2 Blatchf. 39 | U.S. Circuit Court for the District of Southern New York | 1846
Three separate demurrers are filed to the bill in this case by the defendant Galusha. The other two defendants have not entered their appearance, and it does not appear that they have been served with the subpoena. The defendant attempts to call in question distinct parts of the bill by severing his demurrers, and also takes objection to the whole by general demurrer. The special causes of demurrer are excepted to by the plaintiff as informal and insufficient, in not pointing out precisely the parts of the bill intended to be embraced by them. They- adopt the general formulary, “that, as to so much of the bill as seeks,” &c., without specifying, by paragraph, page, or folio, or other method of reference, where the objectionable matter is to be found. We think this mode of demurring to the state-
(1.) The bill is objected to as multifarious by the defendant Galusha, on the ground that it makes charges against and exacts answers from his co-defendants in regard to matters involved in the suit at law commenced against him, which do not concern them, they not being parties to the suit at law. But the matters referred to concern him, and he cannot make the objection of irrelevancy in respect to his co-defendants, more especially as it appears, on the face of the bill, that they reside out of the jurisdiction of the court. Story, Eq. Pl. § 544, note 3. Another feature of the bill might also probably rescue it from this objection, inasmuch as it charges the acts complained of to have been committed by the three defendants as partners and in their copartnership character, provided they are all connected by other proper allegations with the object and purpose of the discovery prayed for. Mitf. PI. 181, 183. The demurrer for multifariousness is overruled.
(2.) It is an incontrovertible principle of equity law, that a defendant cannot be compelled to make discoveries in answer to a bill which seeks to enforce penalties and forfeitures against him by means of such discoveries. Story, Eq. Pl. § 521, note 3; Id. §§ 522, 575, 598; Mitf. Pl. 194-197. In this case, the bill claims a forfeiture, under section 7 of the act of February 3, 1831, (4 Stat. 438,) of the plates and pieces of music on hand. Had the forfeiture been waived by the plaintiff, the defendants might be compelled to disclose the number of their publications, the quantity on hand, and the amount realized from sales, in aid of the recovery of damages in a suit at law. So, probably, on such discovery, equity might compel the defendants to deliver up to the plaintiffs the forfeited copies. But the bill is clearly faulty in directly requiring the defendants to convict themselves of the act which carries with it the forfeiture sued for.
The decision of these two points leaves untouched, however, the principal features of the bill which are supposed to be brought in question by the demurrers, and to the discussion of which the argument was mainly directed; and it, therefore, remains to be considered whether advantage can be taken of those matters by general demurrer.
The objections which may be taken on general demurrer are: 1. That the plaintiff sets forth no title in himself to the subject-matter of his alleged copyright; and 2. That the bill lays no legal foundation for the discovery sought.
1. The insufficiency of the plaintiff’s title on the face of the bill is claimed to be this— that he alleges the musical composition, or considerable portions of it, to have been arranged, adapted, printed, and published by or for him, instead of averring that it was composed by himself. The plaintiff, on the other hand, contends, that even admitting this to be so, his title is complete, upon the legal adage, qui facit per alium facit per se, and that he can appropriate as his own the alterations and improvements of the music made by others at his procurement and for him.
The act of congress, (4 Stat. 436, § 1,) secures by copyright to any person who is the author of any musical composition the exclusive property in his composition for a term of years. The statute contains a more detailed description of the subjects of copyright than is given in the English acts of 8 Anne and 54 Geo. III., (Gods. Pat Append. 384, 422;) but the construction given to those acts by the English courts makes them include, under the name of books, pieces of music, &c. So that our system has no broader operation in this respect than the English, and, no doubt, a just construction of both statutes will render their provisions concurrent. The counsel for the plaintiff insists that the doctrine of the English law enables a man to secure to himself as his own composition whatever he has had prepared for him by the labors of others. We think, however, that the cases of Tonson v. Walker, 3 Swanst. 672, 680; Nicol v. Stockdale, Id. 687; Cary v. Longman, 3 Esp. 273, 274; and Mawman v. Tegg, 2 Russ. 385,—rest upon wholly different principles. They recognize the right of authorship, although the materials of the composition were procured by another, and also an equitable title in one person to the labors of another, when the relations of the parties are such that the former is entitled to an assignment of the production. But, to constitute one an author, he must, by his own intellectual labor applied to the materials of his composition, produce an arrangement or compila
If, therefore, the plaintiff’s title rested only upon the allegation referred to, we should hold the bill to be defective on general demurrer. But we find repeated averments in the bill, to the effect that “he made many alterations of and additions to the said music”—that “he added new matters of his own, not in the original opera”—that he affixed a copy of. the record on the title-page “of each piece of music composed, arranged and adapted by him for publication”—and that a copyright was taken out for such pieces “as arranged, adapted, and published by the plaintiff, with the new titles and original matter introduced therein by him,” whereby he became entitled to vend the music “as arranged and adapted by him, and to the original matter introduced by him therein;” and the bill charges the defendants with having sold such music “printed from and in exact imitation of the music so arranged and adapted and published by the plaintiff, with the original matter introduced therein by him, and with his titles to some of such pieces of music.” These allegations amount to an assertion of authorship in terms sufficiently explicit and full to constitute a perfect title at law, and, the facts being admitted by the demurrer, we must hold the right of the plaintiff established upon these averments, notwithstanding their defectiveness and their inconsistency with others contained in the bill. Mitf. Pl. 212. Such imperfect pleading is matter of form, and can be taken advantage of only by special demurrer. The general demurrer in this behalf must, therefore, be. overruled. Verplank v. Caines, 1 Johns. Ch. 67; Higinbotham v. Burnet, 5 Johns. Ch. 184; Kuypers v. Reformed Dutch Church, 6 Paige, 570.
2. The discovery prayed for is to aid the plaintiff in his suit, at law prosecuted against the defendant Galusha; and the averment in the bill is, that he has commenced an action of trespass against that defendant for the violation of his copyright The demurrer raises the question whether the bill alleges such a suit at law as will afford foundation for the discovery sought, no relief consequent on the discovery being prayed for. It is clear that the plaintiff has adopted a form of action at law which cannot be supported. The English statute of 54 Geo. III. § 2, gives specifically an action on the case as the remedy for the violation of a copyright. Our act (4 Stat. 438) only indicates the form of action when a manuscript is published without the consent of the author, (section 9,) or when a suit is brought to recover the pecuniary penalty given by the sixth section. On general principles of law, however, it is clear that trespass cannot be brought for an injury merely consequential in its character, unaccompanied by force as against the person or property, or by wrongful intermed-dling with the possession of property. 1 Chit. Pl. 126, 127. The act of 8 Anne, c. 19, did not designate the form of action, yet no doubt was ever expressed that case was the appropriate one. Beckford v. Hood, 7 Term R. 620; Cary v. Longman, 1 East, 358; Roworth v. Wilkes, 1 Camp. 94. To obtain a discovery in aid of a suit at law, the bill must show it to be necessary for the plaintiff, and that, when made, it can be used to his advantage. Jeremy, Eq. Jur. 161; Story, Eq. Pl. §§ 319, 321. It necessarily follows, from these principles, that a discovery will not be decreed in aid of an action at law, where it is manifest that the plaintiff cannot avail himself of it in the suit he is attempting to prosecute. It is, perhaps, also to be regarded as a substantive defect in the bill that it seeks a discovery from three defendants to aid a suit instituted against one alone. In so far, then, as the maintenance of the bill depends upon the plaintiff’s right to a discovery, we think it defective in substance, and bad on general demurrer.
The bill, however, prays for an injunction, and, making title on its face in the plaintiff to the copy-right set forth, and showing á wrongful and wilful violation of the copyright by the defendants, and serious injuries inflicted by and apprehended from such violation, it is sufficient in substance and form to entitle the plaintiff to an injunction. This relief is not dependent upon the discovery prayed, but rests on the equities set forth in the bill, and may be refused or granted, irrespective of the discovery. A general demurrer to the whole bill takes exception, therefore, to this branch of it, and the principle of equity pleading is universal, that a general demurrer to the whole bill must be overruled if any independent part of the bill is sufficient. Higinbotham v. Burnet, 5 Johns. Ch. 184; Kuypers v. Reformed Dutch Church, 6 Paige, 570; Story, Eq. Pl. § 443. The formal protestation accompanying the demurrer is of no avail to protect it against this defect, as it cannot serve the purpose of a plea or answer, or form an excuse for not putting in the one or the other. Story, Eq. Pl. §§ 452, 457, 458. We think, therefore, that the general demurrer must be overruled on both points. As faults in pleading have occurred on both sides, each party may amend without paying costs to the other.