Case Information
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA SHEILA BABOT, Case No. 18-cv-04802-DMR Plaintiff, ORDER ON DEFENDANT'S MOTION v. FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
Re: Dkt. No. 51 EQUILON ENTERPRISES LLC, Defendant.
Plaintiff Sheila Babot filed a complaint against her former employer, Defendant Equilon
Enterprises LLC dba Shell Oil Products US (“Shell”), alleging claims under the California Fair Employment and Housing Act (“FEHA”), California Government Code section 12940 et seq., for employment discrimination, harassment, and retaliation, as well as related state law claims. Shell filed a motion for summary judgment, or in the alternative, partial summary judgment. [Docket No. 51.] The court held a hearing on the motion on February 13, 2020. [Docket No. 79.] For the following reasons, the motion is granted in part and denied in part.
I. BACKGROUND
Babot was employed by Shell at its Martinez refinery as a probationary refinery process operator from January 4, 2016 until her termination on October 27, 2016. According to Babot,
Rick Duff, a fellow operator, sexually harassed her and subjected her and others to sexist,
inappropriate comments and behavior throughout her employment. She further contends that she
reported Duff’s behavior to her supervisors on several occasions, but that they took no action in
response and Duff’s behavior continued. Babot alleges that her supervisors retaliated against her
for her complaints about Duff by excessively scrutinizing her work, blaming her for mistakes by
others, and making negative entries in her employee file. Within weeks of her final complaint
about Duff, Shell terminated her employment. She asserts seven claims: 1) harassment based on sex and/or gender in violation of FEHA, California Government Code section 12940(j); 2) failure
to prevent harassment and discrimination in violation of FEHA, California Government Code
section 12940(k); 3) sex discrimination in violation of FEHA, California Government Code
section 12940(a); 4) retaliation in violation of FEHA, California Government Code section
12940(h); 5) whistleblower retaliation in violation of California Labor Code section 1102.5; 6)
wrongful termination in violation of public policy; and 7) intentional infliction of emotional
distress.
II. OBJECTIONS TO EVIDENCE
Shell argues that the court should disregard certain deposition testimony and statements by Babot in her declaration that she filed in support of her opposition to Shell’s motion. Shell raised
this argument for the first time on reply. At the hearing, the court permitted Babot to submit
further citations to her deposition testimony in support of her position. [ Docket No. 79 (Minute Order).] Babot timely filed the additional citations to evidence. [Docket No. 80.] A. Complaints about Rick Duff Shell first asks the court to disregard Babot’s deposition testimony and statements in her declaration about her complaints to Shell of “unlawful conduct” by Duff. Shell contends that Babot did not disclose the information in response to written discovery. Specifically, Shell’s interrogatory no. 10 asked Babot to identify all complaints she made regarding unlawful conduct
and to provide details about the complaints, as follows:
Identify all complaints you made to Defendant regarding any of the unlawful conduct alleged in your Complaint, and separately identify for each such complaint the date you made the complaint, the name of the person you made the complaint to and the manner in which you made the complaint (e.g., in-person, by telephone, by email, etc.) [Docket No. 53 (Chun Decl., Oct. 10, 2019) ¶ 4, Ex. C.]
Babot served the following response to interrogatory no. 10: During her employment, Ms. Babot’s supervisors and co-workers observed and witnessed the sexist, demeaning, and hostile work environment to which she was subjected at Shell. Throughout the summer of 2016, Elzen Wilson was Ms. Babot’s supervisor. Mr. Wilson observed Mr. Duff’s inappropriate behavior toward women and overheard many of his vulgar comments. On or around October 15, 2016, Ms. Babot engaged in protected activity when she raised this issue when she asked Mr. Wilson why Mr. Duff was able to set the tone and treat women the way he does. Mr. Wilson responded that he didn’t know, but that his hands were tied and he could not do anything about it. Nothing was ever done to correct the hostile work environment and it continued throughout Ms. Babot’s employment with Shell. Discovery is continuing. There may be more information.
Id . Her response is dated December 13, 2018. Babot did not amend or supplement this response.
Shell deposed Babot in April 2019 and September 2019. At her April 2019 deposition, Babot
testified that she made additional complaints about Duff’s conduct to her supervisors, including
complaints to Wilson in April or May 2016 and to Allan “Buster” Metcalf in July 2016 and August 2016. Chun Decl. ¶ 2, Ex. A (Pl.’s Dep.) 41, 51-53, 62-63. She described these
complaints, as well as her mid-October 2016 complaint, in her declaration in support of her
opposition to the present motion. [Docket No. 63 (Babot Decl., Oct. 24, 2019) ¶¶ 39, 57, 64, 71.] In its reply brief, Shell objects to this testimony, arguing that it contradicts Babot’s prior
interrogatory response which only identified her October 2016 complaint to Wilson about Duff. Reply 8-9. Shell asks the court to disregard evidence of any complaints that Babot made about Duff other than the complaint she identified in the interrogatory response, citing School District No. 1J, Multnomah County, Or. v. ACandS, Inc ., 5 F.3d 1255, 1264 (9th Cir. 1993). School District IJ was brought by a school district against manufacturers and installers of
asbestos products. The school district responded to an interrogatory requesting a school-by-
school, building-by-building breakdown listing specific asbestos products that had been installed,
as well as other information. Id . at 1260. OCF, a defendant manufacturer, moved for summary
judgment as to certain schools that the school district had not identified in its interrogatory
response. Id . at 1263. In opposing the motion, the school district argued that OCF-manufactured
asbestos was in the schools despite its failure to identify them in its interrogatory response, and
submitted the declaration of Robert Kramer, an asbestos worker who recalled installing the OCF’s
product in one of the schools. The Ninth Circuit affirmed the district court’s grant of summary
judgment, finding that Kramer’s declaration did not create a genuine factual dispute:
Kramer’s affidavit, however, is based on his distant memory. More significantly, it contradicts the School District’s interrogatory response which was based on the School District’s examination of applicable contract documents. Kramer’s testimony is emasculated by the School District’s clear interrogatory response directly to the contrary. His affidavit, therefore, does not pass the “significantly probative” test of Liberty Lobby . No reasonable juror could rely upon it to conclude that OCF asbestos was installed at the Edwards school. Thus, there is no genuine issue for trial on this issue and summary judgment in favor of OCF with regards to the Edwards school was proper.
Id . at 1264 (citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc ., 477 U.S. 242, 249-50 (1986).
This case is distinguishable from School District IJ because Babot’s sworn statements regarding complaints she made to supervisors about Duff’s conduct do not contradict her response
to interrogatory no. 10. That response was served early in discovery and contained the statement, “Discovery is continuing. There may be more information.” This left open the possibility of
additional responsive information. A jury can determine whether Babot’s credibility is
undermined by the fact that her interrogatory response was incomplete at the time she served it.
Moreover, Babot testified about the additional complaints at her deposition, and Shell was on notice of this information in April 2019, which was well before discovery closed in September 2019. For this reason, Babot was not required to supplement her response to interrogatory no. 10. Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(e)(1), a party responding to discovery has a duty to supplement a discovery response in a timely manner if he or she later learns that “in some material respect the . . . response is incomplete or incorrect.” This duty to supplement does not apply when
the “additional or corrective information” was “otherwise . . . made known to the other parties
during the discovery process or in writing.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(e)(1)(A). Shell’s objections to
Babot’s testimony and statements in her declaration regarding her complaints to her supervisors
about Duff subject are therefore overruled.
B. Incidents of Harassment
Shell objects to portions of Babot’s declaration, claiming that it contradicts her deposition testimony. Shell argues that when asked at deposition to identify all instances of sexual
harassment or inappropriate behavior that she experienced or witnessed, Babot identified six
specific incidents. Mot. 12-13. However, in her declaration, Babot describes at least eight
additional incidents of harassing and/or inappropriate conduct or statements by Duff. Reply 14 n.7; see , e.g. , Babot Decl. ¶¶ 17, 24-30, 51, 54. Shell argues that the court should invoke the sham
affidavit rule and disregard Babot’s statements about any incidents of harassment or inappropriate
behavior that she did not identify at her deposition.
The sham affidavit rule “prevents ‘a party who has been examined at length on deposition’ from ‘rais[ing] an issue of fact simply by submitting an affidavit contradicting his own prior
testimony[.]” Yeager v. Bowlin , 693 F.3d 1076, 1080 (9th Cir. 2012). The Ninth Circuit has held
that the rule “‘should be applied with caution’ because it is in tension with the principle that the
court is not to make credibility determinations when granting or denying summary judgment.” Id .
The party opposing summary judgment “is not precluded from elaborating upon, explaining or
clarifying prior testimony elicited by opposing counsel on deposition and minor inconsistencies
that result from an honest discrepancy, a mistake, or newly discovered evidence afford no basis for
excluding an opposition affidavit.” Id . at 1081 (quoting Van Asdale v. Int’l Game Tech. , 577 F.3d 989, 999 (9th Cir. 2009)). “[T]he district court must make a factual determination that the contradiction is a sham, and the ‘inconsistency between a party’s deposition testimony and subsequent affidavit must be clear and unambiguous to justify striking the affidavit.’” Id . at 1080. The court has carefully reviewed Babot’s declaration as well as the deposition citations that she provided. Her responses to questions posed at her deposition indicate that Duff’s alleged problematic behaviors were numerous and pervasive. Thus, she testified that 1) there were “so
many” comments by Duff that were “sexual in nature” and “inappropriate” that it was hard to list
them, Pl.’s Dep. 26-27; 2) Duff “would just make jokes all the time, sexual in nature, just
inappropriate,” id . at 38-39; 3) Duff made comments directly to her before turnaround started, and
that after the turnaround, she overheard Duff’s comments and “announcement[s]” to other people
that were “sexual in nature,” id . at 45-49; 4) Duff made references to his penis “all the time,” id . at
303-05, 350; and that 5) Duff used an obscenity to refer to a woman’s body part “all the time,” id .
at 352. Babot also testified that Duff “never stopped doing anything,” referring to inappropriate
conduct, id . at 337, and that even after he stopped “badgering” her, he was “badgering other
people,” id . at 339. Babot’s declaration elaborates upon, explains, and clarifies this deposition
testimony. See Van Asdale , 577 F.3d at 999. For example, she states in her declaration that Duff “repeatedly made comments about his penis and referred to it as ‘schlong,’” “made frequent
comments about the size of his penis,” and “made physical gestures toward his crotch.” Babot
Decl. ¶¶ 24-26. She also states that Duff used obscenities to refer to body parts “during every shift
that [she] worked with him” and provides examples of such obscenities. Id . at ¶ 27. Babot also
goes into detail in her declaration about comments she overheard Duff make to others, including
comments about “female employees’ appearances.” Id . at ¶¶ 28, 29, 50, 54. [1]
The court concludes that there are no “clear and unambiguous” inconsistencies between Babot’s deposition testimony and declaration. Accordingly, there is no basis to exclude portions
of Babot’s declaration regarding specific incidents of inappropriate conduct by Duff. Shell’s
objections are overruled. [2]
III. LEGAL STANDARD A court shall grant summary judgment “if . . . there is no genuine dispute as to any material
fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The burden of establishing the absence of a genuine issue of material fact lies with the moving party, see Celotex Corp. v. Catrett , 477 U.S. 317, 322-23 (1986), and the court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-movant. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc. , 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986) (citation omitted). A genuine factual issue exists if, taking into account the burdens of production and proof that would be required at trial, sufficient evidence favors the non-movant
such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict in that party’s favor. Id . at 248. The court may
not weigh the evidence, assess the credibility of witnesses, or resolve issues of fact. See id . at 249.
To defeat summary judgment once the moving part has met its burden, the nonmoving party may not simply rely on the pleadings, but must produce significant probative evidence, by
affidavit or as otherwise provided by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56, supporting the claim that a genuine issue of material fact exists. TW Elec. Serv., Inc. v. Pac. Elec. Contractors Ass’n , 809
F.2d 626, 630 (9th Cir. 1987). In other words, there must exist more than “a scintilla of evidence”
to support the non-moving party’s claims, Anderson , 477 U.S. at 252; conclusory assertions will
not suffice. See Thornhill Publ’g Co. v. GTE Corp. , 594 F.2d 730, 738 (9th Cir. 1979). Similarly,
“[w]hen opposing parties tell two different stories, one of which is blatantly contradicted by the
record, so that no reasonable jury could believe it, a court should not adopt that version of the
facts” when ruling on the motion. Scott v. Harris , 550 U.S. 372, 380 (2007).
IV. ANALYSIS
The existence of a single genuine dispute of material fact as to any claim precludes summary judgment. In the interest of efficiency, this order does not set forth every genuine
dispute of material fact for each claim. A. Harassment Based on Sex and Failure to Prevent Harassment FEHA makes it unlawful to harass an employee because of the employee’s sex. Cal. Gov’t
Code § 12940(j)(1). The elements of a FEHA harassment claim are: “(1) the plaintiff belongs to a protected group; (2) the plaintiff was subjected to unwelcome harassment because of being a member of that group; and (3) the harassment was sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of employment and create an abusive working environment.” Landucci v. State Farm Ins. Co. , 65 F. Supp. 3d 694, 703 (N.D. Cal. 2014) (citation omitted).
Before suing for violation of FEHA, a plaintiff must file an administrative complaint with the Department of Fair Employment and Housing (“DFEH”) within “‘one year from the date upon
which the alleged unlawful practice or refusal to cooperate occurred,’ barring exceptions related to
delayed discovery.” Gardner v. City of Berkeley , 838 F. Supp. 2d 910, 917-18 (N.D. Cal. 2012)
(citing Cal. Govt. Code § 12960(d) (2017)). Shell moves for summary judgment on this claim on
the grounds that the claim is time-barred because Babot filed her administrative complaint with the
DFEH on October 18, 2017, and that she was not subjected to any harassing conduct by Duff
during the one-year period leading up to that complaint (i.e., October 18, 2016 to October 18,
2017). It also argues that Babot cannot establish that Shell knew or should have known of the
harassment and that Babot was not subjected to allegedly harassing conduct after she complained to Wilson in October 2016.
Summary judgment is denied as to Babot’s harassment claim. Under the continuing violation doctrine, “an employer is liable for actions that take place outside the limitations period
if these actions are sufficiently linked to unlawful conduct that occurred within the limitations
period.” Yanowitz v. L’Oreal USA, Inc ., 36 Cal. 4th 1028, 1056 (2005); see also Gardner , 838 F.
Supp. 2d at 918 (“[A] continuing violation may exist where there is . . . a series of related acts
against a single individual.”). The doctrine applies when an employer’s unlawful acts 1) are
sufficiently similar in kind; 2) have occurred with reasonable frequency; and 3) have not acquired
a degree of permanence. Yanowitz , 36 Cal. 4th at 1059. In this case, absent the application of the
continuing violation doctrine, Babot’s claims concerning events occurring prior to October 18,
2016, one year before her DFEH complaint, would be barred. However, Babot’s testimony that
Duff engaged in harassing conduct throughout her employment establishes a dispute of fact as to whether the harassment occurred with reasonable frequency and did not acquire a degree of permanence until she was terminated, and thus a dispute of fact exists as to whether her harassment claim is timely under the continuing violation doctrine. See id. Additionally, Babot’s testimony that she complained about Duff to her supervisors Wilson and Metcalf in April or May 2016, July 2016, August 2016, and October 2016 establishes a dispute of fact as to whether Shell knew or should have known of Duff’s conduct. An employer is
liable for harassment by a non-supervisory employee if the employer “knows or should have
known of [the harassing] conduct and fails to take immediate and appropriate corrective action.”
Cal. Gov’t Code § 12940(j)(1); State Dep’t of Health Servs. v. Superior Court , 31 Cal. 4th 1026,
1041 (2003). Shell does not argue that Wilson and Metcalf’s alleged knowledge of Duff’s
conduct may not be imputed to Shell; it disputes only that Babot complained to them about Duff’s
alleged sexual harassment. Reply 12-13. This constitutes a material dispute of fact.
The court also denies summary judgment as to Babot’s claim for failure to prevent harassment in violation of FEHA. A plaintiff alleging a claim of failure to prevent harassment
must show that (1) she was subjected to harassment; (2) the defendant failed to take all reasonable
steps to prevent harassment; and (3) the failure caused the plaintiff to suffer injury, damage, loss, or harm. Lelaind v. City & Cty. Of San Francisco , 576 F. Supp. 2d 1079, 1103 (N.D. Cal. 2008).
Whether Shell took reasonable steps to prevent harassment is disputed given Babot’s testimony
that Duff’s conduct persisted even after she complained about him to her supervisors.
B. Sex Discrimination and Failure to Prevent Discrimination To establish a prima facie case of sex discrimination, a plaintiff must establish that 1) she is a member of a protected class; 2) she was performing competently in the position she held; 3)
she suffered an adverse employment action; and 4) some other circumstance suggests a
discriminatory motive. Guz v. Bechtel Nat’l, Inc ., 24 Cal. 4th 317, 354 (2000). Shell argues that
Babot cannot establish the fourth element of the prima facie case, because “there is no
circumstance suggesting that [Babot’s] termination had anything to do with her sex.” Mot. 15.
However, Babot presented evidence that male employees, including Keith Stephens, had
performance problems and were not disciplined and/or terminated. See, e.g ., DEF 004617 (Lavora noting that Stephens “has struggled with his performance in the few months of being an operator”). Shell disputes whether Stephens is a proper comparator, but “whether two employees are similarly situated is ordinarily a question of fact.” See Hawn v. Exec. Jet Mgmt., Inc ., 615 F.3d 1151, 1157 (9th Cir. 2010) (quotation omitted). Accordingly, the court finds that Babot has satisfied her “minimal” burden to establish a prima facie case of discrimination based on sex. Coghlan v. Am. Seafoods Co. LLC , 413 F.3d 1090, 1094 (9th Cir. 2005).
Shell presented evidence that Babot was terminated for performance problems. Lavora Decl., Oct. 9, 2019, ¶ 12; Layne Decl., Oct. 10, 2019 ¶ 6. Accordingly, the burden shifts to Babot
to show that the asserted reasons for her termination were pretextual. Guz , 24 Cal. 4th at 356.
The Ninth Circuit has explained that in the absence of direct evidence of discriminatory animus,
“the plaintiff may come forward with circumstantial evidence that tends to show that the
employer’s proffered motives were not the actual motives because they are inconsistent or
otherwise not believable.” Godwin v. Hunt Wesson, Inc. , 150 F.3d 1217, 1222 (9th Cir. 1998)
(analyzing FEHA sex discrimination claim). Babot presented evidence that on October 25, 2016,
two days before Babot’s termination, Lavora admitted that other employees, including at least one
male employee, were “performing at a lower level” and had “weaker performance” than Babot. See DEF 000150. Despite this, Lavora and Layne made the decision to terminate Babot and retain
Stephens. Given this evidence, a reasonable jury could conclude that Babot was terminated
because she was a woman and not her performance issues. Accordingly, summary judgment is
denied as to Babot’s sex discrimination claim. For the same reasons, summary judgment is denied
as to Babot’s claim for failure to prevent discrimination in violation of FEHA. See, e.g., Aparicio
v. Comcast, Inc ., 274 F. Supp. 3d 1014, 1031 (N.D. Cal. 2017) (denying motion for summary
judgment on claims for failure to prevent discrimination under FEHA where underlying race and
national origin discrimination claims survived summary judgment).
C. FEHA Retaliation, Whistleblower Retaliation, and Wrongful Termination in Violation of Public Policy
“To state a prima facie case for retaliation, [a] plaintiff must establish: (1) she was engaged in protected activity; (2) defendant took an adverse employment action; and (3) a causal
connection existed between plaintiff’s protected activity and defendant’s adverse employment action.” Lelaind , 576 F. Supp. 2d at 1094. Shell moves for summary judgment on Babot’s FEHA retaliation claim on the grounds that Babot did not engage in protected activity and that she cannot establish a causal link between her alleged October 15, 2016 complaint to Wilson and her termination. Summary judgment is denied as to Babot’s claim for retaliation under FEHA. Babot’s
testimony that she complained about Duff to her supervisors on the four occasions described
above establishes a dispute of fact as to whether she engaged in protected activity. Further, the
October 25, 2016 note by Lavora that Babot had “an issue with Rick Duff” is sufficient to create a
dispute of fact as to whether there was a causal link between Babot’s complaints about Duff and
her October 27, 2016 termination. Lavora Dep. Ex. 1 (DEF 000150-51). For the same
reasons, summary judgment is denied on Babot’s claim of whistleblower retaliation in violation of
California Labor Code section 1102.5 and claim for wrongful termination in violation of public
policy.
D. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
“The elements of a cause of action for intentional infliction of emotional distress are (1) outrageous conduct by the defendant, (2) intention to cause or reckless disregard of the probability
of causing emotional distress, (3) severe emotional suffering, and (4) actual and proximate
causation of the emotional distress.” Fisher v. San Pedro Peninsula Hosp ., 214 Cal. App. 3d 590,
617 (1989).
Summary judgment is denied as to Babot’s claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress (“IIED”). Shell asserts that this claim “stands or falls” with Babot’s FEHA claims and
that there is no evidence of “extreme and outrageous” conduct by Shell. Def.’s Mot. 23.
However, “[g]iven an employee’s fundamental, civil right to a discrimination free work
environment, by its very nature, sexual harassment in the work place is outrageous conduct as it
exceeds all bounds of decency usually tolerated by a decent society.” Fisher , 214 Cal. App. 3d at
618 (internal citations omitted). As a reasonable jury could find in Babot’s favor on her sexual
harassment claim, summary judgment on the IIED claim is denied. See Maridon v. Comcast Cable Comm’cns Mgmt., LLC , No. C-12-2109 EMC, 2014 WL 117103, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 13, 2014) (treating IIED claim as “co-extensive” with plaintiff’s harassment claims and denying summary judgment on both harassment and IIED claims). E. Punitive Damages Summary judgment is granted as to Babot’s claim for punitive damages. Babot seeks punitive damages under California Civil Code section 3294(b). She argues that Shell is liable for
punitive damages because alleged managing agent Tom Rizzo ratified Lavora’s decision to
terminate her employment. Pl.’s Opp’n 25. “Ratification is the confirmation and acceptance
of a previous act.” Cruz v. Homebase , 83 Cal. App. 4th 160, 168 (2000) (quotation and citation
omitted). “For purposes of determining an employer’s liability for punitive damages, ratification
generally occurs where, under the particular circumstances, the employer demonstrates an intent to
adopt or approve oppressive, fraudulent, or malicious behavior by an employee in the performance
of his job duties.” Coll. Hosp. Inc. v. Superior Court , 8 Cal. 4th 704, 726 (1994). The California
Supreme Court has held that “[c]orporate ratification in the punitive damages context requires
actual knowledge of the conduct and its outrageous nature.” Id. This is because “[a] corporation
cannot confirm and accept that which it does not actually know about.” Cruz , 83 Cal. App. 4th at U N I T E D S T A T E S D I S T R I C T C O U R T N O R T H E R N D I S T R I C T O F C A L I F O R N I I T I S S O O R D E R E D J u d g e D o nn a M . R y 168. Here, Babot has not presented any evidence that Rizzo had actual knowledge of Duff’s
alleged harassment and Babot’s supervisors’ alleged failure to address the ongoing harassment in
her unit. Accordingly, she has failed to show a dispute of material fact as to Rizzo’s ratification of
the alleged wrongful conduct. Summary judgment is therefore granted as to Babot’s claim for
punitive damages based on a ratification theory. [3]
V. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Shell’s motion for summary judgment is granted in part and denied in part. Summary judgment is granted as to Babot’s claim for punitive damages only. The
July 15, 2020 case management conference is CONTINUED to September 30, 2020 at 1:30 p.m.
An updated case management statement is due by September 23, 2020. IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated: July 8, 2020 ______________________________________ Donna M. Ryu United States Magistrate Judge
[1] The deposition transcript reveals that defense counsel twice cut off Babot or stopped her from 25 testifying about inappropriate statements Duff allegedly made to others. See Pl.’s Dep. 45, 47. 26
[2] The parties’ remaining objections to evidence are denied as moot, as the court did not rely on the disputed evidence in reaching its decision. The court also notes that each side’s submission of 27 evidentiary objections in separate filings violates Local Rule 7-3(a) and (c), which provide that “[a]ny evidentiary and procedural objections” to the motion or opposition to a motion “must be 28 contained within the” brief or memorandum. [ Docket Nos. 67, 71.]
[3] At the hearing, Babot argued for the first time that the court should deny summary judgment as 25 to her claim for punitive damages because Shell had not satisfied its burden of production on the issue, citing Davis v. Kiewit Pacific Co ., 220 Cal. App. 4th 358, 369 (2013). In Davis , the court held that a party moving for summary judgment on punitive damages bears “the initial burden of 26 production to make a prima facie showing of the nonexistence of any triable issue of material 27 fact.” Babot had the opportunity to raise this argument in her opposition but did not do so, and so deprived Shell of the opportunity to respond. Accordingly, the court declines to consider this 28 argument.