198 N.J. Super. 247 | N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. | 1983
Lead Opinion
This is an appeal from that portion of a judgment entered in the Law Division on April 20, 1983, which declared that:
... Article IV, Section VII, Paragraph 2 of the New Jersey Constitution does not prohibit the enactment of legislation which would authorize a duly licensed racetrack in New Jersey (sending track) to simulcast horse races live by television to another New Jersey licensed racetrack enclosure (receiving track) for the purpose of allowing patrons at the receiving track to place pari-mutuel*248 system wagers upon those races, and to incorporate those wagers into central pari-mutuel pools generated at the sending track.
The judgment is affirmed essentially for the reasons expressed by Judge Gruccio in his opinion reported at 189 N.J.Super. 549 (Law Div.1983).
We add the following facts. The Legislature passed and the governor approved on Sept. 7, 1983 the Intertrack Wagering Act, P.L. 1983, c. 340 [N.J.S.A. 5:5-100 et seq.~\. The Introductory Statement accompanying the Bill reads:
This bill, to be known as the “Intertrack Wagering Act,” provides for the simulcasting of an intertrack wagering on horse races conducted within the State.
The bill provides that intertrack wagering and simulcasting may be conducted until January 1, 1985, but will be extended only if the voters of the State approve the extension at the general election to be in November, 1984.
Section 15 of the Act provides:
This act shall take effect immediately, but shall expire on January 1, 1985 unless approved by the voters at the general election held in November, 1984 as provided in section 14 of this act.
Affirmed.
Judgment reversed, 98 N.J. 535.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
As a general rule provisions of our Constitution are considered a part of a living document and therefore subject to consideration in light of current events where not inconsistent with the fundamental intent expressed therein. Behnke v. N.J. Highway Auth., 13 N.J. 14, 25-26 (1953). I am of the opinion that the anti-gambling provision of the New Jersey Constitution (1947), Art. IV, § VII, par. 2, is an exception to that general rule and requires us to read the Constitutional provision strictly. Art. IV, § VII, par. 2 of our Constitution essentially imposes limitations on the Legislature’s ability to enact laws in certain types of cases. The cited provision of our Constitution reads in part as follows:
No gambling of any kind shall be authorized by the Legislature unless the specific kind, restrictions and control thereof have been heretofore submitted to, and authorized by a majority of the votes cast by, the people at a special election or shall hereafter be submitted to, and authorized by a majority of the*249 votes cast thereon by, the legally qualified voters of the State voting at a general election, except that, without any such submission or authorization; (Emphasis added.)
Paragraph 2 itemizes certain specific kinds of gambling which are authorized for charitable, educational, religious, fraternal and veterans organizations, civic and service clubs, senior citizens associations, volunteer fire companies and first aid or rescue squads. The State is authorized to conduct a lottery and regulate gambling casinos in Atlantic City.
Gambling has thus been barred in this State unless authorized specifically by the Constitution or the “specific kind, restrictions and control thereof” have been “heretofore” approved (before the adoption of the 1947 Constitution) by a majority of the voters voting at a special election or thereafter approved at a general election. The 1939 amendment to our 1844 Constitution had provided an exception for horse racing right in our organic law, but in strictly defined terms.
The Attorney General refers to the provision of the 1844 Constitution as being “incorporated by reference” into the 1947 Constitution. By that I take it that he refers to the language in the 1947 Constitution treating as authorized gambling what had been “heretofore” approved horseracing under the 1939 amendment to the 1844 Constitution. Art. IV, § VII, par. 2 of the 1844 Constitution, as amended,
*250 It shall be lawful to hold, carry on, and operate in this State race meetings whereat the trotting, running or steeplechase racing of horses only may be conducted between the hours of sunrise and sunset on week days only and in duly legalized race tracks, at which the pari-mutuel system of betting shall be permitted. No lottery, roulette, or game of chance of any form shall be authorized by the Legislature in this State, and no ticket in any lottery shall be bought or sold within this State, or offered for sale; nor shall pool-selling, book-making, or gambling of any kind be authorized or allowed within this State, except pari-mutuel betting on the results of the racing of horses only, from which the State shall derive a reasonable revenue for the support of government; nor shall any gambling device, practice, or game of chance, or pari-mutuel betting thereon now prohibited by law, except as herein stated and otherwise provided, be legalized, or the remedy, penalty, or punishment now provided therefor be in any way diminished. [Emphasis added.]
The 1947 Constitutional provision may be said to have “incorporated” the prior Constitutional provision because the 1939 amendment to the'1844 Constitution was “heretofore submitted to, and authorized by a majority of the votes cast by, the people at a special election____” Therefore, such racing as was authorized by the 1844 Constitution’s provision as amended in 1939, need not have been again submitted to the voters for approval. However, the issue is the extent to which wagering on horse races was “heretofore” authorized by the voters, and whether this includes simulcasts of the nature under review.
To determine the 1939 amendment’s scope in authorizing horse racing and pari-mutuel betting at legalized tracks, we must look to the terms of the Constitutional amendment which says that with respect to horse racing it shall be “lawful to hold ... race meetings ... in duly legalized race tracks, at which the pari-mutuel system of betting shall be permitted.” I read this provision as meaning races may be held only at the legalized track “at which” the betting is actually permitted, and not at some other licensed facility which may or may not also be having its own races that day or at that time. In order to determine the intent of the Constitutional language, it is appropriate to consider the statutory enactments which were adopted
Moreover, in specific regard to the construction of constitutional provisions, the courts have held that the contemporaneous legislative understanding of constitutional terms susceptible of different meanings is entitled to great weight in establishing the precise definition of those terms.
Laws of 1940, chapter 17, effective March 8, 1940 (N.J.S.A. 5:5-22, et seq.) were the statutory enactments which implemented that Constitutional provision. N.J.S.A. 5:5-62 clearly limited wagering to the track at which the race meet was held. However, this section was recently amended by L. 1983, c. 340 which will be discussed later.
Atlantic City Racing Association relies heavily on the decision by the judge below interpreting the 1939 Constitutional amendment as having “clearly and specifically authorized the operation of horse races at State licensed race tracks and the wagering on the races held at those tracks.” It claims that simulcasts from one licensed race track to another are a mere variation of that. However, the authorization for licensed racing at licensed race tracks does not state that the wagering may be at some other licensed track and such a result was never intended. The voters who approved the language of the 1939 amendment which had specific restrictions presented to them, including limiting racing to daylight hours and certain days did not approve the kind of betting contemplated by simulcasts or the “restrictions and control thereof.” N.J. Const. (1947), Art. IV, § VII, par. 2.
Nor am I persuaded that the changes in the state of the art with respect to television and computers warrants a change in the interpretation of the statute or the Constitutional provision. It may, on the other hand, warrant further consideration of the voters. Certainly in both 1939 and 1947 the radio and telegraphic transmission of information was well known. At the time of the adoption of our present Constitution by the voters
The recent enactment of L. 1983, c. 340 on a temporary and interim basis, does not serve to legalize simulcast wagering during the period prior to the question being voted upon by the people. Its adoption to be effective on an interim basis
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Hence, the purported amendment to N.J.S.A. 5:5-62 which would eliminate the restrictive language requiring betting to be held at the race track at which the race was held
Accordingly, I would reverse the determination of the trial judge and hold that pari-mutuel betting by video simulcasts is prohibited by our Constitution unless and until a majority of the voters authorize it in accordance with the provisions of our Constitution.
The amendment was formalized by proclamation on July 11, 1939. The annotation to this provision reads:
Originally, the Constitution of 1844 provided simply that “No lottery shall be authorized by this state; and no ticket in any lottery not authorized by a law of this stale shall be bought or sold within the state.” Art. 4, § 7, par. 2. This paragraph was amended on September 28, 1897, Proclamation October 26, 1897, and, as amended, it read as follows: “No lottery shall be authorized by the legislature or otherwise in this state, and no ticket in any lottery shall be bought or sold within this state, nor shall pool-selling, book-making or gambling of any kind be authorized or allowed within this state, nor shall any gambling device, practice or game of chance now prohibited by law be legalized, or the remedy, penalty or
*250 punishment now provided therefor be in any way diminished.” N J.S.A Const., 1944, Art. IV, § VII, par. 2, Annotation, page 621.]
The effective date provision in section 15 of L. 1983, c. 340 reads:
This act shall take effect immediately, but shall expire on January 1, 1985 unless approved by the voters at the general election held in November, 1984 as provided in section 14 of this act.
L 1983, c. 340 § 11, deletes from N.J.S.A. 5:5-62 the language contained in brackets and adds the emphasized language as follows:
[Any] A permit holder [conducting a horse race meeting under this act] may provide a place or places in the race meeting grounds or enclosure at which such holder of a permit may conduct and supervise the parimutuel
*254 system of wagering by patrons on the result of the horse races conducted by such permit holder at [such] a horse race meeting or on the result of simulcast horse races as provided by the "Intertrack Wagering Act," P.L. ........, c. ... (C.........) (now pending before the Legislature as Senate Bill No. 3585 of 1983), and such parimutuel system of wagering upon the result of such horse races [held at such horse race meeting and within such race track and at such horse race meeting] shall not under any circumstances, if conducted under the provisions of this act and in conformity thereto, be held or construed to be unlawful, other statutes of the State of New Jersey to the contrary notwithstanding. Such place or places so provided in conformity with this section shall be equipped with such automatic ticket issuing and vending machines and with adding machine equipment capable of accurate and speedy determination of the amount of money in each pool and on each horse and the amount of award or dividend to winning patrons and displaying the same to the patrons. Such machine shall further be equipped with automatic or hand operated machinery suitable for displaying on the mutuel board across the track, in plain view of the public, the total amount of sales on each and every race and the amount of award or dividend to winning patrons.