Avery v. State

124 Ala. 20 | Ala. | 1899

Lead Opinion

SHARPE, J.

— The defendant was tried for an assault with intent to murder one Ingersoll by shooting him. The offense was committed in the dark and the main question of fact was as to the identity of the offender. A witness for the State was allowed to testify that just after the shooting he heard one Wallace say the defendant had shot Ingersoll, and that when Wallace said this he was about twenty or thirty feet from and near enough to be heard by the defendant. The conduct of one accused of crime in either admitting guilt or if the circumstances are such as to call for speech, in remaining silent when the charge is made, is ordinarily admissible evidence against him. The bill of exceptions does not purport to set out all the evidence and in the absence of evi-' dence as to what the defendant did or said when the accusation was made we cannot assume that the testimony was incompetent.

As to the propriety of charge 1 the decisions of this court are conflicting. In Ray v. State, 50 Ala. 104 it was said by the court that “every reason whether based on substantial grounds or not, does not constitute a reasonable doubt in law” and accordingly a charge embodying a definition of the term reasonable doubt as “a doubt for which a reason could be given,” was condemned as “calculated to confuse the jury.” This decision was referred to and approved in Peagler v. State, 110 Ala. 11; and in Roberts v. State, 25 So. Rep. 238, and again in Talbert v. State, Ib. 690 the refusal of charges asserting such definition was upheld for the stated reason that “a doubt for which a reason may be given is not necessarily a reasonable doubt although a reasonable doubt may be a doubt for -which a reason may be assigned.” According to common acceptation to give a reason for the existence of a mental condition is to state Avliy it exists, and in tliat sense a reason may he given for any degree of .doubt, and a reason is nevertheless a reason though it be based upon mere conjecture or on matters disconnected from the evidence and improper to be considered by the jury. Therefore Ave hold to the opinion that charge 1 Avas calculated to confuse and mislead the jury and that its refusal Avas not error. The decisions on this point in Cohen v. State, 50 Ala. 108, Hodge v. State, 97 Ala. 37, and Walker v. State, 23 So. Rep. 149 are overruled. The cases of Ellis v. State, 25 So. Rep. 1, and Jones v. State, Ib. 204 upholding the giving of similar charges, are not in conflict Avith this. The vice of such charges being only in their tendency to mislead, under the settled rule, neither the giving nor refusal of them is reversible error. (Haralson and Dowdell, J. J., dissenting.)

Charge 2 is subject to the same objections as charge 1.

There Avas no error in the part of the oral charge excepted to.

The judgment Avill be affirmed.

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Dissenting Opinion

HARALSON and DOWDELL, JJ.,

dissenting. — The case of Peagler v. The State, 110 Ala. 11, is relied on by the majority as opposed to the charge here condemned, but on examination it Avill not so appear. The charge there passed on Avas, “If from the evidence you have reason to doubt the guilt of the defendant, you should acquit,” Avhicli Avas held to exact too high a degree of proof and Avas misleading. That Avas the extent of that decision on the question of reasonable doubt. It did not overrule the cases sustaining this charge. It Avas simply said argumentatively, — overlooking the decisions sustaining the charge, — that counsel seemed to have overlooked the case of Ray, 50 Ala. 104, and Bain v. The State, 74 Ala. 38, — holding that a reasonable doubt was a doubt for Avhich a reason could be given, Avas misleading. Bain’s case, Avhen properly construed, does not sustain Ray and overrule Cohen, but Hodge’s case does sustain Cohen in preference to Ray. 'Walker’s case, 117 Ala. 45, a later decision than the Peagler case, sustains the charge, adhering to Hodge’s case.

There can be no question but that every doubt one has, is a doubt for which a reason may be given, but it does not follow that a doubt for which a reason can be given is necessarily a reasonable doubt. — Roberts v. The State, 25 So. Rep. 239. In the case just cited, the charges were, (9) “If the jury after considering all the evidence in the case, have a doubt as to the guilt of defendant, they must acquit the defendant;” and, (19) “If a single jiuor has a doubt of the guilt of defendant, for which he can give a reason, there can be no conviction.” • As to these charges it was said: “A mere doubt however honestly entertained is not enough upon which to base an acquittal, nor is a doubt for which, a reason may be given necessarily a reasonable doubt, although a reasonable doubt may be a doubt for which a reason can be assigned.” The charges there condemned were different from the charge we now have before us, and what was there said cannot be taken as in condemnation of this charge. It seems axiomatic, therefore, that a charge asserting the proposition, that a reasonable doubt is one for which a reason may be given is correct, and without misleading tendencies, a fault to which the majority of the court hold the charge is subject. But it occurs to us, that the word reasonable as employed in the charge, as qualifying the doubt hypothesized, ex vi termini, and necessarily excludes a bad or capricious reason. It is not denied, as vre understand, by the majority, that the definition of a reasonable doubt as contained in the charge is abstractly correct. May it not then be asked, Can it be reasonably said that giving to tlie jury a correct definition of a reasonable doubt, has any greater misleading tendencies than to instruct them to acquit if they entertain a reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt? And yet, this latter proposition is universally upheld by the courts.