67 Vt. 494 | Vt. | 1894
The question in this case is raised by demurrer to the bill. The orators are sons of Joseph Bailey, deceased, by his first wife. The defendant Judith is the widow of Joseph and the mother of his son Hale G., the other defendant. The estate of Joseph is in process of settlement ; the defendant Judith is administratrix. Hale G. presented a demand against the estate of Joseph to the commissioners appointed to adjust claims against it, which was-allowed and an appeal taken in the name of the administratrix, by one of the orators, which appeal is now pending in the county court. The orators allege that the intestate was insane for many years prior to his death in 1890, that he was incapable of transacting business, that the two defendants-took and had the management and disposal of his property, and the income of his property as though it was their own, and refused to allow the said Joseph to have any control or management of it; that the said Joseph had a large claim for the care and support of Mrs. Grow, the mother of Judith, that this claim was settled privately by the defendants, and the amount received by them never accounted for. They further allege that the defendants have always acted together in the management, control and disposal of the moneys, lands and income belonging to the estate of said Joseph, and that each acted with the knowledge and agreement of the
The prayer of .the bill is that the defendants be ordered to account for all moneys and other property, including the income of the farm, and the amount which they received upon the claim for the support of Mrs. Grow, and to pay over all that may be due from them to said estate. It is claimed in the answer that the bill is multifarious ; the question is not argued in the brief, but if insisted upon by the defendants, the point is not well taken. The orators are alike interested in all the matters and things set forth in the bill, and the claim is made against both defendants. The proceeding is not to compel an accounting by Judith’s mother, in respect to her support, but it is an attempt to compel the defendants to account for whatever they have received from the property of Joseph, the income and profits of his real and personal estate, including what they received from the mother of Judith upon said claim against her. The bill is not multifarious.
It is argued, and this is the real question in the case, that the orators have a complete and ample remedy at law and that the matters in controversy can be adjudicated in the probate court. The settlement of estates, under our statutes is vested in that court, but equity has jurisdiction whenever its aid is required, and the powers of the probate court are inadequate to deal with the question at issue. The proceedings cannot be sustained upon the ground of discovery, for under R. L. 2157, any person who is charged with having any property of an estate, or concealing it, may be cited before the probate court and examined in reference to it. It is argued that any claim against Hale G. may be presented in set-off to his claim in the proceeding now pending in the appellate court, and that the administratrix may be charged in the settlement of her account with all proper matters in
There is a class of cases in which it frequently happens ■that courts of equity adjudge a trust has arisen from the contracts and dealings of parties, although a trust was not within the contemplation of either party, and when there was no fraud actual nor constructive; in which respect chancery proceeds in a manner and upon principles entirely unknown to courts of law; the parties are called trustees by construction: for instances of this character, see I Perry on Trusts, Chap. 7. Among such instances, it has been held-that persons may become trustees'by intermeddling with and assuming the management of property, without authority; they are held to be trustees de son tort, in the same manner that persons who deal with a deceased person’s estate without authority are executors de son tort. If one enters upon the lands of an individual and takes the rents, manages and carries on the property, he may be charged as a guardian, trustee or bailiff, and so may one who takes personal
Holding the defendants accountable as trustee, is but the application of the familiar principle that if a person by mistake or otherwise, assumes the character of trustee, guardian, executor or administrator, and acts as such, when the office does not belong to him, he thereby becomes such official de son tort, and can be called to account, by the beneficiaries, for the assets received under color of the trust. “If one voluntarily assumes the situation of trustee, it does not lie in his mouth to disclaim that position.” Proprietors v. Post, 31 Conn. 240; and there is a class of similar cases, in jurisdictions in which the executor is not entitled to the rents of the real property, in which it has been held that rents received by an executor, as such, are not regarded as assets, but are held in trust for the heir or devisee. McCoy v. Scott, 2 Rawle 222; Adams v. Adams, 4 Watts 160; Schwartz’s Estate, 14 Pa. St. 42. In Lefort v. Delafield, 3 Edw. Ch. 32, the court said as to an intermeddler who, in that case was an executor, that he might be considered either as a wrong doer or as a bailiff. A person who assumes the character of a trustee incurs the responsibility of one, Rackham v. Siddal, I Mac. & G. 607; Life Ass'n, v. Siddal, 3 DeG. F. & J. 58. In Bennett v. Austin, 81 N. Y. 308, it was held that a person who was, in law, a wrong doer, and
Analagous in principle is the well established doctrine that “If a man intrudes upon the estate of.an infant and takes the profits thereof, he will be treated as a guardian and held responsible therefor to the infant in a suit in equity.” 2 Fonbl. Eq. Bk., 2 Pt. 2 Ch. 2, S. I and note f.; Bennett v. Whitehead, 2 P. Wms. 644; Morgan v. Morgan, Atk. 489; Dormer v. Fortesque, 3 Atk. 124; Goodhue v. Barnwell, Rice’s Eq. (S. C.) 198; Drury v. Conner, I Har. & Gill (Md.) 220; Chaney v. Smallwood, 1 Gill (Md.) 367.
In many of these cases, the question arose whether the intermeddlers should be treated as trespassers or as trustees, etc., by construction. In such cases the doctrine seems to be as stated in Wyllic v. Ellice, supra, in which it is said that the plaintiff might treat Ellice as a trespasser or sue him as a bailiff, guardian or trustee. He might elect to treat him as either; that if Ellice had entered upon the plaintiff’s property unlawfully and without authority, he could treat him as a trespasser or call him to an account in equity. That if he did the latter, he must join as defendants all who acted with him as bailiffs, guardians or trustees ; that equity would require that all parties jointly liable with the defendant should be made accountable with him.
It is well to bear this in mind, for it is urged by the defendants here, that the remedy of the orators is in two separate proceedings, one against one defendant and the other against the other.
Joseph Bailey was insane, and his position was similar to
The only legitimate way of dealing with his property, in the condition in which he then was, was by the appointment of a guardian, who could legally take control of the property and manage it. The defendants constituted themselves his trustees, guardians, etc., and stood in a similar relation to the deceased as a guardian, who, after his time of guardianship expires, continues without right to hold control and manage his ward’s property, stands to the ward. Now, although the probate court has exclusive jurisdiction of guardians’ accounts, it has been held in such cases that the ward may maintain the common law action of account against the guardian, and that the guardian by his act makes “himself bailiff of the ward’s property for the time which he continues thus to hold it, and liable to account for the same in the common law action,” and that if the ward chose, he could compel the guardian to account to him in the common law action, for the time after the guardianship ceased, and also could bring into the same adjustment the guardian’s account which accrued during the time of the guardianship. Field v. Torrey, 7 Vt. 372; Harris v. Harris, 44 Vt. 320.
We think the powers of the probate court are not adequate to the settlement of such a controversy as is shown by the bill. It has no power to cite before it any persons who have been acting as trustees by construction or officials de son tort and to settle their accounts. It settles the accounts of such officials as are appointed by the court itself, and not the controversies that arise when one has intermeddled with the estate of an infant, insane person, or a trust. The aid of the court of equity may well be invoked in this proceeding. In this case, for the reasons stated, the orators have the right to have the controversies settled in one proceeding instead of compelling them to proceed in the probate court and in the appellate court, in proceedings against the two defend
Treating Hale G. Bailey as a guardian or trustee de son tort, and that the probate court could properly settle his account as such, the claim against him — if several — cannot be pleaded in set-off to the claim presented by him against Joseph Bailey’s estate, for commissioners do not have the necessary powers to dispose properly of the various.questions that may naturally arise in the adjudication of a deceased guar-: dian’s account. Waterman v. Wright, 36 Vt. 164. And the same difficulty arises when such an account is presented in set-oft to a claim pending before commissioners in favor of a guardian against the estate of a deceased ward. A probate court never settles the account of an official de son tort. There is, therefore, no remedy against Hale G. Bailey in the probate court.
Decree reversed, demurrer overruled, bill adjudged sufficient, and cause remanded.