74 F.3d 1186 | 11th Cir. | 1996
Lead Opinion
Aurelia Davis, as mother and next friend of LaShonda D., appeals the district court’s order dismissing her claims under Title IX and § 1983 against the Monroe County Board of Education (“Board”), Board Superintendent Charles Dumas and elementary school Principal Bill Querry (collectively “defendants”). Davis’ complaint for injunctive relief and compensatory damages alleged that LaShonda was sexually harassed on a continuous basis by a male, fifth-grade classmate, that defendants knew of the harassment yet failed to take any meaningful action to stop it and protect her, and that LaShonda suffered harm as a result of their failure to act. The defendants’ failure to act, Davis asserted, discriminated against LaShonda and denied her the benefits of a public education in violation of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, 20 U.S.C. §§ 1681-88 (1988). Davis also claimed that defendants’ omissions violated LaShonda’s liberty interest to be free from sexual harassment and from intrusions on her personal security in violation of her substantive due process rights under the United States Constitution.
The district court dismissed the Title IX claim against the Board, concluding that
[t]he sexually harassing behavior of a fellow fifth grader is not part of a school program or activity. Plaintiff does not allege that the Board or an employee of the Board had any role in the harassment. Thus, any harm to LaShonda was not proximately caused by a federally-funded educational provider.
Aurelia D. v. Monroe County Bd. of Educ., 862 F.Supp. 363, 367 (M.D.Ga.1994). The court also dismissed the § 1983 due process claims against the Board and the individual defendants.
On appeal, Davis argues that the court erred by dismissing her Title IX claim against the Board
I. BACKGROUND
Davis’ factual allegations, presumed as true in our review of a motion to dismiss, Duke v. Cleveland, 5 F.3d 1399, 1402 (11th Cir.1993), can be summarized as follows. Over the six-month period between December 1992 and May 1993, “G.F.,” a fellow fifth-grader at a Monroe County elementary school, sexually harassed and/or abused La-Shonda by attempting to fondle her, fondling her, and directing offensive language toward
LaShonda reported G.F. to her teachers and her mother after each of the incidents and, after all but one of the incidents, Davis called the teacher and/or the principal to see what could be done to protect her daughter. The requests for protection went unfulfilled. Following one incident, for example, LaShon-da and other girls whom G.F. had sexually harassed asked their teacher for permission to report G.F.’s harassment to the principal. The teacher denied the request, telling the girls, “[i]f he [the principal] wants you, he’ll call you.” After LaShonda told her mother of another incident of harassment, adding that she “didn’t know how much longer she could keep him off her,” Davis spoke with Principal Querry and asked what action would be taken to protect LaShonda. Quer-ry responded, “I guess I’ll have to threaten him [G.F.] a little bit harder,” and he later asked LaShonda “why she was the only one complaining.” LaShonda and Davis also asked that LaShonda, who had an assigned seat next to G.F., be allowed to move to a different seat. Even this request was refused and she was not allowed to move her seat away from G.F. until after she had complained for over three months. School officials never removed or disciplined G.F. in any manner for his sexual harassment of LaShonda.
Finally, the complaint alleged that G.F.’s uncurbed and unrestrained conduct severely curtailed LaShonda’s ability to benefit from her elementary school education, lessening her capacity to concentrate on her sehool-work and causing her grades, previously all As and Bs, to suffer. The harassment also had a debilitating effect on her mental and emotional well-being, causing her to write a suicide note in April 1993.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Reviewing the claim de novo, we will uphold the dismissal only if it appears beyond a doubt that the allegations in the complaint do not constitute a claim upon which relief may be granted. Hunnings v. Texaco, Inc., 29 F.3d 1480, 1484 (11th Cir.1994). “The issue is not whether a plaintiff will ultimately prevail but whether the claimant is entitled to offer evidence to support the claims.” Taylor v. Ledbetter, 818 F.2d 791, 794 n. 4 (11th Cir.1987) (en banc), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1065, 109 S.Ct. 1337, 103 L.Ed.2d 808 (1989) (quotation omitted).
III. DISCUSSION
Title IX provides in pertinent part as follows:
No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance....
20 U.S.C. § 1681(a) (1988). It is undisputed that the Monroe County School System is a recipient of federal financial assistance. Accordingly, the issue before us is whether the Board’s alleged failure to take action to stop G.F.’s sexual harassment of LaShonda “excluded [her] from participation in, ... denied [her] the benefits of, or ... subjected [her] to discrimination under” the Monroe County educational system on the basis of her sex.
Davis argues that the Board’s failure to stop the sexual harassment discriminated against LaShonda and denied her the benefits of her education on the basis of sex. In support of this argument, Davis urges us to apply sexual harassment principles from the more extensive caselaw of Title VII, which prohibits sex discrimination in the workplace.
Enacted in 1972, Title IX was designed to protect individuals from sex discrimination by denying federal financial aid to those educational institutions that bear responsibility for sexually discriminatory practices. Cannon v. University of Chicago, 441 U.S. 677, 704 & n. 36, 99 S.Ct. 1946, 1961 & n. 36, 60 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979) (citing 117 Cong.Rec. 39252 (1971)). “It is a strong and comprehensive measure which ... is needed if we are to provide women with solid legal protection as they seek education and training for later careers_” Id. at 704 n. 36, 99 S.Ct. at 1961 n. 36 (quoting Sen. Birch Bayh, 118 Cong.Rec. 5806-07 (1972)). To accomplish this goal, employees and students of federally funded educational institutions who are discriminated against on the basis of sex have a private right of action under Title IX for injunctive relief and compensatory damages. Id. at 717, 99 S.Ct. at 1968; Franklin v. Gwinnett County Pub. Schs., 503 U.S. 60, 75-76, 112 S.Ct. 1028, 1037-38, 117 L.Ed.2d 208 (1992). Moreover, in interpreting Title IX, “[tjhere is no doubt that if we are to give [it] the scope that its origins dictate, we must accord it a sweep as broad as its language.” North Haven Bd. of Educ. v. Bell, 456 U.S. 512, 521, 102 S.Ct. 1912, 1918, 72 L.Ed.2d 299 (1982) (quotation omitted).
Although the Supreme Court recognized a private right of action under Title IX in 1979, see Cannon, 441 U.S. at 717, 99 S.Ct. at 1968, until recently the denial of financial aid to the institution was the only remedy available to a Title IX plaintiff. Accordingly, early lawsuits brought under Title IX primarily challenged discriminatory practices in athletic programs and admissions policies. See, e.g., id. at 680, 99 S.Ct. at 1949. In 1992, however, the Supreme Court unanimously allowed monetary damages to private plaintiffs for intentional violations of Title IX, see Franklin, 503 U.S. at 76,112 S.Ct. at 1038, increasing the number of Title IX suits brought by employees and students alleging that their educational institutions subjected them to sexual discrimination.
In reviewing sexual discrimination claims by teachers and other employees of educational institutions under Title IX, courts have regularly applied Title VII principles. In Lipsett v. University of Puerto Rico, 864 F.2d 881 (1st Cir.1988), for example, the plaintiff was a female medical student in the residency program and also was an employee of the University. Id. at 886. She alleged that University hospital supervisory personnel had subjected her to an atmosphere of sexual harassment at the hospital. Id. at 886-92. In determining that Title VII sexual harassment principles applied to this “mixed employment-training” context, the Second Circuit relied on Title IX’s legislative history, “which strongly suggests that Congress meant for similar substantive standards to apply under Title IX as had been developed under Title VII.” Id. at 897; see also Preston v. Commonwealth of Virginia ex rel. New River Community College, 31 F.3d 203, 207 (4th Cir.1994); Mabry v. State Bd. of Community Colleges, 813 F.2d 311, 316 n. 6 (10th Cir.1987).
Courts also have relied upon Title VII when evaluating Title IX sexual harassment claims by students. In determining that Title IX prohibits a teacher’s quid pro quo sexual harassment of a student, for example, one court observed that
[it is] perfectly reasonable to maintain that academic achievement conditioned upon*1191 submission to sexual demands constitutes sex discrimination in education, just as questions of job retention or promotion tied to sexual demands from supervisors have become increasingly recognized as potential violations of Title VU’s ban against sex discrimination in employment
Alexander v. Yale Univ., 459 F.Supp. 1, 4 (D.Conn.1977), aff'd, 631 F.2d 178 (2d Cir.1980). Similarly, in recognizing that Title IX prohibits the existence of a hostile environment due to a teacher’s sexual harassment of a student, another court observed that “[tjhough the sexual harassment ‘doctrine’ has generally developed in the context of Title VII, these [Title VII] guidelines seem equally applicable to Title IX.” Moire v. Temple Univ. Sch. of Medicine, 613 F.Supp. 1360, 1366 n. 2 (E.D.Pa.1985), aff'd, 800 F.2d 1136 (3d Cir.1986).
Nonetheless, in Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools, 911 F.2d 617 (11th Cir.1990), rev’d, 503 U.S. 60, 112 S.Ct. 1028, 117 L.Ed.2d 208 (1992), this court declined to apply a Title VII analysis to the question of whether compensatory damages were available in a suit brought by a student under Title IX. Id. at 622. On appeal, however, the Supreme Court reversed, and relied upon Title VII principles and authority in holding that Title IX authorizes an award of compensatory damages. Franklin v. Gwinnett County Pub. Schs., 503 U.S. 60, 74-75, 112 S.Ct. 1028, 1037, 117 L.Ed.2d 208 (1992). Franklin involved a high-school student’s allegations that a teacher had sexually harassed and assaulted her and that school officials, who had actual knowledge of the misconduct, had failed to intervene. Id. at 63-64, 112 S.Ct. at 1031. In rejecting the argument that the specific language of Title IX did not give educational institutions sufficient notice of their liability for damages for such discrimination, the Supreme Court stated:
Unquestionably, Title IX placed on the Gwinnett County Public Schools the duty not to discriminate on the basis of sex, and “when a supervisor sexually harasses a subordinate because of the subordinate’s sex, that supervisor ‘diseriminate[s]’ on the basis of sex.” Meritor Sav. Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 64 [106 S.Ct. 2399, 2404, 91 L.Ed.2d 49] (1986). We believe the same rule should apply when a teacher sexually harasses and abuses a student. Congress surely did not intend for federal moneys to be expended to support the intentional actions it sought by statute to proscribe.
Franklin, 503 U.S. at 75, 112 S.Ct. at 1037. Importantly, the Court relied on Title VII principles and cited Meritor, a Title VII case, to resolve the issue.
Subsequently, several courts have understood Franklin to authorize the application of Title VII standards to a student’s Title IX sexual harassment claim against her school. In Murray v. New York University College of Dentistry, 57 F.3d 243 (2d Cir.1995), the Second Circuit looked to Title VII in addressing a student’s Title IX claim that she was subjected to a sexually hostile educational environment created by a patient at the dental school. Id. at 248. The district court had dismissed the complaint after determining that the facts alleged were insufficient to show that the college knew that plaintiff was subjected to a hostile environment created by the patient’s persistent sexual advances. Id. at 247-48. In considering the appropriate standard for determining whether the college had notice of the hostile environment, the Second Circuit observed: “[t]he [Franklin] Court’s citation of Meritor ..., a Title VII case, in support of Franklin’s central holding indicates that, in a Title IX suit for gender discrimination based on sexual harassment of a student, an educational institution may be held liable under standards similar to those applied in cases under Title VII.” Murray, 57 F.3d at 249. Upon application of Title VII standards, the Second Circuit determined that the facts alleged were insufficient to show that the college had notice of the hostile environment. Id. at 249-51.
Similarly, the District Court for the Northern District of California relied on Franklin in determining that a student may state a Title IX claim for hostile environment sexual harassment where the harassment is initiated by fellow students. In Doe v. Petaluma
Plaintiff filed suit under Title IX against the school district and several school officials for their failure to take action to stop the sexual harassment inflicted upon her by her classmates. Id. at 1563. Denying defendants’ motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, the court held that Title IX proscribes the same type of hostile environment sexual harassment prohibited by Title VII. Id. at 1571-75. In addition to relying on Franklin and Title IX’s legislative history, the court looked to findings of the Department of Education’s Office of Civil Rights (“OCR”). Petaluma, 830 F.Supp. at 1572 (citing Patricia H. v. Berkeley Unified Sch. Dist., 830 F.Supp. 1288 (N.D.Cal.1993)). These findings demonstrated an OCR belief that “an educational institution’s failure to take appropriate response to student-to-student sexual harassment of which it knew or had reason to know is a violation of Title IX.” Id. at 1573 (citations omitted). The court concluded that to deny recovery to a sexually harassed student under the hostile environment theory “would violate the Supreme Court’s command to give Title IX a sweep as broad as its language.” Id. at 1575.
We likewise find it appropriate to apply Title VII principles to the question before us. As discussed in the foregoing cases, such application is supported by Franklin, Title IX’s legislative history and the Supreme Court’s mandate that we read Title IX broadly, as well as by findings of the OCR. In particular, the OCR has found that a student is subjected to sexual harassment when “unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, or other sex-based verbal or physical conduct ... has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with the individual’s education creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive environment.” Letter of Findings by John E. Palomino, Regional Civil Rights Director, Region IV (July 24, 1992), Docket No. 09-92-6002, at 2.
Application of these principles to Title IX claims by students recognizes, as the Supreme Court acknowledged in Franklin, that a student should have the same protection in school that an employee has in the work
Thus, we conclude that as Title VII encompasses a claim for damages due to a sexually hostile working environment created by co-workers and tolerated by the employer, Title IX encompasses a claim for damages due to a sexually hostile educational environment created by a fellow student or students when the supervising authorities knowingly fail to act to eliminate the harassment.
In this case, by requiring that a school employee commit the harassing action in order for Davis to state a claim, the district court failed to recognize the nature of a claim for hostile environment sexual harassment: The court dismissed the complaint because, in its view, “any harm to LaShonda was not proximately caused by a federally-funded educational provider” and neither the Board nor an employee of the Board “had any role in the harassment.” Aurelia D., 862 F.Supp. at 367 (emphasis added). The court’s rationale thus implicitly limited sexual harassment actions to quid pro quo harassment, which conditions benefits or maintenance of the status quo upon sexual favors. This was not Davis’ claim. The evil Davis sought to redress through her hostile environment claim was not the direct act of a school official demanding sexual favors, but rather the officials’ failure to take action to stop the offensive acts of those over whom the officials exercised control. Title VII recognizes this distinction and requires employers to take steps to assure that their employees’ working environment is free from sexual harassment regardless of whether that harassment is caused by the sexual demands of a supervisor or by the sexually hostile environment created by supervisors or coworkers. Henson v. Dundee, 682 F.2d 897, 905 (11th Cir.1982).
Likewise, when an educational institution knowingly fails to take action to remedy a hostile environment caused by a student’s sexual harassment of another, the harassed student has “be[en] denied the benefits of, or be[en] subjected to discrimination under” that educational program in violation of Title IX, 20 U.S.C. § 1681(a). Just as a working woman should not be required to “run a gauntlet of sexual abuse in return for the privilege of being allowed to work and make a living,” Mentor, 477 U.S. at 67,106 S.Ct. at 2405 (quotation omitted), a female student should not be required to run a gauntlet of sexual abuse in return for the privilege of being allowed to obtain an education.
Having determined that Title IX encompasses a claim for a hostile learning environment created by peer sexual harassment, we must consider the sufficiency of Davis’ allegations. The elements a plaintiff must prove to succeed in this type of sexual harassment ease are: (1) that she is a member of a protected group; (2) that she was subject to unwelcome sexual harassment; (3) that the harassment was based on sex; (4) that the harassment was sufficiently severe or pervasive so as to alter the conditions of her education and create an abusive educational environment; and (5) that some basis for institutional liability has been established. Cf. Meritor, 477 U.S. at 66-73, 106 S.Ct. at 2405-08; see also Harris v. Forklift Sys. Inc., — U.S. -,-, 114 S.Ct. 367, 370-71, 126 L.Ed.2d 295 (1993); Henson, 682 F.2d at 903-05.
Assumed as true, the facts alleged in the complaint, together with all reasonable inferences therefrom, satisfy these elements. There is no question that the allegations satisfy the first three requirements. First, as a female, LaShonda is a member of a protected group. Second, she was subject to unwelcome sexual harassment in the form of “verbal and physical conduct of a sexual nature.” 29 C.F.R. § 1604.11(a). Third, the harassment LaShonda faced clearly was on the basis of her sex.
As to the fourth requirement, we recognize that a hostile environment in an educational setting is not created by simple childish behavior or by an offensive utterance, comment, or vulgarity. Rather, Title IX is violated “when the [educational environment] is permeated with ‘discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult’ that is ‘sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of the victim’s [environment] and create an abusive environment,’” Harris, — U.S. at-, 114 S.Ct. at 370 (quoting Meritor, 477 U.S. at 64-65, 106 S.Ct. at 2404) (internal citations omitted). In determining whether a plaintiff has established that an environment is hostile or abusive, a court must be particularly concerned with (1) the frequency of the abusive conduct; (2) the conduct’s severity; (3) whether it is physically threatening or humiliating rather than merely offensive; and (4) whether it unreasonably interferes with the plaintiffs performance. Id. at-, 114 S.Ct. at 371. The Court has explained that these factors must be viewed both objectively and subjectively. If the conduct is not so severe or pervasive that a reasonable person would find it hostile or abusive, it is beyond Title IX’s purview. Similarly, if the plaintiff does not subjectively perceive the environment to be abusive, then the conduct has not actually altered the conditions of her learning environment, and there is no Title IX violation. Id. at-, 114 S.Ct. at 370-71.
Finally, we consider the fifth and final element — whether any basis for the Board’s liability has been shown. Under Title VII, whether the harassing conduct of a supervisor or co-worker should be imputed to the employer is determined in accordance with common-law principles of agency. See Meritor, 477 U.S. at 72, 106 S.Ct. at 2408; Murray, 57 F.3d at 249. Under the agency theory of respondeat superior, this court holds employers liable for a hostile environment created by a co-worker where the plaintiff can show that “the employer knew or should have known of the harassment in question and failed to take prompt remedial action.” Henson, 682 F.2d at 905. An employee can demonstrate that the employer knew of the harassment “by showing that she complained to higher management of the harassment or by showing the pervasiveness of the harassment, which gives rise to the inference of knowledge or constructive knowledge.” Id. (citation omitted).
In this case, Davis has alleged that she told the principal — a higher level manager— of the harassment on several occasions. She also alleged that at least three separate teachers, in addition to the principal, had actual and repetitive knowledge from La-Shonda, her mother and other students. Finally, Davis alleged that despite this knowledge, the school officials failed to take prompt and remedial action to end the harassment.
IV. CONCLUSION
In light of the foregoing, we affirm the district court’s judgment with the exception of its dismissal of the Title IX claim against the Board. We reverse the district court’s dismissal of that claim and remand for proceedings consistent herewith.
AFFIRMED in part; REVERSED in part; REMANDED.
. Davis does not appeal the district court's dismissal of the Title IX claims against the individual defendants.
. Title VII makes it unlawful "for an employer ... to discriminate against any individual ... because of such individual's ... sex.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(l) (1988).
. Sexual harassment involves unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other unwelcome verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature. 29 C.F.R. § 1604.11(a) (1991). Such harassment constitutes actionable sex discrimination in the workplace either as "quid pro quo” sexual harassment, which conditions employment benefits upon sexual favors, or as "hostile environment” sexual harassment, which creates an intimidating, hostile or offensive working environment that unreasonably interferes with an individual's work performance. See Meritor Sav. Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 62, 65, 106 S.Ct. 2399, 2403, 2404, 91 L.Ed.2d 49 (1986).
. OCR Letters of Findings are entitled to deference "as they express the opinion of an agency charged with implementing Title IX and its regulations.” Petaluma, 830 F.Supp. at 1573. As the Supreme Court has stated, “this Court normally accords great deference to the interpretation, particularly when it is longstanding, of the agency charged with the statute's administration." North Haven, 456 U.S. at 522 n. 12, 102 S.Ct. at 1918 n. 12.
. The Board argues that Title VII caselaw is inapplicable to Title IX because Title IX was enacted under the spending clause. The Supreme Court, however, has relied on Title VII in analyzing claims under Title VI, which also was enacted under the spending clause. In Guardians Association v. Civil Service Commission, 463 U.S. 582, 103 S.Ct. 3221, 77 L.Ed.2d 866 (1983), for example, the Court found that Title Vi's prohibition of discrimination was "subject to the construction given the antidiscrimination provision in Title VII in Griggs v. Duke Power Co. [401 U.S. 424, 91 S.Ct. 849, 28 L.Ed.2d 158 (1971)]....” Guardians, 463 U.S. at 592, 103 S.Ct. at 3227. The Court also adopted Title VII’s "business necessity” defense to analyze disparate impact claims in a Title VI case involving student placement. See Board of Educ. v. Harris, 444 U.S. 130, 151, 100 S.Ct. 363, 375, 62 L.Ed.2d 275 (1979). Likewise, we have utilized Title VII to analyze a disparate impact claim under Title VI, stating that “[t]he elements of a disparate impact claim may be gleaned by reference to cases decided under Title VII.” Georgia State Conf. of Branches of NAACP v. Georgia, 775 F.2d 1403, 1417 (11th Cir.1985). Thus, the fact that Title VII is not a spending clause statute has not been a bar to importing its standards into Title VI, and therefore is no bar to importing its standards into Title IX.
. Other circuits also recognize employer liability under Title VII based on the employer's failure to take action to remedy a hostile environment created by co-workers. See Smith v. Bath Iron
. The complaint also alleged that during the time of the harassment, the Board had no policy prohibiting the sexual harassment of students in its schools, and had not provided any policies or training to its employees on how to respond to student-on-student sexual harassment.
Concurrence in Part
concurring in part and dissenting in part:
Although I concur in the court’s affirmance of the district court’s dismissal of Davis’s section 1983 claim, I disagree with the majority’s holding that Davis’s allegations state a valid claim against the Monroe County Board of Education under Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, 20 U.S.C. §§ 1681-1688 (1990 & Supp.1995) (“Title IX”).
This case does not involve allegations that an employee of the school district sexually harassed LaShonda D., but rather that the school district negligently failed to prevent another student from harassing LaShonda. The majority is correct in noting that the Supreme Court has held that “Title IX is enforceable through an implied right of action.” Franklin v. Gwinnett County Pub. Sch., 503 U.S. 60, 65, 112 S.Ct. 1028, 1032, 117 L.Ed.2d 208 (1992) (citing Cannon v. University of Chicago, 441 U.S. 677, 99 S.Ct. 1946, 60 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979)). However, Franklin involved a high-school student’s allegations that a teacher had sexually harassed and assaulted her, and that school officials, who had actual knowledge of the
Even if I were to accept the majority’s conclusion that Title IX encompasses student-on-student sexual harassment, I would limit that holding to intentional conduct on the part of the school board. Here, what is alleged is that the school board was negligent in failing to intervene to prevent the recurring student-on-student harassment. The majority relies on Franklin in reaching its conclusion that Title IX covers such behavior, even though the Franklin case involved intentional behavior on the part of a teacher; absent an indication to the contrary, Franklin should be limited to its facts. But rather than do this, the majority not only broadly reads it to cover student-on-student sexual harassment, but also to cover negligent behavior on the part of the school board.
Lastly, I would limit the remedy available to a plaintiff in the ease of unintentional violations of Title IX to injunctive relief. Franklin involved intentional discrimination by the school board on the basis of sex, and thus involved an intentional violation of Title IX. The Supreme Court has held that in the case of intentional violations of Title IX, monetary damages are available to the victim of the sexual harassment. Franklin, 503 U.S. at 73-75, 112 S.Ct. at 1037. What the Supreme Court did not decide in Franklin, however, was whether monetary damages are available in eases involving unintentional violations of Title IX. Most courts have interpreted Title IX along the same lines as similar statutes, such as Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000d-2000d-4a (1994 & Supp.1995). Since the Supreme Court has expressly found that Title VI does not support a monetary damages remedy for Title VI violations not involving intentional discrimination, Guardians Ass’n v. Civil Service Comm’n, 468 U.S. 582, 602-03, 103 S.Ct. 3221, 3232-33, 77 L.Ed.2d 866 (1983), we similarly should find that monetary damages are limited to intentional violations of Title IX.
Accordingly, I CONCUR in part and DISSENT in part.
. At least one federal district court has reached this conclusion as well. See Doe v. Petaluma City Sch. Dist., 830 F.Supp. 1560, 1571 (N.D.Cal.1993) (finding that "Title DC does prohibit hostile environment sexual harassment but that to obtain damages (as opposed to declaratory or in-junctive relief), one must allege and prove intentional discrimination on the basis of sex by an employee of the educational institution”). The Doe court specifically held that "[t]o obtain damages, it is not enough that the institution knew or should have known of the hostile environment and failed to take appropriate action to end it.” Id.
