Ryan Babbitt appeals the denial of his motion to dismiss the State’s indictment charging him with ten counts of violating OCGA § 16-9-58, which prohibits a person from acting with fraudulent intent to buy agricultural products and failing or refusing to pay for those products within a certain amount of time. We granted Babbitt’s application for interlocutory review and now affirm.
Babbitt and the State agreed to the facts as stated in Babbitt’s motion to dismiss, although the parties asserted that they might present additional facts at the hearing. As stated in Babbitt’s motion, the facts show that in October 2007, Babbitt was living in Overbrook, Kansas and, in a telephone call with Dorris Barrett, owner of Barrett Livestock in Laurens County, Georgia, he arranged to purchase a large number of cattle. Between October 26, and December 1, 2007, Barrett Livestock made multiple shipments of hundrеds of cattle to Babbitt in Kansas for a total cost of $365,350.99. The agreed facts also show that the parties did not reduce their agreement to writing; all communication between the parties was by tеlephone;
Babbitt moved to dismiss the charges on the ground that venue does not lie in Laurens County. The trial court conducted a hearing and eventually ruled that venue was proper. At the hearing, Babbitt raised additionаl arguments, but the trial court held that they presented issues of fact for the jury.
1. Article VI, Section II, Paragraph VI of the 1983 Georgia Constitution requires that all criminal cases be tried in the county “where the crime was committed.” See also OCGA § 17-2-2 (a). Because OCGA § 16-9-58 contains no specific statutory venue provision, we begin our review with the language used to define the crime in the statute. See
McKinney v. State,
Any person, either on his or her own account or for others, who with fraudulent intent shall buy cotton, corn, rice, crude turpentine, spirits of turpentine, rosin, pitch, tar, timber, pulpwood, Christmas trees, pine needles, horticultural crops, poultry and poultry products, cattle, hogs, sheep, goats, ratites, horses, mules, pecans, peaches, apples, watermelons, cantalouрes, or other products or chattels and fail or refuse to pay therefor within 20 days following receipt of such products or chattels or by such other payment due date explicitly stated in a written contract agreed to by the buyеr and seller, whichever is later, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor; except that if the value of the products or chattels exceeded $500.00 such person shall be guilty of a felony and, upon conviсtion thereof, shall be imprisoned for not less than one year nor more than five years.
(Emphasis supplied.) OCGA § 16-9-58. Thus, the plain language of the statute criminalizes acting with fraudulent intent to buy the enumerated items and failing or refusing to pay for them within a certain time. “Studying ‘the key verbs which define the criminal offense in the statute is helpful in determining venue in doubtful cases.’ [Cit.]”
State v. Kell,
Babbitt is alleged to have arranged to buy goods from Laurens County and to have failed or refused to pay the seller. The Uniform Commercial Code provides that “[ujnless otherwise agreed” payment is due at the “time and place at which the buyer is to receive the goods. . . .” OCGA § 11-2-310 (a). Here, thе parties agreed that a payment has not been made until “remittance is received”:
Customer purchasing and paying for livestock by check or draft expressly agrees that title does not рass to said purchaser, but is retained by owner until funds are actually received on the check or draft. Such check or draft is accepted only to the rules and practices of any bank in which it may be deposited for collection, and does not constitute a payment for livestock until remittance is received thereon.
Thus, there is some evidence that the place of payment was at the seller’s location, i.e., in Laurens County.
Here, assuming the State can prove fraudulent intent,
1
under OCGA § 16-9-58
And even if Babbitt’s fraudulent intent arose in Kansas sometime after the cattle were shipped, the crime was not consummated until he failed or refused to pay. “If the commission of a crime under the laws of this state commenced outside the state is consummated within this state, the crime shall be considered as having been committed in the county wherе it is consummated.” OCGA § 17-2-2 (d). Based on the plain reading of OCGA § 16-9-58, the wording of the bills of lading, and Georgia law regarding venue, we conclude that the trial court did not err by denying Babbitt’s motion to dismiss. 2
In its order, the trial court noted that if Babbitt had been charged with theft, venue would be in Kansas; the State agrees, and Babbitt argues that it follows that venue is in Kansas for the alleged violation of OCGA § 16-9-58. But broadly speaking, theft criminalizes the act of taking. And Babbitt was not charged with theft but with violating a statute that criminalizes acting with fraudulent intent to buy certain items and then failing or refusing to pay for those items.
2. Babbitt also contends the trial court erred by denying his motion to dismiss on other grounds he raised at the hearing.
3
Babbitt argued in the alternative that under the stipulated facts, he could not have committed the crime. He reasoned that if title to the cattle nevеr passed to him in Kansas under the terms of the bills of lading, then there can be no crime under OCGA § 16-9-58 because it only deals with cash sales, not promises of future payment or consignment sales. But the current statute does not specify that it pertains only to “cash sales,” as the predecessor statute did, nor does it turn on when title passes to the buyer; the statute was specifically revised to extend its aрplication to “all sales,” and payment must now be made within 20 days following “receipt of such products or chattels or by such other payment due date explicitly stated in a written contract. . . , whiсhever is later.”
4
OCGA § 16-9-58. Thus, Babbitt’s citations
Babbitt also argues that since there is no еvidence that he intended not to pay at the time of the sale, then no crime could have occurred during the Georgia telephone call. But again, the statute is not so limited. It simply requires fraudulent intent as a part of an act of buying and failing or refusing to pay. Moreover, whether and when he acted with such intent is a question of fact. We find no reversible error.
Judgment affirmed.
Notes
The subjective intent of the acсused relevant to a question of venue is a factual issue for the jury.
State v. Evans,
We are not deciding whether venue could also be proper in Georgia counties other than where the seller is locаted, under other facts, where aspects of the crime occurred in a county other than where the seller was located. See generally
State v. Kell,
The State apparently consented to this procedure. See
Ewell v. State,
Prior to 1959, Ga. Code § 5-9914 appliеd only to “cash sale[s].” Ga. L. 1941, p. 337, § 1. In 1959, the law was amended, and the preamble to the legislation states that the Code section was being amended “so as to extend the provisions of said section to all sales of such products . . . unless credit shall be expressly extended therefore; to delete the cash sale provision therefrom; to repeal conflicting laws; and for other purpоses.” Ga. L. 1959, p. 143. The Code section, as amended, contained some of the relevant language that is in OCGA § 16-9-58 today, that is, it prohibits buying the enumerated agricultural products and failing or refusing to pay for them unlеss credit is expressly extended:
Any person, either on his own account or for others, who shall buy [certain agricultural products], or other products or chattels, and shall fail or refuse to pay therefor or shall make way with or dispose of the same before he shall have paid therefor unless credit shall be expressly extended therefore, shall be guilty of a felony. . . .
Ga. L. 1959, p. 144, § 1. See also Ga. Code § 5-9914 (1975). In 1983, OCGA § 16-9-58 was enacted with identical language. See
State v. Fordham,