The substantive issue in this case is whether a seller of defective fertilizer, who purchases the liquid fertilizer in bulk, supplying some to its employees for use on the job and repackaging the remainder in small containers for public sale, is strictly liable in tort under the dual-capacity doctrine to an employee who is unintentionally injured in the course of еmployment while using the defective product or whether such a cause of action is barred by Ohio’s Workers’ Compensation Act.
I
Under certain conditions a' seller of a defective product who is not the manufacturer may be held strictly liable in tort for injuries caused by the product. Temple v. Wean United, Inc. (1977),
Paragraphs one and two of the syllabus in Temple state:
“1. One who sells any product in a defective condition unreasonably dangerous to the user or consumer or to his property is subject to liability for physical harm thereby caused to the ultimаte user or consumer, or to his property, if
“(a) the seller is engaged in the business of selling such a product, and
“(b) it is expected to and does reach the user or consumer without substantial change in the condition in which it is sold.
“2. The rule stated above applies although the seller has exercised all*156 possible care in the preparation and sale of his product, and the user or consumer has not bought the product from or entered into any contractual relation with the seller.” (Emphasis added.)
In contradiction to our holding in Temple, the court оf appeals herein incorrectly held that “[sjummary judgment was properly granted * * * because appellee was not the manufacturer of the product which allegedly caused appellant’s injury.” Accordingly, we find that the appellate court erroneously concluded that strict liability only extends to sellers who also manufacturеd the defective product which allegedly caused the injury.
II
The remaining issue to be decided is whether this appellant may utilize the dual-capacity doctrine to attаch strict tort liability to his employer for injuries received at the work place.
Undeniably in certain unique settings Ohio courts have attached tort liability to employers who can be regarded as acting in a dual capacity with respect to an employee. Mercer v. Uniroyal, Inc. (1976),
A consistent result was reached by this court in Guy v. Arthur H. Thomas Co. (1978),
“Where an employer-hospital occupies a second or dual capacity, as an administering hospital, that confers upon it traditional obligations unrelated to and independent of those imposed upon it as an employer, an emрloyee injured, as a result of a violation of the obligations springing from employer-hospital’s second or dual capacity, is not barred by either Section 35 of Articlе II of the Ohio Constitution or R.C. 4123.74, Ohio Workers’ Compensation Law, from recovering in tort from that employer-hospital.” (Emphasis added.)
However, it has more recently been notеd that the dual-capacity doctrine is not without limit. E.g., Simpkins v. Delco Moraine Div. (1981),
“* * * [I]n order for the dual-capacity dоctrine to apply, there must be an allegation and showing that the employer occupied two independent and unrelated relationships with the employee, thаt at the time of these roles of the employer there were occasioned two different obligations to this employee, and that the employer had during such time аssumed a role other than that of employer.”
In the case sub judice, appellee purchased the liquid fertilizer for two purposes: (1) public sale, and (2) use in its greenhouse operations. To fulfill the second purpose it provided the product for use by its workers as a routine and integral part of its operations within its traditional capacity as a supрlier of tools and equipment. Simpkins, supra.
The appellee was not a manufacturer of a product for public sale but rather was both a consumer and distributor. As such, the two purposes of appellee’s use of the product had differing obligations attached to them. The appellant was injured by the employment use, not the public sale usе. As we observed in Freese, supra, at 11: “* * * [Wjhat must be determined is whether the employer stepped out of his role as such, and assumed another hat or cloak. If the facts would show the latter, the employer has accordingly assumed another capacity and also has assumed independent obligations to his employee unrelated to the obligations аrising out of the employer-employee relationship.” In this case, we find that appellee had not assumed another capacity to the appellant аnd that the employment relationship predominated.
Since under the facts of this case the dual-capacity doctrine may not be used by the appellant, the action is precluded by the exclusivity provisions of Section 35, Article II of the Ohio Constitution, as implemented by R.C. 4123.74. Where the injury suffered in the course of employment is not intentionally infliсted the employee’s sole avenue of recovery is through workers’ compensation. See Blankenship v. Cincinnati Milacron Chemicals (1982),
Allowing a cause of action in addition to the relief afforded by Ohio’s Workers’ Compensation Act is unwarranted where, as here, the injury is
In conclusion, we hold that a seller of a defective product, who purchases it in bulk, supplying some of the product to its employees for use in the сourse of employment and repackaging the remainder for public sale, is not strictly liable under the dual-capacity doctrine to an employee who is unintentionally injured in the course of employment while using the defective product. Such a cause of action is barred by Ohio’s Workers’ Compensation Act which provides the exсlusive remedy for the injured employee.
Accordingly, the judgment of the court of appeals is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
Notes
As is noted in Prosser & Keeton, Law of Torts (5 Ed. 1984) 706-707, Section 100:
“The retailer is in a more favorable position to bear the costs of accidents due to the defectively dangerous products he sells than is the first purchaser for use. If the defect is one that is traceable to the manufacturer, the retailer may be more likely to get acceptance of financial responsibility without litigation than is the consumer purchaser. If the manufacturer is insolvent or is a corporation that has been dissolved, or if the defect is one that is not traceable to the manufacturer, the loss is one that can best be borne by the retailer as a cost of doing business.”
In Simpkins, supra, the court held that an employee сould not use the dual-capacity doctrine to reach an employer who had manufactured and provided a defective mobile hoist, not for public use or sale but solely for use by company employees. The court found the key to determining whether the doctrine was applicable is if the employer’s status as a manufacturer generates obligations unrelated to those from his employer status. The court held that the employee’s exclusive remedy fell under workers’ compensation law.
If an employer could be held liable in tort for such work-related injuries, absurd consequences could result. For example, a hardware store would have to purchase brand X hammers for public sale and brand Y hammers for use by its employees to avoid dual-capacity liability as a dealer. In this case, appellee would havе had to purchase one brand of fertilizer for use by its greenhouse workers and purchase another brand for public sale to avoid work-related tort exposure to its employees.