LARRY D. ATKINS, Appellee, v. DEERE & COMPANY еt al., Appellants.—THOMAS E. KIENITZ, Appellant, v. BRADLEY & BRADLEY, INC., et al., Appellees.
No. 82220, 82221
Supreme Court of Illinois
September 11, 1997
HEIPLE, J., took no part.
Brian S. Nelson, of Katz, McHard, Balch, Lefstein & Fieweger, P.C., of Rock Island, for appellants.
Anesi, Ozmon & Rodin, Ltd., of Chicago (Curt N. Rodin, Mark Novak, Bruce M. Kohen and Richard A. Kimnach, of counsel), for appellee.
Michael T. Reagan, Karen C. Eiten and Michael C. Jansz, of Herbolsheimer, Lannon, Henson, Duncan & Reagan, P.C., of Ottawa, for amicus curiae Illinois Association of Defense Trial Counsel.
David A. Novoselsky & Associates, of Chicago, for amici curiae Illinois State Federation of Labor et al.
Anesi, Ozmon & Rodin, Ltd., of Chicago (Curt N. Rodin, Mark Novak, Bruce M. Kohen and Richard A. Kimnach, of counsel), for appellant.
Hinshaw & Culbertson, of Chicago (Bruce L. Carmen and Thomas H. Boswell, of counsel), for appellee Bradley & Bradley, Inc.
Bollinger, Ruberry & Garvey, of Chicago (Robert J. Franco and Robert E. Elworth, of counsel), for amici curiae W.E. O‘Neil Construction Co. et al.
David A. Novoselsky & Associates, of Chicago, for amici curiae Illinois State Federation of Labor et al.
JUSTICE McMORROW delivered the opinion of the court:
We granted leave to appeаl in this consolidated case in order to determine whether the repeal of the Illinois Structural Work Act (
BACKGROUND
Plaintiffs, Larry D. Atkins and Thomas E. Kienitz, each filed a lawsuit pursuant to the Structural Work Act to recover damages for injuries they received while working on separate construction sitеs. During the pendency of these actions, the Illinois General Assembly repealed the Structural Work Act, effective February 14, 1995. The repealing statute, Public Act 89-2, provides in toto:
“PUBLIC ACT 89-0002
(House Bill No. 201)
AN ACT to repeal the Structural Work Act.
WHEREAS, It is the intent of the General Assembly that the repeal of the Structural Work Act shall operate as a bar to any action accruing on or after the effective date of this Public Act; and
WHEREAS, It is the intent of the General Assembly that any action accruing under the Structural Work Act before the effective date of this Public Act may be
maintained in accordance with the provisions of that Act as it existed before its repeal by this Public Act; therefore Be it enacted by the People of the State of Illinois, represented in the General Assembly:
(740 ILCS 150/Act rep.)
Section 5. The Structural Work Act is repealed.
Section 99. This Act takes effect upon becoming law.
Passed in the General Assembly February 9, 1995.
Approved February 14, 1995.
Effective February 14, 1995.” Pub. Act 89-2, eff. February 14, 1995 (rep.
740 ILCS 150/0.01 et seq. (West 1994)).
Shortly thereafter, defendants in both of the instant actions moved for dismissal of plaintiffs’ complaints based upon the above quoted repealer. Defendants argued that although the legislature expressed an intention to apply the repealing act prospectively, that intention appeared in the introductory paragraphs preceding the words “Be it enacted ***.” According to defendants, those paragraphs merely constituted a preamble and, as such, could not be considered a part of the act itself. Defendants further submitted that the paragraphs following the enacting clause, i.e., “The Structural Work Act is repealed” and “This Act takes effect upon becoming law,” constituted the only operative portions of the statute. Defendants concluded, therefore, that because the legislature repealed the Structural Work Act without a saving clause, and because plaintiffs did not have a vested right in the continuation of the Structural Work Act, plaintiffs’ statutory cause of action ceased as of the date of the repeal.
The circuit court in Atkins v. Deere & Co., No. 82220, disagreed with defendants and denied the motion to dismiss. The court held that the language contained in the preamble evinced a legislative intent not to give the repealing act retrospective effect. Finding that the issue involved a question of law as to whiсh there was a substantial ground for a difference of opinion (155 Ill. 2d
“Does the statute, known as Public Act 89-2, which repealed the Structural Work Act, bar all claims under the Structural Work Act regardless of when the causes of action accrued and including cases that are pending in the trial or appellate courts?”
In contrast to the Atkins court, the circuit court in Kienitz v. Bradley & Bradley, Inc., No. 82221, agreed with defendants that the preamble was not a part of the Act itself. The court further ruled that because the legislature repealed the Structural Work Act without a saving clause, plaintiff‘s statutory cause of action no longer existed. Accordingly, the court granted defendants’ motion to dismiss. As in Atkins, the court entered an order pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 308 (155 Ill. 2d R. 308), asking us to decide:
“Does the Repeal of the Structural Work Act of Illinois (Ch. 48, Sec. 60-69, Illinois Revised Statutes) on February 14, 1995 (P.A. 89—2) apply retroactively to terminate a cause of action under the Structural Work Act which accrued prior to February 14, 1995?”
We answer each of the certified questions in the negative.
DISCUSSION
The critical inquiry in this сase is whether Public Act 89-2 constitutes an unconditional repeal of the Structural Work Act. The resolution of this issue turns upon whether we must, under our prior case law, disregard the legislature‘s express statement that “any action accruing under the Structural Work Act before the effective date of this [repealer] may be maintained in accordance with the provisions of that Act.” A review of our past precedent, therefore, is necessary to a proper understanding of today‘s decision.
We note that the uncоnditional repeal of a remedial statute without a saving clause stops all pending actions
Applying these principles to the instant case, we must first determine whether Public Act 89-2 contains an effective saving clause. As noted above, the General Assembly expressly indicated that “any action accruing under the Structural Work Act before the effective date
Under Illinois law, a preamble “is not a part of the Act itself (Triple A Services, Inc. v. Rice, 131 Ill. 2d 217, 227 (1989)) and has no substantive legal force.” Lieber v. Board of Trustees of Southern Illinois University, 176 Ill. 2d 401, 414 (1997); see also Brown v. Kirk, 64 Ill. 2d 144, 152 (1976). Because a preamble customarily precedes the enacting clause, “‘[it] is not regarded as being an operative part of statutory enactments.‘” Monarch Gas Co. v. Illinois Commerce Comm‘n, 261 Ill. App. 3d 94, 99 (1994), quoting Illinois Independent Telephone Ass‘n v. Illinois Commerce Comm‘n, 183 Ill. App. 3d 220, 236-37 (1988). A preamble cannot, by itself, prescribe rights or establish duties, but may only bе used as a tool of statutory construction. See, e.g., Triple A Services, Inc. v. Rice, 131 Ill. 2d 217, 227 (1989) (preamble may be used to clarify an ambiguous act).
In contrast to a preamble, the purview of an act consists of “[t]hat part of a statute *** commencing with the words ‘Be it enacted,’ and continuing as far as the repealing clause.” Black‘s Law Dictionary 1237 (6th ed. 1990); see also 1A N. Singer, Sutherland on Statutory Construction § 20.07, at 89 (5th ed. 1992) (referring to
In view of above precedent, defendants argue that the General Assembly‘s statement regarding the prospective application of the instant repealer, found in the preamble, cannot be construed as a valid saving clause. In fact, two federal district courts have used this sаme analysis in ruling that the preamble at issue here did not preserve accrued causes of actions under the Structural Work Act. In Scott v. Midwest Ltd., 933 F. Supp. 735 (C.D. Ill. 1996), the court noted that a preamble, not being a part of the act itself, “may only be used to clarify ambiguous provisions of a statute.” Scott, 933 F. Supp. at 737 (citing, inter alia, Triple A Services, Inc. v. Rice, 131 Ill. 2d 217 (1989), and Brown v. Kirk, 64 Ill. 2d 144 (1976)). The court further observed that the enacting language in Public Act 89-2 states only that “The Structural Work Act is repealed.” Based upon this language, the court found no ambiguity within the repealing act which would justify the court‘s reference to its preamble. Scott, 933 F. Supp. at 737. Accordingly, the cоurt declined to depart from the plain language of the purview, holding instead that the Structural Work Act was repealed without a saving clause. Scott, 933 F. Supp. at 736-37.
Similarly, in Hendrickson v. Gunther-Nash Mining Construction Co., 955 F. Supp. 87 (C.D. Ill. 1997), the court noted that, under Illinois law, a preamble could only be used to clarify an ambiguity within the body of the act itself. As in Scott, the court found that the enact-
Plaintiffs, on the other hand, refer us to Randall v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 284 Ill. App. 3d 970 (1996), in which our appellate court reached a conclusion opposite to that of the federal courts. In addressing the issue of the preamble, the appellate court acknowledged that the General Assembly did not include a saving clause within the body of the repealing act. Nevertheless, the court noted that “[a] repealing act which does not state whether it is to be applied retroactively or prospectively is ambiguous to that extent.” Randall, 284 Ill. App. 3d at 973. Having found the requisite ambiguity from the legislature‘s silence, the court turned to the preamble contained in Public Act 89-2 in order to ascertain legislative intent. Randall, 284 Ill. App. 3d at 974, citing Triple A Services, Inc. v. Rice, 131 Ill. 2d 217, 226-27 (1989). That intent dictated that the repealer be applied prospectively only. Randall, 284 Ill. App. 3d at 975.
We agree with the appellate court in Randall that the preamble to Public Act 89-2 may be used to resolve the issue presented in the case at bar. However, unlike the Randall court, we do not believe that we are justified in resorting to the preamble on the basis of an ambiguity in the present statute. The purview of Public Act 89-2 states that “The Structural Work Act is repealed” and “This Act takes effect upon becoming law.” As the federal courts correctly observed in Scott and
In Triple A Services, this court granted leave to appeal from a decision of the appellate court which held a municipal ordinance unconstitutional. The appellate court based its holding upon an ambiguity that arose only after the appellate court had compared the language of the ordinance with the language of an unadopted preamble. This court condemned this practice, stressing that “[w]hile a policy section, like a preamble, may be used to clarify аmbiguous portions of an act, it may not be used to create an ambiguity in a statute or an ordinance.” (Emphasis added.) Triple A Services, 131 Ill. 2d at 227. Accordingly, we reversed the decision of the appellate court.
It is important to keep in mind that the statement in Triple A Services regarding the proper use of a preamble in clarifying ambiguities was made in direct response to the appellate court‘s improper use of the preamble in creating ambiguities. As such, this court did
As noted above, Public Act 89-2 does not expressly indicate whether it is to be applied prospectively or retroactively. Under these circumstances, a presumption of retroactive application is created which may be rebutted by an expressed contrary legislative intent. The court in Randall acknowledged the rеbuttable presumption when it stated, “For repeals, the presumption is that the legislature intended the repealing statute to be applied retroactively, unless there is an expression of legislative intent to the contrary.” Randall, 284 Ill. App. 3d at 973; see also Hendrickson, 955 F. Supp. at 89, quoting Randall, 284 Ill. App. 3d at 973 (“‘When the Illinois General Assembly repeals a statute, the presumption is that the repeal is to be applied retroactively, unless there is an expression of legislative intent to the contrary’ “). We hold today that the expression of contrary legislative intent necessary to rebut this presumption may be gleaned from the preamble itself.
The preamble has long been recognized as one of the quintessential sources of legislative intent. The fact that the preamble often accompanies a bill throughout the legislative process, is voted upon by the members of the General Assembly, and is included in the text which is presented to the Governor for signature highlights the unique character of the preamble in terms of legislative intent. See Randall, 284 Ill. App. 3d at 974, citing 2A N. Singer, Sutherland on Statutory Construction § 47.04, at 146-47 (5th ed. 1992). In this regard, we note that a pre-
Equally important, however, is the fact that our decision is faithful to the cardinal rule of statutory construction which dictates that courts must ascertain and give effect to the true intent and meaning of the legislature. See State Farm Fire & Casualty Co. v. Yapejian, 152 Ill. 2d 533, 540-41 (1992). But for the silencе in the enacting language, from which the rebuttable presumption arose, we have not found any evidence that the General Assembly intended a retroactive application of Public Act 89-2. Therefore, under the circumstances of this case, we would be defeating legislative intent, rather than giving effect to it, if we were to accept defendants’ contentions that Public Act 89-2 constitutes an unconditional repeal of the Structural Work Act. No discernible purpose would be served by our refusal to give effect to the intent of the legislature, unequivocally expressed in the preamble.2
We wish to emphasize that today‘s decision complements our holding in Triple A Services which recognizes
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reаsons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court in Atkins v. Deere & Co., No. 82220, and reverse the judgment of the circuit court in Kienitz v. Bradley & Bradley, No. 82221. We remand the matters to the circuit courts for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
No. 82220—Affirmed and remanded.
No. 82221—Reversed and remanded.
JUSTICE HEIPLE took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.
JUSTICE MILLER, specially concurring:
Although I agree with the result reached by the majority in these consolidated cases, I do not join the majority‘s reasoning. In my view, the better, and more direct, analysis is simply to acknowledge the apparent conflict between the cleаr language of the amended statute, on one hand, and the equally clear language used in the preamble and in the legislative debates, on the other hand, and to recognize that the statute, as enacted, fails to convey the legislature‘s intended meaning. The preamble and the legislative debates plainly demonstrate that the legislature did not intend for the repeal of the Structural Work Act (
The majority invokes what it terms a rebuttable presumption of retroactivity and then uses the preamble to the repealing statute, Public Act 89-2, to rebut the presumption. The ultimate source cited by the majority for the presumption, however, is Randall v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 284 Ill. App. 3d 970 (1996), whose rationale the majority declines to follow. Randall, which addressed the same question posed here, construed the text of the present statute as ambiguous (Randall, 284 Ill. App. 3d at 973 (“A repealing act which does not state whether it is to be applied retroactively or prospectively is ambiguous to that extent“)) and then employed the language of the preamble to rеsolve the ambiguity.
By characterizing the rule of retroactivity as a presumption, the court in Randall was able to devise a way to surmount the plain language of the repealer. The rule of retroactivity applicable to the repeal of remedial provisions is generally expressed in stronger terms, however. It is difficult to reconcile the majority‘s view of the presumption of retroactivity, and how it may be rebutted, with the statements in the case law explaining the typical operation of a statute that repeals a remedial provision. As this court has previously observed, and as the majority notes elsewhere in today‘s opinion (177 Ill. 2d at 226-27), “the unconditional repeal of a special remedial statute without a saving clause stops all pending actions where the repeal finds them.” People ex rel. Eitel v. Lindheimer, 371 Ill. 367, 373 (1939). In Isenstein v. Rosewell, 106 Ill. 2d 301, 310 (1985), this court explained:
“In the absence of a general saving clause or a saving clause within the repealing act, the effect of the repeal of a statute ‘is to destroy the effectiveness of the repealed act in futuro and to divest the right to proсeed under the statute, which, except as to proceedings past and closed, is
considered as if it had never existed.’ (1A J. Sutherland, Statutory Construction sec. 23.33, at 279 (4th ed. 1972).)”
The repealing statute, Public Act 89—2, does not contain a saving clause within its text; moreover, the general saving clause found in section 4 of the Statute on Statutes (
The means by which the majority permits its presumption of retroactivity to be rebutted shоuld also be contrasted with the means that may be used to rebut the presumption of prospectivity that typically attends legislative enactments. Rivard v. Chicago Fire Fighters Union, Local No. 2, 122 Ill. 2d 303, 309 (1988). The latter presumption is said to be rebuttable not by extrinsic evidence, as the majority allows here, but only by the statute itself. Rivard, 122 Ill. 2d at 309 (“The presumption of prospectivity is rebuttable, but only by the act itself. Either by express language or necessary implication, the act must clearly indicate that the legislature intended a retroactive application“). By relying on sources outside thе language of the act, the majority makes its presumption of retroactivity much weaker than the analogous presumption of prospectivity described in Rivard.
Another problematic link in the majority‘s reasoning is its attempt to explain how a preamble may be used for purposes other than to clarify ambiguities—here, to rebut the presumption of retroactivity described above. The majority takes aim at the proposition that a preamble may be used to clarify ambiguities but may not be used to create them. In its disсussion of this point, the majority focuses solely on Triple A Services, Inc. v. Rice, 131 Ill. 2d 217 (1989), attempting to show that the opinion in that case did not foreclose the use of preambles for purposes other than the clarification of
Although I disagree with the majority‘s mode of analysis, I agree with the majority‘s ultimate conclusion and holding. I believe that the statute at issue here should be placed in that select group of cases in which courts аre permitted to supply missing language to correct oversights by the legislature. See, e.g., Carey v. Elrod, 49 Ill. 2d 464, 470 (1971); People v. Hudson, 46 Ill. 2d 177, 181 (1970); People ex rel. Cason v. Ring, 41 Ill. 2d 305, 312-15 (1968). In the present consolidated cases, we know from the preamble that the legislature actually intended for the repeal of the Structural Work Act to apply only prospectively. As the majority notes, a preamble is a particularly authoritative statement of legislative intent, having accompanied the underlying bill on its journey through the legislative process. Here, the preamble clearly demonstrates that the legislature did not intend for the repeal of the Structural Work Act to eliminate existing causes of action. Further confirmation for this interpretation, as the majority notes, may be found in the debates of the amendatory legislation, in which the legislative sponsors gave assurances that the repeal would operate only prospectively and would not affect existing causes of action.
In appropriate circumstances, a court construing a statute may supply critical language that is necessary to cаrry out the legislature‘s true intent. Thus, it is well established that “this court has the authority to insert into a statute language omitted through legislative oversight” (People v. Shephard, 152 Ill. 2d 489, 498 (1992). To be sure, “this technique of construction is to be exercised with caution.” Gill v. Miller, 94 Ill. 2d 52, 58 (1983). In the present case, however, obedience to the literal language of the statute would produce a result that is clearly and demonstrably at odds with the legislature‘s intent. The cardinal rule of statutory construction is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the legislature. Henry v. St. John‘s Hospital, 138 Ill. 2d 533, 541 (1990); Stewart v. Industrial Comm‘n, 115 Ill. 2d 337, 341 (1987). Consistent with that principle, I believe that the correct course in this case is to insert within the statutory text the saving clause that the legislature obviously intended to include as part of the new provision yet mistakenly omitted from the enacted version of the bill.
The approach suggested here is consistent with familiar principles of our jurisprudence. In People v. McCoy, 63 Ill. 2d 40, 44 (1976), we quoted the following comments by Judge Learned Hand:
“‘Of course it is true that the words used, even in their literal sense, are the primary, and ordinarily the most reliable, source of interpreting the meaning of any writing: be it a statute, a contract, or anything else. But it is one of the surest indexes of a mature and developed jurisprudence not to make a fortress out of the dictionary; but to remember that statutes always have some purpose or object to accomplish, whose sympathetic and imaginative discovery is the surest guide to their meaning.‘” Cabell v. Markham, 148 F.2d 737, 739 (2d Cir. 1945).
It requires but little imagination in the present case to see that the legislature intended for the repeal of the Structural Work Act to operate only prospectively, as