Attorney Grievance v. TabeAttorney Grievance v. Tabe
ATTORNEY DISCIPLINE — SANCTIONS — 90-DAY SUSPENSION — Supreme Court of Maryland* suspended from practice of law for 90 days, with conditions, lawyer who, among other things, failed to competently represent two clients in matters in connection with federal immigration proceedings. In both matters, lawyer failed to deposit fees into trust account. In one matter, lawyer did not appear at preliminary hearing, did not effectively explain asylum process to client, submitted asylum application with several important errors, and lost client‘s only form of photographic identification. In second matter, lawyer failed to appear, and caused his client to not appear, at merits hearing, and neglected to include required affidavit with motion to reopen.
Such conduct violated Maryland Attorneys’ Rules of Professional Conduct (“MARPC“) 1.1 (Competence), 1.15(a) (Safekeeping Property), 8.4(d) (Conduct that is Prejudicial to Administration of Justice), and 8.4(a) (Violating MARPC); Maryland Rule 19-404 (Trust Account - Required Deposits); and Federal Immigration Rules of Professional Conduct for Practitioners,
*At the time of the filing of the Petition for Disciplinary or Remedial Action in this case, the Supreme Court of Maryland was named the Court of Appeals of Maryland. At the November 8, 2022 general election, thе voters of Maryland ratified a constitutional amendment changing the name of the Court of Appeals of Maryland to the Supreme Court of Maryland. The name change took effect on December 14, 2022.
Circuit Court for Anne Arundel County
Case No. C-02-CV-22-000727
Argued: February 3, 2023
Pursuant to the Maryland Uniform Electronic Legal Materials Act (§§ 10-1601 et seq. of the State Government Article) this document is authentic.
Gregory Hilton, Clerk
Fader, C.J.
Watts
Hotten
Booth
Biran
Gould
Eaves,
JJ.
Opinion by Watts, J.
Filed: February 27, 2023
*At the November 8, 2022 general election, the voters of Maryland ratified a constitutional amendment changing the name of the Court of Appeals of Maryland to the Supreme Court of Maryland. The name change took effect on December 14,
This attorney discipline proceeding involves a lawyer who, by his own admission, failed to competently represent two clients in connection with federal immigration proceedings, resulting in adverse outcomes for both. Both clients were asylum seekers in immigration detention when they retained Kevin Mbeh Tabe, Respondent, a member of the Bar of Maryland. Mr. Tabe did not deposit the funds paid by either client into his attorney trust account. In the course of representing the clients in separate matters, Mr. Tabe failed to appear at two hearings, including a merits hearing, which he also caused his client to miss, did not effectively explain the asylum process to a client, submitted an asylum application with several important errors, lost a client‘s only form of photographic identification, and neglected to include a required affidavit with a motion to reopen a matter.
On April 20, 2022, on behalf of the Attorney Grievance Commission, Petitioner, Bar Counsel filed a “Petition for Disciplinary or Remedial Action” against Mr. Tabe, charging him with violating Maryland Attorneys’ Rules of Professional Conduct (“MARPC“) 1.1 (Competence), 1.15(a) (Safekeeping Property), 8.4(d) (Conduct that is Prejudicial to Administration of Justice), and 8.4(a) (Violating the MARPC); Maryland Rule 19-404 (Trust Account — Required Deposits); and Federal Immigration Rules of Professional Conduct for Practitioners,
On April 26, 2022, we designated the Honorable Stacy W. McCormack (“the hearing judge“) of the Circuit Court for Anne Arundel County to hear this attorney discipline proceeding. On September 19, 2022, the hearing judge conducted a hearing. On November 4, 2022, the hearing judge issued an opinion including findings of fact and conclusions of law, concluding that Mr. Tabe had violated MARPC 1.1, 1.15,1 and 8.4(a) and (d); Maryland Rule 19-404; and
On February 3, 2023, we heard oral argument. For the below reasons, we suspend Mr. Tabe from the practice of law in Maryland for 90 days with the condition of the engagement of an attorney monitor for a one-year period upon reinstatement to the practice of law in Maryland. The attorney monitor‘s responsibilities shаll include, but not be limited to, oversight of workload volume and stress management issues.
BACKGROUND
The hearing judge found the following facts, which we summarize.
On December 17, 2009, we admitted Mr. Tabe to the Bar of Maryland.2 During his practice of immigration law as relevant to this case, Mr. Tabe maintained a law office in Dallas, Texas. He maintained a Maryland attorney trust account.
Representation of Fon Halley Fon
After entering the United States seeking asylum in March 2019, Mr. Fon, a citizen of Cameroon, was detained at an immigration detention center located in Pine Prairie, Louisiana, and placed in removal proceedings in the U.S. Immigration Court in Oakdale, Louisiana. Mr. Fon asked his aunt, Dorothy Fongum, to retain Mr. Tabe to represent him, as he believed
That same month, shortly after Mr. Tabe was retained to represent Mr. Fon, the court held a master calendar hearing3 which Mr. Tabe knew about, but did not appear at. Based on Mr. Fon‘s response to the immigration court‘s inquiry abоut whether he had an attorney and Mr. Fon‘s testimony at the disciplinary hearing in this case, the hearing judge found that Mr. Tabe had not informed Mr. Fon that he would not be present at the master calendar hearing. The immigration court rescheduled the hearing for June 6, 2019, because Mr. Tabe was not present. Mr. Fon asked to meet with Mr. Tabe before the rescheduled hearing, and Mr. Tabe said they would meet, but they never did.
At the June 6, 2019 hearing, at which Mr. Tabe appeared, the immigration court ordered Mr. Fon‘s asylum application be submitted by July 9, 2019. Mr. Tabe gave Mr. Fon a blank asylum application to fill out and return to him, which Mr. Fon did, but the hearing judge found that Mr. Tabe did not “adequately explain the application process to Mr. Fon and failed to review the final application with Mr. Fon before it was filed with the court.” On June 27, 2019, Mr. Tabe filed the asylum application and, after doing so, mailed a copy to Mr. Fon. Mr. Fon informed Mr. Tabe of errors in the application regarding his date of birth, his date of entry into the United States, and his mother‘s name. The hearing judge found that Mr. Fon‘s testimony that Mr. Tabe had not provided the final application to him for review prior to filing it with the court was more credible than Mr. Tabe‘s testimony that he had done so, in part because of the nature of the errors. After Mr. Fon alerted Mr. Tabe to the errors, Mr. Tabe failed to promptly file an amended application.
In early July 2019, Mr. Tabe received from Ms. Fongum Mr. Fon‘s original Cameroonian National Identification Card and affidavits related to the asylum application. Mr. Tabe thereafter lost this identification card, which was Mr. Fon‘s only form of photographic identification, as Mr. Tabe knew. On July 9, 2019, Mr. Tabe appeared at a master calendar hearing telephonically rather than in person, which he had not told Mr. Fon he would do, and which prevented Mr. Fon from meeting with him to discuss details of the case. The immigration court scheduled an individual hearing4 for Mr. Fon on August 13, 2019. On July 10, 2019, Mr. Tabe filed a pre-hearing brief and additional evidence with the court, which included the affidavits and a copy of the identification card.
Mr. Tabe met with Mr. Fon for the first and only time 2 weeks prior to the individual hearing, for 30 minutes. The hearing judge found that, at this meeting, Mr.
When Mr. Tabe returned some original doсuments to him, Mr. Fon alerted Mr. Tabe that his National Identification Card was missing. Mr. Tabe told Mr. Fon he would find it and bring it to the individual hearing. After Mr. Tabe “discovered that he had misplaced Mr. Fon‘s original identification card, he failed to advise Mr. Fon or explain to Mr. Fon how the missing identification card could impact his immigration case.” Mr. Tabe not only failed to carefully safekeep this important piece of evidence, but also the hearing judge found that there was no evidence that he attempted to recover it.
At the August 13, 2019 individual hearing, the immigration court asked Mr. Tabe about the identification card and Mr. Tabe admitted he could not present it because he had misplaced it. The court relied in part on Mr. Fon‘s lack of photographic identification in finding that he was not credible5 and therefore denying his application for asylum and ordering him removed from the country.
In early September 2019, Ms. Fongum retained Mr. Tabe on behalf of Mr. Fon to represent him in his appeal to the BIA. Ms. Fongum paid Mr. Tabe $1,400 toward a flat fee of $2,600, which Mr. Tabe failed to deposit in an attorney trust account. On September 30, 2019, Mr. Tabe filed a brief requesting that the BIA reverse the immigration court‘s decision and grant asylum to Mr. Fon. On January 13, 2020, the BIA affirmed the immigration court‘s decision and dismissed the appeal. On Septеmber 28, 2020, Mr. Fon filed a complaint against Mr. Tabe with Bar Counsel.
Representation of Christian Nkwizi
After entering the United States seeking asylum in November 2018, Mr. Nkwizi, a citizen of Cameroon, was detained at an immigration detention center located in Folkston, Georgia, and placed in removal proceedings in the U.S. Immigration Court in Atlanta, Georgia. On January 4, 2019, Mr. Nkwizi retained Mr. Tabe to file an “Application for Asylum, Withholding Removal and [Convention Against Torture] Protection” for him and to represent him in immigration court for a flat fee of $3,000. Mr. Tabe failed to deposit the $3,000 he received for his representation of Mr. Nkwizi into an attorney trust account. The hearing judge found that this fee was not unreasonable at first, but became unreasonable due to Mr. Tabe‘s subsequent failure to provide services of value to Mr. Nkwizi.
On March 12, 2019, Mr. Tabe filed an application for asylum on Mr. Nkwizi‘s behalf. On April 17, 2019, Mr. Tabe filed a pre-hearing statement and additional evidence in support of the application.6 On May 15, 2019, the immigration court scheduled an individual hearing for Mr. Nkwizi for July 10, 2019, which Mr. Tabe received notice of.
Relying on Mr. Tabe‘s representation regarding the change of venue and assuming that the hearing in Georgia was not going forward, Mr. Nkwizi did not appear for his individual hearing on July 10, 2019. Neither did Mr. Tabe, because he assumed the motion had been granted and had not read the email. “Due to his failure to appear, the court deemed Mr. Nkwizi‘s asylum application to be abandoned and ordered him removed from the United States.” On his own initiative, Mr. Nkwizi learned of this order the next day, and contacted Mr. Tabe. Mr. Tabe said he had “missed an email” from the court and “promised” Mr. Nkwizi “that he would get things straight” by filing a motion to reopen the case.
On July 30, 2019, Mr. Tabe filed the motion as he had said he would, arguing that reopening was appropriate because Mr. Nkwizi had not received timely notice that the motion to change venue had been denied. However, Mr. Tabe did not include an affidavit in support of his statements. On August 26, 2019, the immigration court denied the motion to reopen, in part because of Mr. Tabe‘s failure to include the affidavit. On October 6, 2019, Mr. Nkwizi filed a complaint against Mr. Tabe with Bar Counsel.
Aggravating and Mitigating Factors
The hearing judge found seven aggravating factors: (1) prior disciplinary history; (2) a pattern of misconduct; (3) multiple offenses; (4) vulnerability of the victims; (5) substantial experience in the practice of law; (6) indifference to making restitution; and (7) likelihood of repetition of misconduct.
The hearing judge also found four mitigating factors: (1) full and free disclosure to the disciplinary board and a cooperative attitude toward the proceedings; (2) remorse; (3) the absence of a dishonest or selfish motive; and (4) personal or emotional problems.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
In an attorney discipline proceeding, we review for clear error a hearing judge‘s findings of fact and review without deference a hearing judge‘s conclusions of law. See
DISCUSSION
(A) Exceptions to Findings of Fact and Aggravating Factors
Failure to Adequately Prepare Mr. Fon
Mr. Tabe excepts to the hearing judge‘s findings that he “failed to adequately explain
We overrule Mr. Tabe‘s exception. At the hearing, Mr. Fon testified that Mr. Tabe never properly explained to him the process for seeking asylum and met with him only once to discuss the case. When Mr. Tabe asked Mr. Fon during cross-examination what happened the first time they met, prior to the meeting two weeks before the individual hearing, Mr. Fon testified that the only other meeting consisted of a brief introduction and no substantive discussion. Although Mr. Tabe testified otherwise, the hearing judge was entitled to assess both witnesses’ credibility and determine whose account to believe. We defer to the hearing judge‘s credibility assessment.
Failure to Provide Services of Value to Mr. Nkwizi
Mr. Tabe excepts to the hearing judge‘s finding that he failed to provide services of value to Mr. Nkwizi and, therefore, charged an unreasonable fee. Mr. Tabe contends that although his actions resulted in the denial of Mr. Nkwizi‘s asylum application and an order for his removal, Mr. Nkwizi has new counsel who can take advantage of his work on behalf of Mr. Nkwizi should the case be reopened. In addition, Mr. Tabe contends that he has submitted an affidavit of support for the reopening of Mr. Nkwizi‘s case and refunded the $3,000 fee.
We overrule Mr. Tabe‘s exception to the hearing judge‘s finding that that he failed to provide services of value to Mr. Nkwizi and, as such, charged an excessive fee, as the hearing judge did not clearly err in making the finding. It is accurate that, at the disciplinary hearing, Mr. Tabe testified that he worked with Mr. Nkwizi‘s family and filed Mr. Nkwizi‘s application for asylum, and that he filed a pre-hearing brief, a witness list, and supporting documents. In addition, Mr. Tabe testified that he had been prepared to represent Mr. Nkwizi at an individual hearing on April 24, 2019, which was rescheduled in advance, and at the May 14, 2019 hearing, at which he appeared, but which was rescheduled due to technical difficulties. Mr. Tabe also testified that in December 2021, he had provided Mr. Nkwizi7 an affidavit in support of a motion to reopen before the BIA.
This does not establish, however, that Mr. Tabe‘s services were of value or that the fee he charged was reasonable when his misconduct consisted of him neglecting an email from the court advising that Mr. Nkwizi‘s motion for change of venue had been denied, and causing Mr. Nkwizi to miss his individual hearing on July 10, 2019 and be ordered removed from the country. Thereafter, Mr. Tabe filed a motion to reopen that was denied by the immigration court because he failed to include a necessary affidavit. Mr. Tabe had been retained for the sole purpose of assisting Mr. Nkwizi in seeking asylum and, through his misconduct, he managed to have Mr. Nkwizi ordered removed from the country. It is axiomatic that when a lawyer files a motion for an extension, a postponement, a change of venue, or the like with a court and has received no response, the lawyer may not act as though
As of December 2021, when Mr. Tabe supplied the affidavit for Mr. Nkwizi‘s use in a new motion to reopen, Mr. Nkwizi had been ordered removed from the country for over two years, since July 2019. In the meantime, Mr. Nkwizi had retained new counsel whom he was most likely required to pay new fees, in addition to the $3,000 that he had already paid Mr. Tabe.
The hearing judge did not credit Mr. Tabe‘s testimony that he refunded the $3,000 to Mr. Nkwizi and in his exceptions before this Court (which we discuss more fully below), Mr. Tabe gives no reаson for us to disturb the hearing judge‘s finding. The notion that Mr. Tabe performed valuable work by completing the asylum application and other paperwork that new counsel may now utilize in pursuing Mr. Nkwizi‘s application is based on the premise that Mr. Nkwizi‘s case has been or will be reopened, which is an occurrence that is not established by the case record. And, even if it had been confirmed that Mr. Nkwizi‘s motion to reopen had been granted, under the circumstances of the case, in which Mr. Tabe took a fee, failed to competently pursue the objective of the representation, and, rather, caused Mr. Nkwizi to be ordered removed from the country, necessitating that he obtain new counsel, and over three years later (at the time of the disciplinary hearing) the immigration case was still pending, it would be difficult to conceive that Mr. Nkwizi‘s asylum application would now move forward based on the paperwork submitted by Mr. Tabe in 2019 or that Mr. Tabe could be viewed as having provided valuable services.
Pattern of Misconduct and Likelihood of Future Violations
Mr. Tabe excepts to the hearing judge‘s finding of the aggravating factors of a pattern of misconduct and likelihood of future violations.8 Mr. Tabe asserts that his actions in the representation of Mr. Fon and Mr. Nkwizi did not constitute a pattern of misconduct because thеy were two “episodes” that occurred at roughly the same time. Mr. Tabe relies on this Court‘s holding in Attorney Grievance Comm‘n v. Riely, 471 Md. 458, 500-01, 242 A.3d 206, 231 (2020), for the proposition that a finding of a pattern of misconduct should be supported by separate “episodes” of misconduct. For the same reason, Mr. Tabe contends that his actions did not indicate a likelihood of future misconduct.
We overrule Mr. Tabe‘s exception to the hearing judge‘s finding of the aggravating factors of a pattern of misconduct and likelihood of future violation, as the hearing
This case is easily distinguished from Riely. See Attorney Grievance Comm‘n v. Taniform, 482 Md. 272, 302, 286 A.3d 1072, 1089 (2022) (distinguishing the facts of the case from Riely and holding that the attorney‘s “series of wrongful acts over a period of five months with two different clients” constituted a pattern of misconduct). Among other differences, in this case, the hearing judge found that Mr. Tabe had been reprimanded by the Commission in May 2019, for misconduct occurring between August 2016 and April 2017 that was substantially similar to that in the present case. This would establish a pattern in addition to the one revealed by, as the hearing judge put it, the “series of wrongful acts” in Mr. Tabe‘s representation of Mr. Fon and Mr. Nkwizi.
The reprimand also led the hearing judge to find the aggravating factor of likelihood of future misconduct, because Mr. Tabe‘s “misconduct continued, despite prior discipline for similar misconduct,” in line with our precedent. See, e.g., Attorney Grievance Comm‘n v. Edwards, 462 Md. 642, 710, 202 A.3d 1200, 1238 (2019) (This Court stated that the likelihood of the attorney “repeating her misconduct [was] apparent from her continued misconduct even after she was notified of the complaints filed against her.“). Although Mr. Tabe‘s misconduct did not continue after he was notified of the complaints against him in this case, like the attorney in Edwards, he was reprimanded by the Commission for substantially similar misconduct, amidst his representation of the clients at issue. That the reprimand did not prevent Mr. Tabe from engaging in misconduct immediately thereafter is a strong basis for the hearing judge‘s finding of the aggravating factor of likelihood of repetition, and the hearing judge did not clearly err in so finding.
Vulnerability of Victims
Mr. Tabe excepts to the hearing judge‘s finding of the aggravating factor of vulnerability of the victims. Mr. Tabe contends that this Court should not consider immigrant status as per se evidence of a vulnerable client and that, in this case, neither Mr. Fon nor Mr. Nkwizi was established as individually vulnerable.
We overrule Mr. Tabe‘s exception to the hearing judge‘s finding of the aggravating factor of vulnerability of the victims, as the hearing judge‘s finding is not clearly erroneous. Our precedent, as Mr. Tabe recognizes, establishes the vulnerability of immigrants as clients, in part because “[t]he potential to be removed from the
We recognize that there could be some instances in which the aggravating factor of the victim‘s vulnerability would not apply in a disciplinary matter involving an immigration client. Although in Moawad, 475 Md. at 484-85, 257 A.3d at 646-47, we rejected the attorney‘s contention that his clients were not vulnerable victims because one was “an accomplished medical doctor with significant education and work history in the United States,” and another was “an ‘articulate gentleman’ who arrived in the country to further his education and has ultimately established a career as an Emergency Medical Technician,” there might be a factual scenario in which the vulnerability factor would not apply, such as if the client had extensive experience navigating immigration proceedings or the attorney‘s misconduct would not result in deportation. “Time will ultimately tell whether we spoke too broadly in Moawad and in prior cases,” Taniform, 482 Md. at 304-05, 286 A.3d at 1091, but, as in Taniform, here, too, “we are not persuaded on these facts that Mr. [Tabe]‘s clients should not be deemed vulnerable for purposes of this aggravating factor.”
(B) Conclusions of Law
Bar Counsel‘s Exception Concerning Application of MARPC 8.5(b): Maryland‘s Choice of Law Rule
Bar Counsel excepts to the hearing judge‘s conclusion that Mr. Tabe violated MARPC 1.1 by failing to competently represent the clients in immigration proceedings. Bar Counsel contends that, instead, under MARPC 8.5(b), the hearing judge should have concluded that the alleged misconduct involving the substance of the representation violated the Federal Immigration Rules of Professional Conduct for Practitioners (“FIRPCP“), and that the violation of MARPC 1.1 resulted from Mr. Tabe‘s “failure to properly maintain client funds in an attorney trust account[.]” We sustain Bar Counsel‘s exception.
In February 2005, we adopted MARPC 8.5(b), titled Choice of Law, after changes made in 2000 to the American Bar Association Model Rules concerning the choice of jurisdictional rules to be applied in disciplinary cases. See Taniform, 482 Md. at 329, 286 A.3d at 1105 (Booth, J., concurring). MARPC 8.5(b) provides:
Choice of Law. In any exercise of the disciplinary authority of this State, the rule of professional conduct to be applied shall be as follows:
- for conduct in connection with a matter pending before a tribunal, the rules of the jurisdiction in which the tribunal sits, unless the rules of the tribunal provide otherwise; and
- for any other conduct, the rules of the jurisdiction in which the attorney‘s conduct occurred, or, if the predominant
effect of the conduct is in a different jurisdiction, the rules of that jurisdiction shall be applied to the conduct. An attorney shall not be subject to discipline if the attorney‘s conduct conforms to the rules of a jurisdiction in which the attorney reasonably believes the predominant effect of the attorney‘s conduct will occur.
Under the plain language of MARPC 8.5(b), in Maryland, in connection with a matter pending before a tribunal, the rules of the tribunal where an attorney‘s alleged misconduct occurred must be applied in an attorney disciplinary proceeding, and, as stated in Comment 4 of the Rule, an attorney shall be subject only to the rules of professional conduct of that tribunal. As we explained in Attorney Grievance Comm‘n v. Tatung, 476 Md. 45, 88, 258 A.3d 234, 260 (2021), “Rule 8.5(b) [] ensures that, where an attorney‘s misconduct triggers jurisdiction and oversight by more than one disciplinary authority, the attorney is treated fairly and uniformly by each jurisdiction, as contemplated by the comments” to MARPC 8.5(b).
With respect to immigration matters, the Executive Office of Immigration Review of the United States Department of Justice has established uniform regulations that govern the professional conduct of immigration attorneys. These regulations, the FIRPCP, are codified at
In this case, Bar Counsel filed charges alleging violations of the MARPC and the FIRPCP. The hearing judge found violations of both MARPC 1.1 and
if an immigration attorney who is licensed in Maryland commits violations of our professional conduct rules related to trust account violations, in addition to filing charges under the federal disciplinary rules contained in
8 C.F.R. § 1003.102 , the attorney may also be charged with violating MARPC 1.15(a) because the federal regulations do not contain any counterpart to that rule.
Tatung, 476 Md. at 90-91, 258 A.3d at 262 (footnote omitted).
We disagreed with Bar Counsel‘s argument “that, whеre the conduct involves another tribunal or jurisdiction, [Bar Counsel] is only required to apply the rules of the alternative jurisdiction when there is a conflict.” Id. at 87, 258 A.3d at 260. We held that the use of the word “shall” in
In Attorney Grievance Comm‘n v. Bonner, 477 Md. 576, 597, 271 A.3d 249, 262 (2022), after initially charging the attorney under
We overruled Bar Counsel‘s exception because the plain language of
In Bonner, we stated that “if a petition involves charges involving separate acts of misconduct, each separate act of misconduct may involve the application of a separate set of professional rules.” Id. at 601 n.13, 271 A.3d at 264 n.13 (emphasis in original). We instructed that when
In this case, although in its exception, Bar Counsel states that it charged violations of the MARPC only in relation to Mr. Tabe‘s attorney trust account misconduct, the petition makes no distinction as to what misconduct was alleged to be in violation of the MARPC versus the FIRPCP. In accordance with Tatung and Bonner, we recommend that in the future where misconduct implicating
MARPC 1.1 (Competence)
“An attorney shall provide competent representation to a client. Competent representation requires the legal knowledge, skill, thoroughness and preparation reasonably necessary for the representation.”
MARPC 1.1 .
Having resolved Bar Counsel‘s exception to the hearing judge‘s conclusion that Mr. Tabe violated
MARPC 1.15(a) (Safekeeping Property)
An attorney shall hold property of clients or third persons that is in an attorney‘s possession in connection with a representation separate from the attorney‘s own property. Funds shall be kept in a separate account maintained pursuant to Title 19, Chapter 400 of the Maryland Rules, and records shall be created and maintained in accordance with the Rules in that Chapter. Other property shall be identified specifically as such and appropriately safeguarded,
and records of its receipt and distribution shall be created and maintained. Complete records of the account funds and of other property shall be kept by the attorney and shall be preserved for a period of at least five years after the date the record was created.
Further,
[u]nless the client gives informed consent, confirmed in writing, to a different arrangement, an attorney shall deposit legal fees and expenses that have been paid in advance into a client trust account and may withdraw those funds for the attorney‘s own benefit only as fees are earned or expenses incurred.
Clear and convincing evidence supports the hearing judge‘s conclusion that Mr. Tabe violated
MARPC 8.4(d) (Conduct that is Prejudicial to the Administration of Justice)
“It is professional misconduct for an attorney to . . . engage in conduct that is prejudicial to the administration of justice[.]”
MARPC 8.4(d) . “Generally, a lawyer violates M[A]RPC 8.4(d) where the lawyer‘s conduct would negatively impact the perception of the legal profession of a reasonable member of the public.” Slate, 457 Md. at 645, 180 A.3d at 155 (cleaned up).
Clear and convincing evidence supports the hearing judge‘s conclusion that Mr. Tabe violated
MARPC 8.4(a) (Violating the MARPC)
“It is professional misconduct for an attorney to[] violate . . the” MARPC.
MARPC 8.4(a) .
Clear and convincing evidence supports the hearing judge‘s conclusion that Mr. Tabe violated
Maryland Rule 19-404 (Trust Account – Required Deposits)
Except as otherwise permitted by rule or other law, all funds, including cash,
received and accepted by an attorney or law firm in this State from a client or third person to be delivered in whole or in part to a client or third person, unless received as payment of fees owed the attorney by the client or in reimbursement for expenses properly advanced on behalf of the client, shall be deposited in an attorney trust account in an approved financial institution. This Rule does not apply to an instrument received by an attorney or law firm that is made payable solely to a client or third person and is transmitted directly to the client or third person.
Clear and convincing evidence supports the hearing judge‘s conclusion that Mr. Tabe violated
8 C.F.R. § 1003.102(a)(1)
Under the FIRPCP, an attorney “shall be subject to disciplinary sanctions in the public interest if” the attorney “[c]harges or receives, either directly or indirectly . . ., any fee or compensation for specific services rendered for any person that shall be deemed to be grossly excessive.”
The time and labor required, the novelty and difficulty of the questions involved, and the skill requisite to perform the legal service properly; the likelihood, if apparent to the client, that the acceptance of the particular employment will preclude other employment by the attorney; the fee customarily charged in the locality for similar legal services; the amount involved and the results obtained; the time limitations imposed by the client or by the circumstances; the nature and length of the professional relationship with the client; and the experience, reputation, and ability of the attorney or attorneys performing the services[.]
Mr. Tabe excepts to the hearing judge‘s conclusion of law that he violated
Clear and convincing evidence supports this conclusion.11 By way of analogy, under the MARPC, a fee may be reasonable at the time it is charged but later become unreasonable if the attorney fails to earn it or to perform any of the services for which the attorney was paid. See Moawad, 475 Md. at 473, 257 A.3d at 640. In Moawad, id. at 473-76, 257 A.3d at 640-41, we upheld a hearing judge‘s conclusion that the attorney had charged unreasonable fees when he prepared and submitted various immigration filings in three different client matters but through lack of competence and diligence the filings were unsuccessful, and the attorney
The hearing judge found that there was no evidence that Mr. Tabe had returned any portion of the attorney‘s fees paid by either Mr. Nkwizi or Mr. Fon. At the disciplinary hearing, Mr. Tabe testified on his own behalf that he wanted “to make full restitution” and “give back Mr. Nkwizi‘s $3,000,” and that he was “putting the funds together” and hoped to “be able to do that in less than 45 days.” That Mr. Tabe may have eventually refunded Mr. Nkwizi‘s fee does not change this calculus. Mr. Tabe‘s refund, if provided as he asserts in his exceptions, would not have come until roughly three years after the termination of his representation of Mr. Nkwizi.
8 C.F.R. § 1003.102(l)
Under the FIRPCP, an attorney “shall be subject to disciplinary sanctions in the public interest if” the attorney “[r]epeatedly fails to appear for pre-hearing conferences, scheduled hearings, or case-related meetings in a timely manner without good cause[.]”
Clear and convincing evidence supports the hearing judge‘s conclusion that Mr. Tabe violated
8 C.F.R. § 1003.102(n)
Under the FIRPCP, an attorney “shall be subject to disciplinary sanctions in the public interest if” the attorney “[e]ngages in conduct that is prejudicial to the administration of justice or undermines the integrity of the adjudicative process.”
Clear and convincing evidence supports the hearing judge‘s conclusion that Mr. Tabe violated
failed to appear for Mr. Fon‘s May 15 hearing, failed to adequately communicate with Mr. Fon about the asylum application process, failed to ensure that accurate information was included on Mr. Fon‘s asylum application filed with the court, failed to adequately prepare Mr. Fon for his individual hearing, and lost Mr. Fon‘s Cameroonian National Identification Card.
With respect to Mr. Nkwizi, the hearing judge aptly observed that Mr. Tabe‘s “misconduct prevented the immigration court from considering the merits of Mr. Nkwizi‘s asylum claim.” When Mr. Tabe attempted to mitigate this harm by filing a motion to reopen the case, he failed to include a required affidavit, undermining even that effort.
8 C.F.R. § 1003.102(o)
Under the FIRPCP, an attorney “shall be subject to disciplinary sanctions in the public interest if” the attorney “[f]ails to provide competent representation to a client.”
Clear and convincing evidence supports the hearing judge‘s сonclusion that Mr. Tabe violated
8 C.F.R. § 1003.102(q)
Under the FIRPCP, an attorney “shall be subject to disciplinary sanctions in the public interest if” the attorney “[f]ails to act with reasonable diligence and promptness in representing a client.”
Clear and convincing evidence supports the hearing judge‘s conclusion that Mr. Tabe violated
8 C.F.R. § 1003.102(r)
Under the FIRPCP, an attorney “shall be subject to disciplinary sanctions in the public interest if” the attorney “[f]ails to maintain communication with the client throughout the duration of the client-practitioner relationship.”
It is the obligation of the [attorney] to take reasonable steps to communicate with the client in a language that the
client understands. [An attorney] is only under the obligation to attempt to communicate with his or her client using addresses or phone numbers known to the [attorney]. In order to properly maintain communication, the [attorney] should: (1) Promptly inform and consult with the client concerning any decision or circumstance with respect to which the client‘s informed consent is reasonably required;
(2) Reasonably consult with the client about the means by which the client‘s objectives are to be accomplished. Reasonable consultation with the client includes the duty to meet with the client sufficiently in advance of a hearing or other matter to ensure adequate preparation of the client‘s case and compliance with applicable deadlines;
(3) Keep the client reasonably informed about the status of the matter, such as significant developments affecting the timing or the substance of the representation; and
(4) Promptly comply with reasonable requests for information, except that when a prompt response is not feasible, the [attorney], or a member of the [attorney]‘s staff, should acknowledge receipt of the request and advise the client when a response may be expected[.]
Clear and convincing evidence supports the hearing judge‘s conclusion that Mr. Tabe violated
(C) Sanction
Bar Counsel recommends that we indefinitely suspend Mr. Tabe from the practice of law in Maryland. Mr. Tabe recommends that we reprimand him or place him on prоbation with conditions concerning his practice. In his exceptions, Mr. Tabe advises that, as a result of his experience with this case, he has “identif[ied] a major problem in his law practice[,]” and “undergo[ne] attorney/client relationship trainings; stress management trainings; and client fund account and law office management trainings.” Mr. Tabe also states that he is undergoing therapy to help him focus on his law practice.
In Slate, 457 Md. at 646-47, 180 A.3d at 155-56, we stated:
This Court sanctions a lawyer not to punish the lawyer, but instead to protect the public and the public‘s confidence in the legal profession. This Court accomplishes these goals by: (1) deterring other lawyers from engaging in similar misconduct; and (2) suspending or disbarring a lawyer who is unfit to continue to practice law.
In determining an appropriate sanction for a lawyer‘s misconduct, this Court considers: (1) the M[A]RPC that the
Aggravating factors include: (1) prior attorney discipline; (2) a dishonest or selfish motive; (3) a pattern of misconduct; (4) multiple violations of the M[A]RPC; (5) bad faith obstruction of the attorney discipline proceeding by intentionally failing to comply with rules or orders of the disciplinary agency; (6) submission оf false evidence, false statements, or other deceptive practices during the attorney discipline proceeding; (7) a refusal to acknowledge the misconduct‘s wrongful nature; (8) the victim‘s vulnerability; (9) substantial experience in the practice of law; (10) indifference to making restitution or rectifying the misconduct‘s consequences; (11) illegal conduct, including that involving the use of controlled substances; and (12) likelihood of repetition of the misconduct.
Mitigating factors include: (1) the absence of prior attorney discipline; (2) the absence of a dishonest or selfish motive; (3) personal or emotional problems; (4) timely good faith efforts to make restitution or to rectify the misconduct‘s consequences; (5) full and free disclosure to Bar Counsel or a cooperative attitude toward the attorney discipline proceeding; (6) inexperience in the practice of law; (7) character or reputation; (8) a physical disability; (9) a mental disability or chemical dependency, including alcoholism or drug abuse, where: (a) there is medical evidence that the lawyer is affected by a chemical dependency or mental disability; (b) the chemical dependency or mental disability caused the misconduct; (c) the lawyer‘s recovery from the chemical dependency or mental disability is demonstrated by a meaningful and sustained period of successful rehabilitation; and (d) the recovery arrested the misconduct, and the misconduct‘s recurrence is unlikely; (10) delay in the attorney discipline proceeding; (11) the imposition of other penalties or sanctions; (12) remorse; (13) remoteness of prior violations of the M[A]RPC; and (14) unlikelihood of repetition of the misconduct.
(Cleaned up).
In Attorney Grievance Comm‘n v. Moore, 447 Md. 253, 260-64, 135 A.3d 390, 394-96 (2016), an attorney, who had previously been reprimanded by this Court, mishandled two immigration matters by not communicating effectively with his clients, not pursuing potentially effective relief, and failing to file the proper paperwork in one case because he thought he had done so but did not take steps to confirm his assumption. The attorney‘s misconduct resulted in the continued threat of deportation to one client and the failure of immigration authorities to consider the merits of a matter for the other. The attorney “performed virtually no work” for one client and “performed little to no services” for the other client, and “failed to communicate at all” with one client for nearly eight months and “frequently failed to communicate” with the other client “at all[.]” Id. at 266-68, 135 A.3d at 398 (emphasis in original). The attorney did not except to any of the findings of fact and we upheld the hearing judge‘s conclusions that the attorney had violated Maryland Lawyers’ Rules of Professional Conduct (“MLRPC“)13 1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 1.16, 8.1(b), and 8.4(d). See id. at 259-60,
In Taniform, 482 Md. at 324, 286 A.3d at 1102, an immigration attorney was intentionally dishonest “on matters going to the heart of the representation of his clients, including the status of their matters and his actions” and “knowingly and intentionally misrepresented facts to his clients, their representatives, and Bar Counsel.” The attorney “failed to promptly refund money to his clients, failed to properly communicate with them, and, as he acknowledged, neglected his clients’ matters and provided incompetent representation.” Id. at 324, 286 A.3d at 1102. We concluded that the attorney violated
In Riely, 471 Md. at 495-500, 242 A.3d at 228-31, the attorney violated MLRPC 1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 1.16(d), 4.1(a)(1), 8.1(a), 8.4(c), 8.4(d), and 8.4(a) while representing clients in two immigration matters. In one matter, the attorney failed to appear at proceedings on behalf of a Guatemalan couple seeking asylum or communicate to them that he would not be doing so. See id. at 466, 242 A.3d at 211. The attorney‘s misconduct resulted in a missed deadline, “with serious potential consequences for the couple.” Id. at 466, 242 A.3d at 211. In a second matter, the attorney “did not act on the timetable for obtaining [an] extension [of a Venezuelan client‘s employment-based visa] that he himself had specified[,]” placing the client “in jeopardy of removal from the country.” Id. at 466-67, 242 A.3d at 211. In both matters, the attorney did “nothing whatsoever to advance the [] cause or endeavor” of the clients. Id. at 495, 242 A.3d at 228 (cleaned up). The attorney also made intentional false statements to a client, to an immigration official, and to Bar Counsel, in an effort to conceal his misconduct. See id. at 497-99, 502, 242 A.3d at 229-30, 232. This Court determined that the appropriate sanction was an indefinite suspension with the right to apply for reinstatement no sooner than one year. See id. at 507, 242 A.3d at 235.
In this case, Mr. Tabe violated
We note the same seven aggravating factors as the hearing judge: (1) prior disciplinary history; (2) pattern of misconduct; (3) multiple offenses; (4) vulnerаbility of the victims; (5) substantial experience in the practice of law; (6) indifference to making restitution; and (7) likelihood of repetition of misconduct. We also note the same four mitigating factors: (1) full and free disclosure to Bar Counsel and a cooperative attitude toward the proceedings; (2) remorse; (3) the absence of a dishonest or selfish motive; and (4) personal or emotional problems.
We conclude that the appropriate sanction for Mr. Tabe‘s misconduct is a 90-day suspension from the practice of law in Maryland, with conditions upon reinstatement. Mr. Tabe‘s argument for a second reprimand is not persuasive because of his substantial experience with the law, prior reprimand for substantially similar misconduct, and the serious negative repercussions of his actions. See Attorney Grievance Comm‘n v. Collins, 477 Md. 482, 524, 270 A.3d 917, 942 (2022) (“[A] reprimand may be appropriate when, among other reasons, there is no specific intent and the charged attorney is either a neophyte who expeditiously admits to misconduct, or lacks a disciplinary record.” (Cleaned up)).
The overall circumstances of this case are somewhat similar to those of Moore, 447 Md. at 273-74, 135 A.3d at 401-02, in which we ordered a sanction of indefinite suspension: lack of competencе, diligence, and communication in the representation, resulting in negative outcomes for clients in immigration proceedings, with the attorney having previously received a reprimand for similar misconduct and struggling with personal issues. There are key factual differences, however, that convince us that a lesser sanction is appropriate. Unlike in Moore, id. at 266-67, 135 A.3d at 398, where the attorney “performed virtually no work” in two cases, here, Mr. Tabe provided some of the services he was hired for, but he significantly undercut the usefulness of his work with serious mistakes. Further, Mr. Tabe was fully cooperative with the disciplinary process, unlike the attorney in Moore, id. at 269-70, 135 A.3d at 399-400, who failed to respond to requests from the Commission regarding the complaints filed against him. In addition, although Mr. Tabe surely had lapses in communication, they fell short of those of the attorney in Moore, id. at 268, 135 A.3d at 398-99, who at times totally failed to communicate with clients.
For similar reasons, Mr. Tabe‘s misconduct was less severe than the attorney‘s in Taniform, 482 Md. at 306-07, 286 A.3d at 1091-92: Mr. Tabe actually performed work on behalf of his clients and did not mislead them into believing that he had done work that he had not. Most significantly, Mr. Tabe‘s conduct did not involve
Mr. Tabe‘s conduct in this case is also less serious than that of the attorney in Riely, 471 Md. at 505, 242 A.3d at 234, primarily because of the lack of intentional dishonesty. Specifically, the attorney in Riely not only misled a client and an immigration official, but also engaged in deceptive practices during the disciplinary process to cover up his mistakes. See id. at 505, 242 A.3d at 234. In contrast, Mr. Tabe was generally candid with his clients and Bar Counsel and owned up to his errors. Mr. Tabe‘s efforts on behalf of his clients also differed markedly from those of the attorney in Riely, which were characterized by a failure “to make any meaningful effort to advance the immigration cases[.]” Riely, 471 Md. at 495, 242 A.3d at 228.
For all of these reasons, we suspend Mr. Tabe from the practice of law in Maryland for 90 days with the condition of the engagement of an attorney monitor for a one-year period upon reinstatement to the practice of law in Maryland. The attorney monitor‘s responsibilities shall include, but not be limited to, oversight of workload volume and stress managеment issues. The suspension will commence 30 days after the date on which this opinion is filed.
IT IS SO ORDERED; RESPONDENT SHALL PAY ALL COSTS AS TAXED BY THE CLERK OF THIS COURT, INCLUDING COSTS OF ALL TRANSCRIPTS, PURSUANT TO MARYLAND RULE 19-709(d), FOR WHICH SUM JUDGMENT IS ENTERED IN FAVOR OF THE ATTORNEY GRIEVANCE COMMISSION AGAINST KEVIN MBEH TABE.