OPINION
1 1 This quiet title action involves a stretch of beach at Bear Lake. The beachfront property is part of a hybrid condominium project known as Spinnaker Point. The project includes both traditional condominium units and lots intended for single family dwellings. Owners of the traditional condominium units (the Condo Owners) brought suit against the condominium declarant, the Spinnaker Point Condominium Owners Association, and the owners of the single family lots (collectively, the Lot Owners).
£2 This appeal requires us to interpret the provisions of Spinnaker Point's Amended Plat and Amended Declaration in light of the Utah Condominium Ownership Act (the Act), see Utah Code Ann. §§ 57-8-1 to -54 (2010 & Supp.2011). 1 Each set of owners contends that the documents support its position. Because the documents are internally inconsistent, neither side's reading is wholly satisfactory. The trial court entered summary judgment in favor of the Lot Owners, ruling that the Lot Owners as well as the Condo Owners own a share of the beaсhfront property. For reasons stated below, we agree with the trial court and therefore affirm.
BACKGROUND
T3 Spinnaker Point was created in 1984; the original record of survey map showed six condominium units in a first phase, with a possible expansion area. After three condominium units were constructed on what is now Lot 2, Spinnaker Point was conveyed to Donald and Cathy Anderson. In 2001, the Andersons filed an Amended Plat and an Amended Declaration, dividing the property into five lots and designating Lots 1, 3, 4, and 5 for single family dwellings. The Amended Plat also designated, and marked with a cross-hatch pattern, a Limited Common Area consisting of a corridor between Lots 2 and 3 and a beachfront area abutting Lots 2 and 3.
4 The Limited Common Area is the subject of this dispute. The Condo Owners contend that they own the Limited Common Area, subject only to the Lot Owners' right of access to and from the beach. The Lot Owners contend that they and the Condo Owners own the Limited Common Area in
ISSUES AND STANDARDS OF REVIEW
T5 On appeal, the Condo Owners contend that "the Amended Declaration and Amended Plat require" that they are the sole owners of the Limited Common Area. The Condo Owners also contend that the Condominium Ownership Act "precludes the Lot Owners from owning a portion of the [Limited] Common Area and requires that the Condo Owners own the [Limited] Common Area." Summary judgment is approрriate when "there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and ... the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." Utah R. Civ. P. 56(c). We "review[ ] a trial court's legal conclusions and ultimate grant or denial of summary judgment for correctness and view|[ ] the facts and all reasonable inferences drawn therefrom in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party." Bingham v. Roosevelt City Corp.,
16 On eross-appeal, the Lot Owners contend that the trial court erred in refusing to award attorney fees to which they were entitled under the Amended Declaration. Generally, "[wlhether attorney fees should be awarded is a legal issue that we review for correctness." Gardiner v. York,
ANALYSIS
I. Ownership of the Limited Common Area
17 This dispute arises from a conflict between the language in the Amended Declaration and the language in the Amended Plat. The Lot Owners rely principally on Exhibit C of the Amended Declaration. It features a columnar chart defining the "Percentage of Ownership of Limited Common Ownership Areas as indicated on the Plat Map." According to this chart, the Lot Owners and the Condo Owners each own an undivided 14.286% interest in the Limited Common Area.
T8 The Condo Owners rely principally on a note appearing on the Amended Plat. This note states, "Limited common ownership on this plat denotes access to and use of common area at beach. Ownership of this limited common area remains with Lot 2." Lot 2 belongs to the Condo Owners. They thus claim full ownership of the Limited Common Area and argue that the Lot Owners hold only a right of access over it.
19 "We interpret the provisions of the Declaration as we would a contract." View Condo. Owners Ass'n v. MSICO, LLC,
T10 We also read the Amended Declaration and Amended Plat in light of the Act. See Country Oaks Condo. Mgmt. Comm. v. Jones,
{12 As required by section 57-8-7(2), Exhibit C to the Amended Declaration "allocate[s] to each unit an equal undivided interest in the common areas," see id. § 57-8-7(2). In addition, Exhibit C features a columnar chart defining the percentage of ownership of the Limited Commоn Area:
Percentage of Ownership of Limited Common Ownership Areas as indicated on the Plat Map by the cross hatched pattern
Lot No.
1 14.286%
2 Unit 1 14.286%
2 Unit 2 14.286%
2 Unit 3 14.286%
3 14.286%
. 4 14.286%
5 14.286%
This chart complies with the requirements of section 57-8-10. See Utah Code Ann. § 57-8-10(2)(d)(1). Exhibit C's chart specifies that the Lot Owners and the Condo Owners each own an undivided 14.286% interest in the Limited Common Area.
" 13 Other provisions of the Amended Declaration reinforce the conclusion that the Lot Owners and the Condo Owners own equal undivided interests in the Limited Common Area. According to the Amended Declaration, the Common Areas-which by definition include the Limited Common Area-are "owned by the Unit Owners as tenants in common." The Amended Declaration defines "Unit Owners" to include both Condo Owners and Lot Owners. Accordingly, both Condo Owners and Lot Owners own the Limited Common Area as tenants in common. Because "tenants in common are presumed to hold equal, undivided shares in the commonly owned property," see Shiba v. Shiba,
14 The Amended Plat, recorded concurrently 'with the Amended Declaration but dated seven weeks before the Amended Declaration was signed, suggests a different result. The Amended Plat contains a note with five statements. The fourth of these de-seribes ownership of the Limited Common Area as belonging to the Condo Owners, whose units are on Lot 2:
LIMITED COMMON OWNERSHIP ON THIS PLAT DENOTES ACCESS TO AND USE OF COMMON AREA AT BEACH. OWNERSHIP OF THIS LIMITED COMMON AREA REMAINS WITH LOT 2.
{15 The core question in this case is whether the parties' relative interests in the Limited Common Area should be governed by Exhibit C to the Amended Declaration or by the note on the Amended Plat. We conclude that the Act has resolved the conflict by designating the declaration as the document that defines unit owners' relative interests in the common area: "Each unit owner shall be entitled to an undivided interest in the commоn areas and facilities in the percentages or fractions expressed in the declaration." Utah Code Ann. § 57-8-7(2) (emphasis added). We therefore conclude that the Condo Owners and the Lot Owners own equal undivided interests in the Limited Common Area.
116 The Condo Owners resist this conclusion on multiple grounds. Most significantly, they contend that the Utah Supreme Court has held, and the Act itself provides, that the term "unit" is limited to an area "within a physically enclosed spacе." Thus, they reason, the owner of a single family dwelling lot or a lot without a building on it cannot be a "unit owner" as that term is used in the Amended Declaration and the Act.
1 17 This argument finds support in Country Oaks Condominium Management Committee v. Jones,
118 The court "acknowledge[d] that the Act anticipates that a condominium project may contain proposed units that are not yet constructed." Id. at 642. Nevertheless, it concluded that the declarations' definition of unit as an enclosed space was buttressed by another provision of the Act, section 57-8-8(8). See id. That section provides, " 'Any reference in this chapter to a condominium unit includes both a physical unit together with its appurtenant undivided interest in the common areas and facilities. ...'" Id. (quot ing Utah Code Ann. § 57-8-8(8) (Michie 1990) (current version at id. § 57-8-8(10) (LexisNexis Supp. 2011))).
{19 We read Country Oaks as allowing declarants a measure of latitude in defining a unit. The court concluded that the Country Oaks declarations' definition of unit as an "enclosed space" found sufficient support in a provision of the Act providing that a unit be "physical." See id. This statutory definition gives limited support to the proposition that a unit must be an enclosed space, although the opinion does not explain why a vacant lot does not also qualify as "physical." Nevertheless, even where "the Act anticipates that a condominium project may contain prоposed units that are not yet constructed," id., this reference to a "physical unit" offered sufficient statutory support for the court to apply the Country Oaks declarations' definition of "unit."
1 20 The Spinnaker Point Amended Declaration defines "Unit" to mean "one of the Condominium Units, and/or Lots 1, 3, 4 and 5... ." Similarly, a "Unit Owner" includes an "entity, person or persons owning one or more of Lots 1, 3, 4 and 5 for single family dwellings...." Thus, under the Amended Declaration, Lots 1, 3, 4, and 5 are "units." This definition of "unit" finds at least as much support in the Act as the definition upheld in Country Oaks.
121 Subsection 57-8-8(10) of the Act states, "Any reference in this chapter to a condominium unit includes both a physical unit together with its appurtenant undivided interest in the common areas and facilities...." Utah Code Ann. § 57-8-8(10) (Supp.2011). Subsection 57-8-8(27) of the Act defines "unit" to include "a separate physical part of the property intended for any type of independent use, including one or more rooms or spаces located in one or more floors or part or parts of floors in a building...." Id. § 57-8-8(27). Finally, subsection 57-8-8(28) of the Act defines "property" as "the land, whether leasehold or in fee simple, the building, if any, all improvements and structures thereon, all easements, rights, and appurtenances belonging thereto, and all articles of personal property intended for use in connection therewith." Id. § 57-8-8(283) (emphasis added). In addition, section 57-8 13 refers to "any unit or cоnvertible space mot contained or to be contained in a building or whose boundaries are not to be coextensive with walls, ceilings, or floors within a building...." Id. § 57-8-18(1)(a)iv) (2010) (emphases added).
122 These definitions cannot reasonably be read to categorically exclude a vacant lot or a single family dwelling from the definition of "unit." Each lot designated by the Spinnaker Point Amended Declaration is "a separate physical part of the property intended for any type of independent use," see id. § 57-8-3(27) (Supp.2011), especially where the statutory definition of "property" includes land without a building on it, see 1d. § 57-8-3(28). Each such lot, moreover, is a "unit ... not contained ... in a building." See id. § 57-8-18(1)(a)(iv) (2010). Thus, the Amended Declaration's definition of "unit" is sufficiently consistent with the Act's definitions to meet the standard set in Country Oaks.
123 The Condo Owners' other principal contention is that, properly read, the
$24 We agree with the Condo Owners that the provisions of the Amended Declaration "should be read as a whole, in an аttempt to harmonize and give effect to all of the ... provisions," see Lee v. Barnes,
25 First, while the Condo Owners' reading of Exhibit C is consistent with the note to the Amended Plat, and perhaps with other provisions of the Amended Declaration, it is not consistent with the plain language of Exhibit C. Exhibit C is entitled "Ownership of Common Areas." The exhibit is divided into sections referring to percentage ownership of "Common Areas for Lot # 2," "Common Ownershiр Areas for all Lots," and "Limited Common Ownership Areas." It does not mention easements or access rights. Similarly, while other provisions of the Amended Declaration deal explicitly with access and use, the Amended Declaration describes Exhibit C as setting forth "the fractional ownership interests in the Common Areas." (Emphasis added.) Also, the exhibit was obviously designed to mirror the table described in Utah Code section 57-8-7(2). See Utah Code Ann. § 57-8-7(2) (2010). That subsection refers to unit owners' "undivided interest in the common areas and facilities," id.; it does not mention rights of access.
1 26 Second, the Condo Owners' reading of Exhibit C does not explain why the declar-ants would divide a right of access into seven equal 14.286% portions. More fundamentally, it does not explain why the Condo Owners, as the fee simple owners of the Limited Common Area, would each be granted a 14.286% right of access over it. Accordingly, we do not agree that Exhibit C and the note to the Amеnded Plat may be read in harmony without doing violence to the plain language of Exhibit C.
127 Next, the Condo Owners contend that Lots 1, 8, 4, and 5 are not part of the condominium project at all and, thus, the Lot Owners hold no interest in the project's common areas. In support, they cite to several provisions, including a notation in the Amended Plat stating, "Lot 2 has recorded covenants pertaining to the condominium association on Lot 2 only," and a provision in the Amended Declaration stating, "Declarant desires ... to submit ... Lot #2, and other improvements constructed thereon to the provisions of the [Act] as a Condominium Project as set forth in the original declaration, and convert Lots 1, 3, 4 and 5 as single family dwellings."
1 28 Against these provisions, however, are many provisions unequivocally stating that Lots 1, 8, 4, and 5 are part of the condominium project and subject to the Act. For example, the Amended Declaration defines "the Property" to include Lot 2 and the Lot Owners' parcels. It then goes on to "submit{ ] the Property to the provisions of the Act as a Condominium Project." It also defines "Condominium Project" as referring to "the entire property." In addition, the Amended Declaration makes no material distinction between the Condo Owners' parcel and the Lot Owners' parcels. For instance, as noted above, the Amended Declaration defines the word "Unit" to include "one of the Condominium Units, and/or Lots 1, 8, 4 and 5." Accordingly, we conclude that the Lot Owners' parcels are part of the condominium project.
129 Finally, the Condo Owners briefly argue that granting the Lot Owners ownership interests in the Limited Common
130 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court's ruling that the Lot Owners and the Condo Owners own equal undivided interests in the Limited Common Area.
II. Attorney Fees
181 On cross-appeal, the Lot Owners contend that they are entitled to an award of attorney fees. They rely on a provision of the Amended Declaration that allows recovery of costs and fees in an action against a unit owner for failure to comply with the Amended Declaration:
Each Unit Owner ... shall comply with the provisions of ... this Declaration, ... and any failure to comply with any of the provisions thereof shall be grounds for an action ... for injunctive relief or to recover any loss or[] damage resulting therefrom, including costs and reasonable attorney's fees.
This action arose when the Condo Owners sued seeking a declаration that they were the sole owners of the Limited Common Area, subject to a right of access in the Lot Owners. The Lot Owners prevailed. However, the trial court ruled that the Condo Owners "did not violate any provision of the Amended Declaration by filing a lawsuit." It also ruled that "there is no reasonable evidence that would justify an award of attorney's fees under the Amended Declaration." It accordingly denied the Lot Owners' request for attorney fees.
182 Subject to exceptions inapplicable here, " 'attorney fees are not recoverable by a prevailing party unless authorized by statute or contract'" Gallegos v. Lloyd,
1 33 This issue is controlled by Faulkner v. Farnsworth,
The contractual language does not award attorney fees to the prevailing party who succeeds in enforcing the agreement, but against the defaulting party whose default necessitates enforcement. As neither party was held in default, neither was entitled to attorney fees.
Id. The court observed that "[other jurisdictions have held the award of attorney fees improper in disputes dealing with the declaration of rights and obligations under contract, where the contractual language restricted the award to curing default or breach оr to enforcing the payment of rent or other provisions of a lease." Id. (collecting cases).
T 34 Here, the Lot Owners prevailed in the trial court, but they did not demonstrate that the Condo Owners violated any provision of the Amended Declaration. Accordingly, they have not come within the language of the attorney fee provision. The Lot Owners maintain that they have "expended significant costs and fees vindicating Spinnaker Point Condominium Associаtion's right to
CONCLUSION
1 35 This case presents a conflict between the Amended Declaration, which grants each Lot Owner an equal undivided ownership interest in the Limited Common Area, and the Amended Plat, which states that ownership of the Limited Common Area is held by the Condo Owners. The Utah Condominium Ownership Act specifies that a unit owner is entitled to an undivided interest in cоmmon areas as provided in the declaration. Thus, like the trial court, we conclude that the Amended Declaration governs. Accordingly, every Unit Owner-including each Lot Owner and each Condo Owner-owns an equal undivided interest in the Limited Common Area. The Condo Owners' objections to this reading, though plausible, are ultimately not persuasive.
1 36 On cross-appeal, we are not persuaded that the Condo Owners violated any provision of the Amended Declaration by bringing this declaratory action to clarify the parties' rights. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court's refusal to award the Lot Owners attorney fees and we likewise award no attorney fees on appeal.
137 Affirmed.
T 38 WE CONCUR: WILLIAM A. THORNE JR., and STEPHEN L. ROTH, Judges.
Notes
. The relevant code provisions in effect when the Amended Declaration and Amended Plat were filed have not been substantively changed. We therefore cite to the current version of the code for the reader's convenience.
. Here, the parties agree that no parol evidence sheds light on the relevant documents, which must as a result be read as they are written.