe wrong, and tbis whether thеy were made parties to tbe original action of not, and tbe judgment cannot be used by a party discharged in tbe original suit, in an action for contribution, for tbe purpose of showing that bis negligence did not concur in producing tbe wrong.
While what has already been said is all that is necessary to dispose of tbe issues of tbis case, we deem it proper to refer briefly to tbe practice indulged in bringing in Wilkinson as a party defendant at tbe instance of Schwab. Schwab's action in tbis respect was based upon sec. 2610 of tbe Statutes, which makes provision for tbe bringing in of all parties necessary to a complete determination of tbe controversy, and especially upon tbe provision added thereto by se& 6, cb. 219, Laws 1915, which provides that “A defendant wbo shows by affidavit that if be be held liable in tbe action be will have a right of action against a third person not a party to tbe action for tbe amount of tbe recovery against him, may, upon due notice to such person and to tbe opposing party, apply to tbe court for an order making such third person a party defendant in order that tbe rights of all parties may be finally settled in one action, wild the court may in its discretion make such order." We think that in cases such as tbis tbe court should exercise its discretion and deny tbe application.
From what has already been said it is plain that tbe interest of Schwab did not require tbe bringing in of 'Wilkinson. In such case tbe judgment rendered will not affect tbe right of tbe party held liable, to contribution from those whose wrongs contributed to tbe liability. Tbe judgment rendered cannot dispose of tbe rights of tbe defendants as between each other upon tbe question of contribution. Such action will not accrue until the judgment has been paid. There can be *559 no cross-issue between the defendants upon this subject. The reason for the provisions of sec. 2610 is to enable the court to determine the rights of all interested in the controversy in the one action. Erom the very nature of things this cannot be done in an action of this nature. There is no purpose or object, therefore, in bringing in other parties who may also be liable. Their presence only аdds confusion. This troublesome question would not have arisen if the court had denied the application to make 1Wilkinson a party to the action. Immemorially it has been the right of the plaintiff to make his own election in the matter of joining tortfeasors as defendants. It has been his privilege to institute his action against one or part or all tortfeasors responsible to him. We can see no reason why this venerable rule should be changed, nor why the plaintiff should be compelled to involuntarily litigate with parties not of his own choosing.
We are impelled to make these observations not only because the record here brings the matter forcibly to our attention, but because in the
Ellis Case (Ellis v. C. & N. W. R.
Co.,
ante,
p. 392,
By the Court. — Judgment affirmed.