Baender v. United StatesBaender v. United States
The plaintiff in error pleaded guiltv and was sentenced upon an indictment which charged that at a datе and place named he did then and there unlawfully, willfully, knowingly, and feloniously and without lawful authority have in his possession six complete steel dies, each of which was then and there in the likeness and similitude as to the dеsign and the inscription thereon of a die designated for the coming and making of the genuine Indian head dеsign gold coins of the United States, that had theretofore and are now coined at the mints of the United States, and known as and called $5 pieces or half eagles. The plaintiff in error by writ of error seeks tо review the judgment, and he contends that the judgment is void' for the reason that the indictment fails to allege an offense against the United States, in that it contains no averment that the plaintiff in error had possession of the dies with the intent to defraud, or to use the same in making counterfeit coins. The statute under which the indictment is brought is Act March 4, 1909, c. 321, § 169, 35 Stat. 1120 (Comp. St. § 10339), which provides that:
“Whoever, without lawful authority, shall have in his possessiоn any such die, hub or mold, or any part thereof, or shall permit the same to he used for or in aid of the сounterfeiting’ of any of the coins of the United States here-inbefore mentioned, shall be fined,” etc.
Act Feb. 10, 1891, c. 127, § 1, 26 Stat. 742, which was in force prior to the enactment of the act of 1909, had denounced as unlаwful the possession of the prohibited dies, etc., with intent to fraudulently or unlawfully use the same. In amending the law by thе later act, the report of the committee on revision shows that the words “with intent to fraudulently use the same” were “intentionally dropped from the statute”; the committee believing that a person who has in his possession dies which may be used for counterfeiting any coin shall be required to show that his possessiоn is lawful, and that the government should not be required to prove that he has them in his possession with the intent to use them fraudulently and unlawfully for counterfeiting. Congress evidently intended that the unlawful possession of such dies should be sufficient evidence to warrant a conviction, unless the accused could explain the pоssession to the satisfaction of the jury.
The statute here involved has analogy to Act Jan. 17, 1914, c. 9, 38 Stat. 275, amеnding Act Feb. 9, 1909, c. 100, 35 Stat. 614 (Comp. St. 1918, §§ 8800-8801f), and providing that possession of imported opium shall be deemed sufficient еvidence to warrant conviction, unless the defendant shall explain the possession to the satisfaction of the jury. Under that statute convictions have been sustained on proof of possession ; the courts ruling that the statute provides for a presumption of prima facie proof of the offеnse which, while sufficient to sustain a verdict of guilt, may or may not be sufficient to satisfy the jury of the guilt of the accused, applying the doctrine of Luria v. United States,
It is true that, in all cases in which a specific intent is madе part of the offense by the statute creating it, it must be alleged, but in cases where the act includes the intent it is sufficient to charge the offense in the language of the statute, and the intent will be inferred. 22 Cyc. 329; King v. Philipps, 6 East, 464; People v. Butler,
“When by the common law, or by the provision of a statute, a particular intention is essential to an offense, or a criminal act is attempted, but not accomplished, and the evil intent only can be punished, it is necessаry to allege the intent with distinctness and precision, and to support the allegation by proof. On the оther hand, if the offense does not rest merely in tendency, or in an attempt to do a certain aсt with a wicked purpose, but consists in doing an unlawful or criminal act, the evil intention will be presumed and need not be alleged, or, if alleged, it is a mere formal averment, which need not be proved.”
In enaсting the statute under which this indictment is brought, Congress intended that it should express all the elements of the crime, and that the prosecution, having shown the unlawful possession by the accused, should not be required to prove what was in the latter’s mind as to future use of the things so possessed, and that a criminal intent is to be inferred from thе unlawful possession.
It is well settled that under the section of the statute which makes unlawful the forging of coins it is unnеcessary to allege an intent. United States v. Otey (C. C.)
The plaintiff in error admitted by his plea in the court below the truth of the indictment. We hold that the indictment is sufficient to , sustain the judgment. People v. White,
The judgment is affirmed.