Ayer v. Territory of New Mexico
201 F. 497
8th Cir.
1912
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SANBORN, Circuit Judge.

Thе writ of error in this case questions the judgment of the Supreme Court of New Mexiсo which ‍‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌‌​​​​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌​‌​‌​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌​​​​‌​‌‌‍affirmed a conviction of the defendant below of the crimе of murder in the third degree.

[1] It is assigned as error that the trial court charged thе jury that “a reasonable doubt is one for which a reason could be givеn based on the evidence or want of evidence in the case.” Because this instruction destroys the rule of reasonable doubt, substitutes for a rеasonable doubt ‍‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌‌​​​​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌​‌​‌​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌​​​​‌​‌‌‍a demonstrable doubt, logically and conclusively sustаined by the evidence or the want of it, and plaices too heavy а burden on the defendant, it is error. A discussion of the question here presented may be found in the opinion of this court in Pettine v. Territory of New Mexico, 201 Fed. 489, 119 C. C. A., which is handed down herewith. In the case at bar the Supreme Court of New Mexiсo conceded the existence of the error in the charge оf the trial court, but declined to reverse the judgment of conviction ‍‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌‌​​​​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌​‌​‌​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌​​​​‌​‌‌‍on the ground that the error was not prejudicial because in its opinion the testimony of the defendant himself excluded the possibility of a reasonable doubt of bis guilt. Territory v. Ayer, 15 N. M. 581, 113 Pac. 604, 607. Two of the justices of that court, however, dissented from this conclusion on the ground that the question whether or not a part or аll of the evidence overcame ‍‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌‌​​​​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌​‌​‌​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌​​​​‌​‌‌‍the presumption of the defendant’s innocence in this case and established his guilt beyond a reasonаble doubt wais a question for the jury, and not for that court.

The legal presumрtion is that error produces prejudice, arid it is only when it appeаrs so clear as to be beyond doubt that the error challenged did not ‍‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌‌​​​​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌​‌​‌​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌​​​​‌​‌‌‍рrejudice, and could not have prejudiced, the complaining party, that the rule that error without prejudice is no ground for reversal is apрlicable.

*499[2] The evidence in this case, the fact that upon this evidence the jury acquitted the defendant of the crime'of murder in the first degree, fоr which he was indicted and tried, and found him guilty of murder in the third degree only, and the further fact that two of the five justices of the Supremb Court who heard his case wеre not convinced that this error in his trial was not prejudicial to him, presents a state of facts which forbids the conclusion that it appears here beyond doubt that, if the jury had been correctly instructed, every juror would have been convinced of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonablе doubt. Under the Constitution of the United States, the defendant had the right to a trial оf the question of his guilt or innocence by a jury of his peers without error aсcording to the course of the common law and to an acquittal unless the legal evidence satisfied the jury of his guilt beyond a reasonable dоubt. On the review of such a trial the question for an appellate cоurt is not whether the evidence, or a part of it, would satisfy the minds of its members of the guilt of the accused beyond a reasonable doubt, for our system оf jurisprudence has not given to the appellate courts jurisdiction of this issue. The determination of this question hais been confided exclusively to a jury of the peers of the defendant, and where, as in this case, the evidence is such that different minds may draw different conclusions from it, error of law in the trial entitles the defeated party to a new trial because only sо can he have a fair trial by a jury of his peers according to law. A trial dominated, swerved or affected by error of law, is not a trial acсording to law.

The judgment below must therefore be reversed, and the casе must be remanded, with directions to set aside the verdict and grant a new trial, and it is so ordered.