69 N.J. Eq. 89 | New York Court of Chancery | 1905
I have now to consider the questions reserved at the hearing, namely:
1. Whether this court has jurisdiction of the subject-matter of the cause, considering that the marriage ceremony was performed in England and the defendant is domiciled in Boston, Massachusetts, and that the complainant, at the time the bill was filed, was residing merely, and had resided for a short time only, with her aunt in Hoboken, New Jersey.
The general jurisdiction of this court over the subject-matter of the suit was thoroughly settled by the court of errors and appeals in the well-known case of Carris v. Carris, 24 N. J. Eq. (9 C. E. Gr.) 516. That, indeed, was a case of pure fraud, but, in the carefully-considered opinion of Judge Bedle, he expressly includes the case of duress.
At p. 518, he uses this language: “And so in case of consent extorted by duress, where there may be a color of marriage, yet lacking the element of consent, which is necessary in every marriage.”
The decision, however, has for its ultimate basis the ground that the jurisdiction exercised by the English ecclesiastical courts of annulling marriages on the ground of an inherent vice in the original contract had, in this state, of necessity devolved on the court of chancery, and the English cases hereafter to- be cited will show that the English courts have, on several occasions, annulled marriages which had been procured by fraudulent duress.
The case of Ferlat v. Gojon, Hopk. Ch. 478, cited in Carris v. Carris, supra, is peculiarly in point in support of the dictum of Judge Bedle above quoted. I shall have occasion to refer to this case-further on, but mention it now for the purpose of calling particular attention to the learned, exhaustive and instructive argument of Counsellor Sampson, printed at length on p. 481 el seq.
It is now well settled that marriage is a civil contract, and so treated by the civil courts.
Its peculiarity, however, as pointed out by Judge Bedle, in
The promise made by each spouse to the other is also made to societjr, and all of them are continuing promises, and binding wherever the parties or either of them go and reside. The marriage contract, then, cannot be disturbed by judicial power without taking into consideration the rights of the public, or, as we sometimes express it, public policy, as it exists in the place where appeal is made to the judical authorities.
How, in the present case, the complainant came to Hew Jersey with' her aunt early in March, 1902, and fixed her residence with her. She had no> other place to which to: go, except to remain with her husband in Boston. Her parents lived and still live in Turkish Armenia. Her husband was duly served with process in this suit and duly appeared thereto by a solicitor of this court and answered the bill of complaint without objection to the jurisdiction of the court. The jurisdiction of this court over the person of the defendant is complete. The disposition and ability of this court to represent and take care-of the public is indisputable, and I know of no difference in the public policjr of the State of Massachusetts, where the defendant resides, and that of the State of Hew Jersey, where the complainant resides.
The evidence establishes clearty her intention, when she came here, to make Hew Jersey her home, and there is not the least room to sirppose that she came with the intention merely of bringing this suit. Hence I can see no reason to doubt the jurisdiction in the matter of residence of either of the parties. But the counsel takes the ground that the complainant had no domicile, as distinguished from mere residence, in Hew Jersey at the time the suit was brought; that her domicile was either with her father, in the city of Diarbekir, in Turkish Armenia, or with her husband, in Boston; and that without domicile of one of the parties the court had no jurisdiction.
neither of the parties resided in this state, “the defendant does not now reside here, he has not been served with process. The complainant was, when the suit was brought, and still is, a minor. There is no evidence that she has been emancipated, but, on the other hand, the evidence is to the contrary.” The suit was ex parle; the defendant did not appear.
This statement distinguishes that case from the present.
Here the defendant was placed by her father, who lived, as we have seen, in Turkish Armenia, in the hands of one Takajian, to be escorted, according to the complainant’s account, to the home of her aunt, her mother’s sister, Mrs. Mariam Boyajian, who lived with her husband in Hoboken, New Jersey, and, according to the account of the escort, she was brought to New Jersey to be married to the escort’s son, who also lived in New Jersey. In either case New Jersey was to be her home.
It follows from this that she did, by her father’s command, change her domicile to the State of New Jersey, and this is true whether her story, as to the object of her journey, or that of her escort, be accepted as the true one.
Further, in the case before Chancellor Runyon, the jurisdiction of the court over the person of the defendant depended absolutely and solely upon there being a domicile in New Jersey of one of the parties.
Without such domicile there is no such res in the state as would give the court jurisdiction to proceed against the defendant in the absence of service within the jurisdiction. Coddington v. Coddington, 20 N. J. Eq. (5 C. E. Gr.) 263.
I have heretofore had occasion to deal with this'question in Watkinson v. Watkinson, 67 N. J. Eq. 142, and in Wallace v. Wallace, 62 N. J. Eq. (17 Dick.) 509 (at pp. 514, 519, 520 and 521). See Haddock v. Haddock, 201 U. S. 562.
But the same stringency as to domicile is not required in a case which is free from collusion and where the complainant is
The notion that the domicile of the wife follows that of her husband has little or no practical application to suits between husband and wife, since, if the wife was justified in leaving her husband, she thereby became entitled to adopt a new domicile, and if she was not so justified she will fail in her suit on the merits.
But another important consideration intervenes. The jurisdiction of this court over the subject-matter of this cause is not based upon or derived from the divorce statute. Hence it is not limited by any of the terms of that statute as to residence, &c. It is based on the original inherent and general jurisdiction of this court over questions arising out of contracts inter parles, and is exercised over contracts of marriage in which is found some vice inherent in their origin precisely as in cases arising out of ordinary contract.
In ordinary cases of contract the defendant must be served with process within tire territorial jurisdiction in order to obtain jurisdiction of his person. This has been done here. He has appeared by a solicitor and answered the bill without taking any exceptions either to the jurisdiction of the subject-matter or of his person. Under these circumstances I am not sure that any residence on the part of complainant is necessary.
I shall add the suggestion that this action is not properly classified as a suit for a divorce which is almost universally based upon some cause of action arising after the marriage and which dissolves a valid marriage. The exception in our statute is the provision for a declaration of nullity based on incapacity, &c.
Eurther, the complainant’s right to relief does not depend upon the question whether the marriage ceremony was void ab initio or only voidable.
We may assume in this instance that it was valid by the law of England and was voidable at the option of the complainant.
In so assuming we shall simply range it with ordinary contracts which have been obtained by fraud or duress. The general rule is that such contracts are binding on the wrong-doer and voidable at the option of the injured party.
Of the power of the court to annul a marriage, solemnized in another jurisdiction, there can be no doubt. It was exercised in the eighteenth century by the English ecclesiastical court in Harford v. Morris, 2 Hagg. Cons. 423, and in Scrimshire v. Scrimshire, 2 Hagg. Cons. 395.
The next question reserved was, whether the duress, so called, to which the complainant was subjected at the time of the ceremony, was sufficient to justify the annulment of the marriage.
I think it worth while to remark, just here, that while public policy is deeply interested in the permanency and inviolability of the marriage contract, it is equally interested in having it entered into by persons of competent age and judgment, reasonably suited to each other by age, temperament and disposition, and hence it encourages and almost requires that young persons and especially young females at this crisis of their lives should have the aid, assistance and sanction of their parents and guardians, if any, or friends and relatives occupying the position of parents and guardians.
The books abound in cases based on the wrong of abducting a young female and inducing her to enter into a marriage contract without the supervision and sanction of her parents or other persons standing in loco' parentis, and all well-considered codes of law provide for criminal proceedings in such cases.
They are found in our code in 1 Gen. Stat. p. 1063 §§ 79, 81, 82, 197, 250. The last-cited section adjudges it a misdemeanor to have carnal intercourse with any woman under the age of sixteen years with or without her consent.
Section 81 provides that if any person shall unlawfully take any maid, widow or wife contrary to her will, and shall marry her himself or cause or procure her to be married to another, either with or without her consent, he shall be deemed guilty of a high misdemeanor, and every such marriage shall he void.
Section 82 provides that if any person shall unlawfully convey
These sections are the expressions of the well-settled public policy of the state and country on the subject.
Turning, now, to the case in hand, it is further proper to remark that in this class of cases it is necessary to consider carefully each and all of the circumstances preceding and surrounding the ceremony brought into question, including, of course, the age of the complaining party.
Let us look at those circumstances—first, her age. She swears she was born December 3d, 1888, which would make her a trifle over fourteen years of age on the day of the ceremony, February 12th, 1903. A compatriot, Mr. Chenkooshlian, who saw her first at Marseilles, and shortly after in London, just before her marriage, swears that he stated at the police office that she was only fourteen years of age, and that his statement was based entirely upon her appearance. When brought before me on habeas corpas the next month, I should have formed the same judgment from her appearance, and at the hearing herein she did not appear more than sixteen years old.
Against this is her admission, sworn to by one or two persons, that she was eighteen years old past, and her statement to the officer where she went with her husband to obtain a license, and also, as I suppose, to the priest who performed the ceremony, that she was eighteen. On this subject she swears that she told the interpreter, who interpreted between her and the officer and priest, that she was fourteen years old, and that he told her that it was necessary that she should say eighteen.
My conclusion from the evidence is that her evidence of her age, as she gives it, is reliable, and that she was born in December, 1888. This matter of age is important, but not conclusive, as we shall see when we come to examine the authorities.
He Wd no authority to transfer her custody to any other person, or to assist in marrying her to any other person than his son.
Mr. Takajian thus became her guardian and represented her father, and she presumably so considered it, but evidently she had no proper conception of the limitations upon his guardianship.
Arriving at Marseilles he abandoned his trust and abused his power by handing her -over to Isadore Avakian, nephew of defendant, telling her, as he swears, that Avakian would take her to the United States, where she would have the opportunity to marry the defendant, whom he represented to be thirty-five years old and well established in business^ but that she was not obliged to marry him if she did not like him when she saw him. She was without money and could speak no language but Armenian, and was compelled by the circumstances to submit to the will of her temporary guardian, and in submission thereto accompanied Isadore to London, still penniless, although she probably knew that the defendant had furnished the money necessary to transport her to the United States. At London she was detained by Isadore until the defendant arrived. She, naturally, felt constrained to do as Isadore, and, after him, the defendant, required her to do. They were, in her mind, placed in the position of guardian of her by the deputation of Mr. Takajian, her first guardian.
It .is impossible to imagine a more helpless and desperate condition for a young female. She did, indeed, meet in London other Armenians, to wit, Mr. Chenkooshlian, already mentioned, and a Mr. Shadorian, a friend of the defendant, who lives in or near Boston, and who came on to this state to testify in behalf
One eye was entirely gone, and altogether he was so very unattractive in appearance that I found it quite impossible to believe that the complainant could have conceived the least, even the most evanescent, liking for him. These two friendly Armenians, whom I have just mentioned, swear that they severally begged of her not to marry the defendant, and one of them that he offered to assist her to the United States. But they were not permitted to see her except in defendant’s presence. They were, after all, strangers to her, and it is not surprising that, in her extremely helpless condition, and with her immature judgment, she did not accept the offer, but felt that she must submit to the only person who- represented—second-handed, indeed—the authority and will of her father.
The defendant’s conduct in this condition of affairs is to be remarked.
It is fairly inferable from all circumstances, and the defendant’s statement in his answer, that he did not cable the money to Marseilles until he had received from his nephew Isadore a full description of the complainant; that either in that letter or the one which lie received from Isadore, written at Londom, he learned that complainant had an aunt living in Hoboken. How, I can conceive of no reason why he should have incurred the expense of a voyage to London and back instead of cabling to Isadore the few dollars necessary to make up the sum necessary to bring the complainant to Boston, unless he wished to avoid giving the ccfinplainant the opportunity to have the benefit of the advice of her aunt before marrying him. It certainly would have been more seemly and decent for him, under all the circumstances, to have done so. After he arrived at London and found, as he says, the complainant unfit, by reason of her cloth
He swears that on reaching London he immediately told her, that although he had come from the United States to meet her there and marry her, that he found her too young for him, and that if she did not choose to marry him she need not do so, and in that case, as he was in want of a wife, he would proceed to Roumania and procure one there. But he does not swear or pretend that he offered to relieve her forlorn, destitute and helpless condition by providing for her conveyance thence to her aunt in Hoboken. He swears, as I have said, but I do not believe him, that she immediately declared that she wished to marry him, and that the marriage was at her request and with her full consent. On the contrary she swears, and I believe her, that he told her that she must marry him, and that he threatened her with violence and kept her in a state of almost complete seclusion and practical confinement until the marriage ceremony.
This he took immediate measures to- bring about. In order to procure a license he was obliged to communicate by cable with the United States, and in this wise was delayed a day or so when the ceremony was performed by a Catholic priest in London.
About three days later he sailed with her in the second cabin of a steamer to the United States. He landed in Boston about the 1st of March, 1903, and, being a second cabin passenger, escaped the meshes of the commissioner of immigration and reached his home.
Mr. Chenkooshlian, who had learned the address of complainant’s aunt in Hoboken, had written her there of the occurrences in Marseilles and London, and she went to Boston and awaited the arrival of her niece at Charlestown, the Castle Garden of Boston. Hot finding her niece among the steerage
She came to Yew-Jersey with her aunt and her husband followed her, sued out a writ of hateas corpus with the necessary result that she was again at liberty to choose between her husband and aunt and again chose the latter.
I mention the occurrences at Boston and in New Jersey to show that after having experienced the joys of married life with her husband for upwards of two weeks, as he says, she was not reconciled to it. I think this outcome most significant of the state of her mind when she went through the ceremony.
The result is that I am of the opinion which I expressed at the hearing that- at the time she entered into the marriage she was under the complete physical, mental and moral dominion of the defendant, and that she submitted to that dominion because she thought it was unavoidable, or, as she stated to Mr. Chenkooshlian, because it was her fate.
This leaves to be dealt with the question of consummation.
Defendant swears, and it is not denied by counsel for complainant, that the marriage was consummated. Fortunately there is no issue of that consummation. Undoubtedly a voluntary consummation is usually such a ratification as cures the defect of lack of consent in the original contract. But, then, to have such effect it must be free and voluntary. Here the original constraint and dominion was not removed, but was increased and strengthened by the ceremony itself.
The poor victim had no friend or relative to whom she could turn, but was at the mercy of her husband.
Let us now turn to some of the authorities on this interesting subject.
Sir George Hay, in the court of arches, declared the marriage valid because she had consented, and there being no actual violence, the defendant having induced hex* to marry him, as she said, by a threat that he would kill himself. He also said it was valid by the lex loci.
An appeal from this decree was taken to the high court of delegates, consisting of three bishops, three temporal lox*ds, three judges of the courts of common law (Justice Willes, Justice Hotham and Baron Eyre), and three judges of the ecclesiastical court, and on the 21st of May, 1784, it reversed the decree of the arches and pronounced the said pretended marriage void, howsoever solemnized. Afterwards, Sir William Wynne, when he had become a judge of the court of arches, and who had argued the caxxse before the delegates, stated as follows: “The case of Harford v. Morris was that of the marriage of a girl above the age of legal consent, but taken from school by one of her guardians; it was argued on the law as void by the lex loci (foreigxx country where celebrated). But the judges, during the argument, desired the counsel to consider whether the marriage might not be declared void on the ground of force and custody. That point was argued by order of the court, and it is well known that the decision passed .ultimately on that principle,” viz., force and custody.
Another case to which I refer is that of Portsmouth v. Ports
The Earl of Portsmouth sued his wife for a declaration of nullity. He was of weak mind and had some eccentricities. He had been married in early youth, with the consent and approval of all his friends, to a woman who had made him an estimable wife and had taken good care of him and his property for many years, until she died. During all that time he had, with her aid and that of his solicitors, transacted all the business of an ordinary man of fortune, and had never been put “in commission.”
At the death of his wife he soon became anxious to marry again. I here quote from Sir John Mcholl’s opinion: “On the 28th of February, 1814, Coombe (his family physician) thought it prudent to bring him to London, and to deliver him up to his trustees, Hanson being one, and then in town; that day week he was married to the daughter of Mr. Hanson— Hanson, the confidential solicitor of the family, one of the trustees, who had a great ascendency over him; who owed him every possible protection, married him to one of Ms daughters. It is unnecessary to state the jealousy with which the law looks at all transactions between parties standing in these relations to each other.”
Other language of the learned judge is pertinent. In the opening of his opinion, he says:
“The law of the case admits of no controversy, and none has been attempted to be raised upon it. When a fact of marriage has been regularly solemnized, the presumption is in its favor; but then it must be solemnized between parties competent to contract—capable of entering into that most important engagement, the very essence of which is consent—and without soundness of mind there can be no legal consent—none binding in law. Insanity vitiates all acts. Hor am I prepared to doubt but that considerable weakness of mind, circumvented by proportionate fraud, will vitiate the fact of marriage, whether the fraud is practiced on his ward by a party who stands in the relation of guardian, as in the case of Harford v. Morris, which was decided principally on the ground of fraud, or whether it is
He cohabited with his second wife for several years, and in 1822 she bore a child. His relatives then institued an inquiry in lunacy, and, after a long litigation, the jury found him insane from a period prior to his marriage. A committee was appointed and the marriage was annulled on the ground that the celebration of the marriage was effected by fraud and circumvention operating upon a man of weak mind.
The two cases just cited are valuable in showing that it is the duty of the court to consider the circumstance that the party complaining of the marriage occupied the position of cestui que trust and the party procuring it that of trustee, or that of guardian and ward, and the principle that in such cases the guardian or trustee shall derive no benefit of his position of dominion or superior influence, applies.
Another instructive case is that of Scott v. Sebright, L. R. 12 P. D. 21 (1886). In that case the petitioner .sought to be relieved of a marriage ceremony entered into by her when she was twenty-two years old. She was a resident of London and possessed of a fortune in her own right, and was induced by the defendant to go through the form of ceremony of marriage with him by threats of the defendant that he would injure her reputation for chastity. The cause was argued by distinguished counsel and received the consideration of Sir Charles Parker Butt, who (at pp. 23 and 24) uses this language;
“The courts of law have always refused to recognize as binding contracts to which the consent of either party has been obtained by fraud or duress, and the validity of a contract of mar
After reviewing the evidence, he concludes (at p. 31) as follows: “On that evidence I have come to a clear conclusion. It is that long before the ceremony ^was gone through the feelings of this young lady towards the respondent were such that of her free and unconstrained will she never would have married him; that she had been reduced by mental and bodily suffering to a state in which she was incapable of offering resistance to coercion and threats which in her normal condition she would have treated with the contempt she must 'have felt for the man who made use of them; and that, therefore, there never was any such consent as the law requires for the making of a contract of marriage. Such being the case, I know of no consideration consistent with justice or with common sense which should induce me to hold this marriage binding.”
A later ease is that of Ford v. Stier, L. R. P. D. 1 (1896), before Gorell Barnes, judge. There the petitioner, of the age
“I have seen the petitioner in the witness-box and am satisfied that she has given her evidence in good faith. Her case is: ‘I never intended to marry this man; I thought I was being betrothed to him (certainly it is remarkable that a person of any education should have thought such a thing, but I can only judge by her manner), and I submitted to be betrothed only because my mother and he forced me to do so.’ I find that this was so, that she did not consent to marry the respondent, but went through the ceremony as one of betrothal, and .in so doing was to such an extent under the influence of her mother and the respondent, that she was not a free agent.”
Then we have the case before cited of Ferlat v. Gojon. There the complainant was nineteen years old, living with her mother and stepfather in the city of New York and earning her living by school teaching, and was decoyed b}r a priest of her church to his house where she met Mr. Gojon and was induced by him to go with him to a private house where a priest appeared and Gojon then persuaded her to marry him. There was no consummation. The chancellor declared the marriage null because the •consent of the complainant at the moment of celebration was feigned and not of her own choice, but caused by fear. He says, '“Complainant never consented freely to become the wife of defendant.”
He adds: “Marriage is considered by our law as- a civil contract, and 'in this agreement, as in all others, the free consent of the parties is essential to- the validity of the contract. Here was no free consent, no voluntary contract, and this fraudulent marxiage must be null.”
Another famous English case, sometimes termed “Wakefield’s Case” and sometimes termed "Miss Turner’s Nullity of Marriage Bill” or simply "Turner’s Case,” is cited and stated at length by Dr. Bishop. 1 Bish. Mar. & D. § 512, and note.
The house of lords declined to proceed with the bill because it appeared that she had acted of her own accord and yielded to the ordinary solicitations of a suitor.
Another case is Cooper v. Crane, L. R. P. D. 369 (1891). Petitioner in that ease was twenty-four years old and was found by Sir Richard Henn-Collins to have been under no compulsion, subject to no threats and was really willing to live with her husband, but he never followed up the marriage and never sought its consummation, and the real reason of the suit was the desertion by the husband.
The relief was refused.
Dr. Bishop, in treating the subject, subdivides it into three sections—fraud, error and duress. At section 505 he says:
, “A single element or an insufficient combination may be rendered adequate by combining with mental weakness short of vitiating insanity, or with immaturity of years, or with anything else of a like tendency, the question in every case being-, whether under all the facts the will was overborne, deluded or misled to the extent which will justify a court in declaring the apparent consent a nullity.”
At section 506 he says: “The fact is always relevant, if it exists, that when the fraud was practiced the complaining party was of years too immature to be presumably as capable as older persons of resisting its influence,” and cites two American cases, Robertson v. Cole, 12 Tex. 356, and Lyndon v. Lyndon, 69 Ill. 43. At section 514 he cites Fraser, a Scotch writer, as follows:
*112 “Fraud in the constitution of the contract of marriage renders it void. Force implies physical constraint of the will. Fraud some overruling moral necessity, by which a certain state of the will is brought about which could not have been so without deceit. In both cases the result is the same.”
He then cites several cases from the Scotch courts and says, at section 521: “These were all cases where the fraud was practiced upon parties who were certainly capable of marriage, but who from their youth were peculiarly liable to be deceived.”
I think this language is equally applicable to constructive duress, and Dr. Bishop, at.section 538, speaking of duress, says:
“IVe have seen that in considering- fraud in the executed contract of marriage, its special nature, as distinguished from' other contracts, must be taken into the account. Now, in natural reason, and it is believed in the law also, duress is different. One impelled by duress to do a thing acts because he must, and his mind is no more free to canvass the nature of the act and perform it or not, according- to his view thereof, than to refuse to do it altogether. Hence, we come back to the proposition that the same duress which will avoid an ordinary contract will nullify a marriage.” .
At section 539, he lays down the proposition:
“When a formal consent in marriage is brought about by force or menace—a yielding of the lips, not of the mind—it is of no legal effect, the same rule being applicable as in ordinary contracts.”
He then cites at length the ease of Scott v. Sebright, supra, and quotes with approbation section 541, the language of Judge Butt, above quoted, and at section 542 cites Harford v. Morris, supra, and the Turner Case, supra, as examples.
At section 545 he discusses the question of the effect of consummation and uses this precise and correct language: “When the effect of the fraud, error or duress has been removed from the mind enthralled, the party has the election to affirm or not the marriage. It is affirmed, for example, by a voluntary continuance of the cohabitation with full knowledge of the invalidating facts,” 'and sums up as follows (section 550):
*113 “Where the mind is overcome by fraud, by error or by duress (and 'I shall interpolate all or any two of the three combined), so that in fact it does not consent to an apparent marriage, the law will deem it to be no marriage, though if, after the thrall is broken, it then freely consents, no repetition of the ceremony will be required to make it good. It may be termed void or voidable, according to the meaning which we attach to these uncertain or variable words.”
Considering, then, the extreme youth and inexperience of the complainant, although I should be of the same opinion if I believed her to be eighteen years old, her utterly destitute and helpless condition, the absence of any opportunity -to have the aid or assistance of anjr relative, the fact that she felt herself to be in the absolute power of the defendant, who, she was justified in feeling, stood in the position of her parent or guardian, and who, as I believe, took advantage of that position to force her to make an immediate decision and purposely avoided giving her the opportunity to obtain the advice and protection of her aunt, I come to the conclusion that there was no real and actual consent on her part to the ceremony, such as the law requires in order to validate the contract of marriage, and that the subsequent cohabitation with the defendant was submitted to while the same dominating influences were in force without the least abatement, and that such consummation, especially in the absence of offspring, cannot be treated as binding-on the complainant.
I will therefore advise a decree of annulment of marriage, with costs, and a counsel fee, to be fixed after hearing counsel, if they desire.
