B.W. v. D.B.-B.B.W. v. D.B.-B.
{¶ 1} This is аn appeal of July 2 and 12, 2010 judgments of the Juvenile Division of the Lucas County Court of Common Pleas in litigation brought by appellee (“B.W.” or “biological father”), first, pursuant to
{¶ 2} B.W. registered as father of G.B. with Ohio’s putative-father registry on November 15, 2007, and filed the complaint to determine paternity and to establish parental rights, including child custody, on December 28, 2007. He filed the complaint in the Fulton County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, and named appellants and others as defendants. By order of February 21, 2008, the court transferred the case to the Juvenile Division of the Lucas County Court of Common Pleas.
{¶ 4} Prom the beginning, the litigants were on notice of their conflicting interests in regard to establishing parental rights for G.B. The child was born in late October 2007. The permanent-surrender agreement executed by the presumed father in November 2007 identified him as the legal father of G.B., but specifically stated that he was not the biological father.
{¶ 5} The probate court stayed adoption proceedings pending a determination of paternity by the juvenile court. After genetic testing, the juvenile court issued judgment on March 17, 2009, declaring B.W. to be the father of G.B. On June 4, 2009, the probate court issued its judgment and dismissed the petition for adoption. This court affirmed on appеal. In re Adoption of G.V.,
{¶ 6} After dismissal of adoption proceedings, the juvenile court proceeded to consider parental rights and custody of G.B. In a judgment filed on February 5, 2010, the juvenile court designated the biological father as residential parent and legal custodian of G.B., “pending a favorable home study of * * * [biological father] * * * by the guardian ad litem.” The guardian ad litem (“GAL”) thereafter issued a favorable report. In judgments filed on July 2 and July 12, 2010, the juvenile court recognized the favorable GAL report and directed the transfer of custody of G.B. to biological father.
Claimed Lack of Appellate Jurisdiction
{¶ 7} Appellee argues that this court lacks jurisdiction to consider this appeal. In an earlier appeal in this dispute, this court ruled that the February 5, 2010 judgment that declared appellee the residential parent and legal custodian was not a final, appealable order because it was contingent on a favorable home study to be conducted by the guardian ad litem. B.W. v. D.B.-B. (Mar. 24, 2010), 6th Dist. Nos. L-10-1017, L-10-1045, and L-10-1055,
{¶ 8} In Sabrina J. v. Robbin C. (Jan. 26, 2001), 6th Dist. No. L-00-1374,
{¶ 9} “[A]n order of a trial court which merely adopts a magistrate’s decision and enters it as the judgment of the court is not a final appealable order. * * * [T]o be final, an entry of judgment by the trial court pursuant to
{¶ 10} “1. pursuant to subsection (b), ‘adopt, reject, or modify’ the magistrate’s decision and should state, for identification purposеs, the date the magistrate’s decision was signed by the magistrate,
{¶ 11} “2. state the outcome (for example, ‘defendant’s motion for change of custody is denied’) and contain an order which states the relief granted so that the parties are able to determine their rights and obligations by referring solely to the judgment entry, and,
{¶ 12} “3. be a document separate from the magistrate’s decision.” (Emphasis added.)
{¶ 13} Although the March 24, 2010 judgment stated that the guardian ad litem report had been accepted and that the decision of the magistrate of February 8, 2010, was adopted by the trial court, it was only with the July 2, 2010 judgment that the trial court included a description in its judgment of the relief granted and obligations owing from the judgment. The judgment added a requirement that G.B. was to be brought to a court hearing “so that he may be placed with plaintiff * * * [B.W.].”
{¶ 14} We conclude that the July 2, 2010 judgment is a final and appealable order pursuant to
{¶ 15} Appellants assert three assignments of error on appeal:
{¶ 16} “Appellants’ First Assignment of Error
{¶ 17} “The Juvеnile Court erred by making any findings and orders because it lacks jurisdiction.
{¶ 18} “Appellants’ Second Assignment of Error
{¶ 19} “The Juvenile Court erred in entering any decision based upon the finding that Appellee is the father of this child.
{¶ 20} “Appellants’ Third Assignment of Error
Subject-Matter Jurisdiction and Res Judicata
{¶ 22} The probate court followed the procedure announced in In re Adoption of Pushcar,
{¶ 23} In its June 4, 2009 judgment, the probate court ruled that the declaration of paternity required the biological father to be treated as a legal father of G.B. and that whether his consent was required for adoption of G.B. was governed by
{¶ 24} Appellants have disputed the applicability of In re Adoption of Pushcar procedures throughout this litigation and have claimed that the juvenile court adjudication of the biological father’s paternity action constituted an unauthorized interference with the probate court’s jurisdiction over the adoption proceeding. Appellants have argued that
{¶ 25} These contentions by appellants constitute the basis of their claims that subject-matter jurisdiction was lacking in the juvenile court to consider the biological father’s action under
{¶ 26} Issue preclusion (collateral estoppel) is a branch of the doctrine of res judicata. Holzemer v. Urbanski (1999),
{¶ 27} In its judgment, the Ohiо Supreme Court held that the procedures followed by the probate court in deferring to the juvenile court’s determination of paternity prior to proceeding on the petition for adoption was a proper application of the Supreme Court’s decision of In re Adoption of Pushcar. In re Adoption of G.V.,
{¶ 28} Based upon the Ohiо Supreme Court’s determinations on issues actually and necessarily considered in the appeal from the probate court judgment, we conclude that the juvenile court had subject-matter jurisdiction to proceed to consider the biological father’s paternity action under
Personal Jurisdiction in
{¶ 29} Appellants raise the issue of personal jurisdiction generally under the first assignment of error, but failed to present a specific argument as to lack of personal jurisdiction in their brief. Appellee presents multiple arguments in response, including claims that appellants failed to preserve the issue of lack of personal jurisdiction for appeal, that appellants were not necessary parties to the
{¶ 30} In the July 24, 2008 judgment, the trial court found that all necessary parties to the paternity action either submitted to the jurisdiction of the juvenile court or were properly served. As to appellants, the trial court ruled that appellants waived objections to personal jurisdiction by failure to assert either insufficiency of process or insufficiency of service of process in their initial response to the amended complaint. Apрellants have failed to present any argument on appeal that the juvenile court erred in its determination of personal jurisdiction over appellants or over necessary parties to this case. On this basis alone, appellants’ arguments as to lack of personal jurisdiction are without merit.
{¶ 31} In judgments filed on July 24, 2008, and September 25, 2008, the trial court also concluded that appellants were not necessary parties to the
{¶ 32} “The Court in its July 24, 2008 Judgment Entry ruled that the prospective adoptive parents do not hаve standing in this parentage action, citing
{¶ 33} An action under
{¶ 34} “
{¶ 35} “(A) The natural mother, each man presumed to be the father under section 3111.03 of the Revised Code, and each man alleged to be the natural father shall be made parties to the action brought pursuant to sections 3111.01 to 3111.18 of the Revised Code, or if not subject to the jurisdiction of the court, shall be given notice of the action pursuant to the Rules of Civil Procedure and shall be given an opportunity to be heard. * * * The child shall be made a party to the action unless a party shows good cause for not doing so. * * *.”
{¶ 36} Under appellee’s amended complaint, the birth mother, the presumed father, and G.B., the minor concerned in these proсeedings, were all named defendants. B.W. alleged in the amended parentage complaint that he was the natural father. Accordingly, the juvenile court action to determine paternity included all necessary parties as specified under
{¶ 37} Appellants were not necessary parties, as prospective adoptive parents are not identified as necessary parties in
{¶ 38} Appellants lack standing to assert as error on appeal a claimed lack of personal jurisdiction in the paternity action over nonappealing parties, absent a showing of prejudice. In re L.H., 10th Dist. No. 06AP-23,
Proceedings to Determine Parental Rights
{¶ 39} The probate court issued its judgment before the juvenile court proceeded to consider parental rights. The decision, affirmed on appeal, included determinations that after determination of paternity, the biological father held the status of a legаl father of G.B. and that pursuant to
{¶ 40} Under those determinations, the juvenile court clearly held jurisdiction under
{¶ 41} “(A) The judgment or order of the court determining the existence or nonexistence of the parent and child relаtionship is determinative for all purposes.
{¶ 42} “ * * *
{¶ 43} “(C) * * * After entry of the judgment or order, the father may petition that he be designated the residential parent and legal custodian of the child or for parenting time rights in a proceeding separate from any action to establish paternity.”
{¶ 44} Appellants argue that the juvenile court was without subject-matter jurisdiction to proceed under
{¶ 45} The language “in a proceeding separate from any action to establish paternity” in
{¶ 46} Appellants also argue that the juvenile cоurt was without authority to determine parental rights because adoption proceedings were instituted in the probate court, citing the decision of State ex rel Furnas v. Monnin,
{¶ 47} In Furnas, the Ohio Supreme Court discussed limitations on authority of juvenile courts to proceed to determine paternity and to award visitation rights where the putative father had not timely registered on the Putative Father
Authority to Proceed Pending Appeal of Probate Judgment
{¶ 48} Under the first assignment of error, appellants also argue that the juvеnile court lacked authority to consider parental rights including custody of G.B. while appeal from the probate court judgment remained pending on appeal.
{¶ 49} In a January 8, 2010 judgment, the juvenile court ruled that it had authority to proceed absent an order staying proceedings: “The Court has not received an order to stay any proceedings or prevent this Court from continuing to hear and determine the issues before it.”
{¶ 50} Here, the pending appeal was of a probate court judgment. In our view, the juvenile court’s proceeding under
Standing
{¶ 51} Appellee also argues alternatively that the trial court correctly ruled that appellants were not parties to the proceedings to determine parental rights and appellants lack standing to appeal claimed error in those proceedings.
{¶ 52} Appellants moved to dismiss proceedings in the juvenile court with respect to parental rights. The juvenile court denied the motion in a judgment filed on January 8, 2010. In the judgment, the trial court ruled that appellants remained parties to the paternity action on the limited basis that their joinder would be in aid to enforce an order requiring genetic testing of G.B. Once genetic testing had been concluded, the court held that appellants were no longer parties in the case.
{¶ 54} “ ‘Party’ means a child who is the subject of a juvenile court proceeding, the child’s spouse, if any, the child’s parent or parents, or if the parent of a child is a child, the parent of that parent, in appropriate cases, the child’s custodian, guardian, or guardian ad litem, the state, and any other person specifically designated by the court.”
{¶ 55} In Christopher A.L. v. Heather D.R., this court considered circumstances in which a juvenile court may designate persons as parties in juvenile proceedings who are not within the listing of persons specifically designated as parties under
{¶ 56} “Ohio courts have held in custody matters that the trial court is permitted to ‘include individuals not specifically otherwise designated a party but whose presence is necessary to fully litigate an issue presented in the action.’ In re Parsons (May 29, 1997[ ]), 9th Dist. No. 95CA006217 [
{¶ 57} In its January 8, 2010 judgment, the trial court recognized that the sole purpose for which the private placement agency was given possession of G.B. was adoption and that those proceedings were dismissed:
{¶ 58} “Adoption by Gentle Care had custody of the minor child in this matter under
{¶ 59} The trial court also considered the limited role chosen by appellants in the litigation: “The [appellants] have argued in a number of filings that they are not submitting to the jurisdiction of this Court and that their continued participation in this case was for the limited purpose of contesting jurisdiction.”
{¶ 61} In the decision of In re Titionna K., 6th Dist. No. L-06-1232,
{¶ 62} In view of the dismissal of adoption proceedings on the merits and the probate court’s determination that the biological father’s consent was necessary for appellants to adopt G.B., appellants no longer held status as prospective adoptive parents at the time the juvenile court proceeded to consider the biological father’s request to establish parental rights and to designate him as the primary residential parent of G.B. Appellants did not seek to intervene as parties on a permissive basis.
{¶ 63} Under such circumstances we conclude that appellants lack standing to appeal a juvenile court judgment in proceedings brought to determine the biological father’s parental rights to G.B. The proceedings occurred after the biological father had been declared the father of G.B. under
{¶ 64} We find appellants’ first assignment of error is not well taken.
{¶ 65} Under the second assignment of error, appellants assert that “[t]he juvenile сourt erred in entering any finding that Appellee is the father of this child.” In this assignment of error, appellants again challenge the jurisdiction of the juvenile court to determine the paternity of a child who is the subject of an adoption proceeding.
{¶ 66} As to subject-matter jurisdiction, we view this issue as actually and necessarily considered by the Ohio Supreme Court in the appeal of the probate court judgment. The Ohio Supreme Court held that the probate court properly followed Pushcar in permitting the biological father’s paternity action to proceed in the juvenile court and in giving effect to the declaration of paternity in determining whether consent of the biological father was necessary to adopt under
{¶ 68} Accordingly, we find appellants’ second assignment of error is not well taken.
{¶ 69} Under the third assignment of error, appellants argue that the juvenile court violated the rights of appellants and of G.B. to due process of law under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Appellants claim that there were “many occasions of inadequate and insufficient notices.” They claim that the juvenile court was biased against them and that it was a violation of due process to find that appellants were not parties.
{¶ 70} Our review of the record discloses that appellants raised the claim of denial of due process as to court notices for the first time on appeal. Ohio courts recognize that it is the responsibility of a litigant to raise error in the first instance in the trial court to permit an opportunity to avoid or correct error and deem such objeсtions waived if raised for the first time on appeal. See Schade v. Carnegie Body Co. (1982),
{¶ 71} Additionally, appellants faded to identify in the record any specific instances of claimed insufficient notice or lack of notice of trial court proceedings.
{¶ 72} We exercise our discretion under
{¶ 73} Ohio appellate courts lack jurisdiction to disqualify a common pleas judge or to vacate a common pleas court judgment on the basis of judicial bias. Beer v. Griffith (1978),
{¶ 74} Finally, appellants argue that the trial court erred in its rulings on whether they constituted parties to the juvenile court proceedings. We previously determined under appellants’ first assignment of error that the trial court did not err when it determined that appellants were not necessary parties under
{¶ 75} Under the third assignment of error, appellants also argue that the trial court’s decisions denying them status as parties violated appellants’ rights to due process of law under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. As this constitutional issue was not raised in the trial court, we decline to consider it on appeal and deem the issue waived. See In re M.D. (1988),
{¶ 76} We find appellants’ third assignment of error is not well taken.
{¶ 77} For the reasons stated, we overrule appellee’s motion to dismiss this appeal and we conclude that justice has been afforded the parties complaining. We affirm the judgments of the Juvenile Division of the Lucas County Court of Common Pleas. Pursuant to
Judgment affirmed.
Notes
. The change in the child’s initials from G.V. to the current G.B. appears to be connected to the transfer of custody to the biological father.