OPINION OF THE COURT
(August 29, 2011)
Kenneth Augustine appeals his convictions for three counts of third degree assault, three counts of unauthorized use of an unlicensed firearm during the commission of a third degree assault, and one count of reckless endangerment in the first degree arising from an alleged shootout with three police officers. On appeal he challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, argues that he was improperly convicted of the three counts of third degree assault, and claims that he was denied a fair trial. For the reasons discussed below, we reject Augustine’s arguments and affirm the judgment of the Superior Court.
I. STATEMENT OF RELEVANT FACTS AND PROCEDURAL POSTURE
The People presented evidence at trial that on October 3, 2008, at approximately 9:15 p.m., Officer Derrick Greaves, Sr. responded to a
After the officers chased Augustine behind the mini mart, one of them shot him in the leg, causing him to fall to the ground, and Officer Wharton approached Augustine and ordered him not to move.
The jury returned a verdict finding Augustine guilty of three counts of third degree assault, three counts of unauthorized use of an unlicensed firearm during the commission of a third degree assault, and one count of reckless endangerment in the first degree.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Jurisdiction and Standard of Review
According to title 4, section 32(a) of the Virgin Islands Code, this Court possesses jurisdiction “over all appeals arising from final judgments, final decrees or final orders of the Superior Court, or as otherwise provided by law.” 4 V.I.C. § 32(a). Since the Superior Court’s February 3, 2010 Judgment and Commitment constitutes a final judgment, we possess jurisdiction over Augustine’s appeal.
Our standard of review in examining the Superior Court’s application of law is plenary, while findings of fact are reviewed only for clear error. St. Thomas-St. John Bd. of Elections v. Daniel, 49 V.I. 322, 329 (V.I. 2007). When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence presented at trial, we must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the People and affirm the conviction unless it is clear that no rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. See Stevens v. People, 52 V.I. 294, 304 (V.I. 2009).
B. The Evidence Establishing Augustine as the Shooter
Augustine argues that because of the unreliability of eyewitness identifications and the testimony of his experts that his DNA was not on the black handgun and that there was no gunshot residue found on him or his clothes, there was insufficient evidence to convict him of third degree assault. This argument, however, ignores the evidence presented at trial
Officers Greaves, Wharton, and Allen each described the individual that pulled a black handgun and began shooting at them as a black male wearing a red shirt, long black pants, and a black and red Rastafarian hat. This description matched what Augustine was found to be wearing when he was apprehended shortly after the shooting, minus the black and red Rastafarian hat which was discovered in the area where he fell after being shot in the leg and was left behind when he fled. The three officers further identified Augustine as the individual that had shot at them. This evidence was bolstered by expert testimony that DNA obtained from the blood, black and red Rastafarian hat, and black handgun left at the scene of the crime by the shooter matched Augustine’s. Providing even further support that Augustine was the shooter is the evidence that the trail of blood left by the shooter at the scene of the crime ended in a yard where Augustine was found bleeding from a gunshot wound to his leg, which is where the officers testified the shooter had been shot. Thus, while there may be empirical data raising questions about the reliability of eyewitness identifications in some circumstances, there is no evidence that the officers’ identifications in this case were unreliable. Furthermore, the People presented substantial independent evidence corroborating the officers’ identification of Augustine as the shooter. We therefore conclude that there was overwhelming evidence presented at trial upon which a rational jury could have found that Augustine was the individual who pulled a gun and started shooting at Officers Greaves, Wharton, and Allen.
C. Officer Wharton’s Testimony
Augustine also claims that Officer Wharton’s statement that he knew Augustine prior to the shooting because he had “stopped him several times” deprived him of a fair trial. This statement, Augustine argues, communicated to the jury that he is a life-long criminal and a habitual crook, and it caused the jury to convict him. We disagree.
Q Okay, first of all. You knew the defendant before this incident?
A Yes, I do.
Q How do you know him?
A I have stopped him several times.
Augustine’s counsel immediately objected to this statement, and the trial court sustained the objection and struck the comment from the record. Moreover, when the jury was not present the trial court noted the potential prejudice of the statement and offered to give a curative instruction. But, in an effort to not draw more attention to the statement, Augustine’s counsel declined the curative instruction. Augustine’s counsel, however, did not move for a mistrial and the trial court did not grant a mistrial sua sponte. Accordingly, we will only review Augustine’s claim for plain error. See United States v. Taylor, 514 F.3d 1092, 1095-96 (10th Cir. 2008) (holding that plain error is the appropriate standard of review when a defendant objects to a prosecutor’s comments at trial, does not move for a mistrial, and then on appeal argues that the comments deprived him of a fair trial). Under the plain error rule,
an appellate court may, in its discretion, correct an error not raised at trial only where the appellant demonstrates that (1) there is an error; (2) the error is clear or obvious, rather than subject to reasonable dispute; (3) the error affected the appellant’s substantial rights, which in the ordinary case means it affected the outcome of the [trial] court proceedings; and (4) the error seriously affect[s] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.
United States v. Marcus, 560 U.S. _, 130 S.Ct. 2159, 2164, 176 L. Ed. 2d 1012 (2010) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
To begin, even if Augustine’s attorney had moved for a mistrial, we could not reverse Augustine’s conviction unless Officer Wharton’s remarks, “taken in the context of the trial as a whole, were sufficiently prejudicial to have deprived [him] of his right to a fair trial.” Gov’t of V.I. v. Charleswell, 24 F.3d 571, 576, 30 V.I. 394 (3d Cir. 1994) (quoting United States v. DiPasquale, 740 F.2d 1282, 1297 (3d Cir. 1984)). In order to determine whether the defendant was prejudiced, three
Additionally, the trial court’s failure to grant a mistrial on its own initiative was also not plain error. In Charleswell, the Third Circuit addressed whether a trial court’s failure to grant a mistrial sua sponte constituted plain error. The court stated:
The plain error doctrine is to be used sparingly, solely in those circumstances in which a miscarriage of justice would otherwise result. Its proper role is to correct particularly egregious errors and to redress ... miscarriages of justice. It is intended to correct errors that are*687 obvious or that otherwise seriously affect the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings. By its terms, recourse may be had... only on appeal from a trial infected with error so plain the trial judge [was] derelict in countenancing it, even absent the defendant’s timely assistance in detecting it.
Charleswell, 24 F.3d at 576-77 (internal quotations marks and citations omitted). Here, there was no error, and the trial judge was therefore not derelict in failing to grant a mistrial. Rather, the trial court acted properly in sustaining the objection, striking the statement from the record, admonishing the jury to disregard the statement, and offering to give the jury a curative instruction. Moreover, Officer Wharton’s remarks were not sufficiently prejudicial to have deprived Augustine of his right to a fair trial. Therefore, the trial court did not commit plain error in failing to declare a mistrial sua sponte. Id. at 577.
D. The Relationship Between Title 14, Section 2253(a) and Title 14, Section 297(2)
Augustine next argues that third degree assault, as defined by 14 V.I.C. § 297(2), is intended to punish individuals “caught with knives, stones, shoes, etc.,” while 14 V.I.C. § 2253(a) specifically penalizes the possession of firearms. Augustine thus contends that he cannot be convicted under section 297(2) for assaulting Officers Greaves, Wharton, and Allen with a firearm because the express inclusion of firearms under section 2253(a) excludes them from the definition of a “deadly weapon” under section 297(2). Alternatively, Augustine asserts that the People did not prove that he fired the handgun with the intent to injure the three officers. These arguments lack legal support and are meritless.
The mere fact that section 2253(a) criminalizes the possession of firearms does not mean that the Legislature intended to exclude firearms from the definition of a deadly weapon or from statutes criminalizing the use of a deadly weapon. In fact, section 2253(a) specifically states that the “penalties provided for violation of this section shall be in addition to the penalty provided for the commission of, or attempt to commit, the felony or crime of violence.” (Emphasis added) Moreover, in Blockburger v.
Likewise, Augustine’s claim that the People did not prove that he fired the handgun with the intent to injure the three officers is in direct contradiction to the evidence presented at trial. Officers Greaves, Wharton, and Allen each testified that as they approached Augustine, Officer Greaves identified himself as a police officer and ordered him to stop. All three officers further testified that Augustine ignored Officer Greaves’s orders and began to flee the scene instead. And as he fled, Augustine reached into his pants pocket, drew a black handgun, and began firing at them. This testimony establishes that Augustine was aware of the presence of the officers at the time he drew his firearm, and that he purposefully fired his handgun at them. A reasonable jury could therefore infer that Augustine intended to shoot the three officers, and that he did so using a deadly weapon — the black handgun. Accordingly, we also reject Augustine’s argument that the People failed to prove that he intended to injure the officers when he fired his handgun.
E. Augustine’s Conviction for Reckless Endangerment
Finally, Augustine asserts that there was insufficient evidence to convict him of reckless endangerment because the People failed to prove that he engaged in conduct that created a grave risk of death to another person. Augustine also argues that the People failed to establish that the
Under title 14, section 625(a), “[a] person is guilty of reckless endangerment in the first degree when, under the circumstances evidencing a depraved indifference to human life, he recklessly engages in conduct in a public place which creates a grave risk of death to another person.” Section 625 further defines “public place” as “a place to which the general public has a right to resort; but a place which is in point of fact public rather than private, and visited by many persons and usually accessible to the public.” 14 V.I.C. § 625(c)(2) (emphasis added). The evidence at trial established that Officers Greaves, Wharton, and Allen encountered Augustine on the public road in front of the chicken fry restaurant, where Augustine initially drew his firearm and began shooting at the three officers. The officers then testified that they returned fire, and that Augustine fled between the restaurant and the adjacent mini mart while continuing to fire at them.
The testimony that Augustine fired a gun at three police officers was sufficient to allow the jury to conclude that Augustine created a grave risk of death to Officers Greaves, Wharton, and Allen, as well as any other members of the public that were in the area at the time. See State v. Coward, 292 Conn. 296, 972 A.2d 691, 702-03 (2009) (finding that the act of firing a loaded gun at or near someone “is, by definition, the epitome of reckless conduct creating a grave risk of death under circumstances evincing an extreme indifference to human life”); State v. Wood, 180 Ariz. 53, 881 P.2d 1158, 1174 (1994) (holding person is at “grave risk of death” when “directly in the line of fire” or when “in a zone of danger”) (internal quotation marks omitted); State v. Lee, No. 2 CACR 2008-0150, 2009 WL 975541, at *1 (Ariz. Ct. App. April 10, 2009) (unpublished) (“Aiming and shooting a gun at a person is conduct ‘capable of creating a substantial risk of causing death or serious physical injury,’ regardless of whether the bullets actually hit anyone.”). Furthermore, the evidence also establishes that the shooting between Augustine and the three officers occurred on a public street, directly in front of and around the restaurant and the mini mart. Officer Allen testified that Augustine was standing on the sidewalk in front of the chicken fry restaurant when he began shooting at them, and that he continued firing as he fled towards the mini mart and down the alley
III. CONCLUSION
There was sufficient evidence presented at trial to allow the jury to conclude that Augustine was the individual who opened fire on Officers Greaves, Wharton, and Allen, and that the shooting occurred in a public place. Additionally, Officer Wharton’s statement that he knew Augustine prior to the shooting because he had stopped him several times was not sufficiently prejudicial to deprive Augustine of a fair trial, and the express inclusion of firearms under title 14, section 2253(a) does not exclude firearms from the definition of a “deadly weapon” under title 14, section 297(2). Therefore, we affirm the judgment of the Superior Court.
Officer Wharton testified that he was right next to Augustine when he ordered Augustine not to move.
The People presented expert witnesses who testified that Augustine’s DNA was found on the black and red Rastafarian hat and the black handgun, that Augustine’s palms and shirt tested positive for gunshot residue, and that the blood from the scene of the shootout leading to Augustine belonged to Augustine. Augustine challenged this evidence by presenting his own experts who testified that his DNA was not on the black handgun and that there was no gunshot residue found on either his palms or his shirt. Augustine’s experts, however, could not refute that his DNA was bn the black and red Rastafarian hat and that the blood at the crime scene was his.
Officer Allen testified that he also followed the trail of blood, which led him to a yard where he found Augustine lying in a pool of blood.
The jury, however, found Augustine not guilty of three counts of first degree assault and three counts of unauthorized use of a firearm during the commission of a first degree assault.
Augustine’s fails to cite any relevant case law supporting the contention that a deadly weapon under 14 V.I.C. § 297(2) cannot include a firearm.
Augustine argues that the trial court erred in not defining “public place” to the jury. Augustine, however, failed to raise this issue at trial, and the trial court’s failure to define the term “public place” did not constitute plain error. See United States v. McCaleb, 552 F.3d 1053, 1059 (9th Cir. 2009) (“A [trial] court does not commit plain error by failing to define a word when it is a common word which an average juror can understand and which the average juror could have applied to the facts of [the] case without difficulty.”) (quotation marks and citation omitted); see also id. (holding trial court did not err in failing to define “manufacture”); United States v. Garza-Juarez, 992 F.2d 896, 910 (9th Cir. 1993) (holding that failure to define “possession” was not plain error); United States v. Chambers, 918 F.2d 1455, 1460 (9th Cir. 1990) (holding that failure to define “knowingly” was not plain error).