Atchison, T. & S. F. R. v. Myers, 63 F. 793

63 F. 793 | 7th Cir. | 1894

After making the foregoing’ statement the opinion of the court was delivered by

BAKER, District Judge.

Ko available error is presented by the refusal of the court, at the conclusion of the evidence of the defendant in error in opening his case, to instruct the jury to return a verdict for the plaintiff in error. The plaintiff in error did not. stand upon t:he ruling of the court, but having elected to proceed with the case and introduce its evidence, and take the chances of a verdict in its favor, it has waived its right, if any it had, to avail itself of the alleged error in the ruling of the court. Railroad Co. v. Charless, 2 C. C. A. 380, 51 Fed. 562; Elmore v. Grymes, 1 Pet. 469; De Wolf v. Rabaud, Id. 476; Crane v. Morris’ Lessee, 6 Pet. 598; Silsby v. Foote, 14 How. 218; Castle v. Bullard, 23 How. 172; Railway Co. v. Cummings, 106 U. S. 700, 1 Sup. Ct. 493; Insurance Co. v. Crandal, 120 U. S. 527, 7 Sup. Ct. 685; Insurance Co. v. Smith, 124 U. S. 405, 8 Sup. Ct. 534; Bogk v. Gussert, 149 U. S. 17, 13 Sup. Ct. 738; Railroad Co. v. Hawthorne, 144 U. S. 202, 12 Sup. Ct. 591.

And, if the plaintiff in error had elected to stand upon the ruling of the court in refusing to instruct the jury to return a verdict in its favor, no available error would be presented, because the bill of exceptions does not affirmatively show that the evidence embodied in the -record is all the evidence that the plaintiff had introduced at the close of his opening of the case. H the alleged error was otherwise available, it could not be considered by us, unless it is made to appear that the entire evidence which had been introduced by the plaintiff at the close of his opening of the case was brought here by a proper bill of exceptions. No principle of law and no rule of court requires the entire evidence to be embodied in a bill of exceptions, and hence the presumption is that the bill of exceptions does not contain all the evidence before the court at the time the motion was made. To overcome this presumption the bill of exceptions should contain a statement, at the close of the plaintiff’s evidence in opening, to the effect that the above and foregoing 'is all the evidence given by the plaintiff at the time the motion was made.

At the close of the evidence the plaintiff in error asked the court to give a binding instruction to the jury to return a verdict in its favor.- The defendant in error insists that this alleged error is waived because the plaintiff in error asked the court to give a number of instructions upon other points upon which it relied for defense, and took its chances of securing a favorable verdict from the jury. It is not necessary to determine whether or not a prayer for a binding instruction is waived by the defendant for the reasons above stated, and we decline to express any opinion on the question. The assignment is unavailing, for the reason that the bill of exceptions before us does not affirmatively show that it contains all the evidence given on the trial of the cause, and without that we cannot say that the court erred in its ruling.

It is insisted that the court erred in refusing to permit the plaintiff in error to prove that in coupling the cars it was both unusual and unnecessary, and especially dangerous, for a person to attempt to make the coupling by placing his arm between the deadwoods, and that the usual and proper way to make it was to lift the link by reaching over and above, or under and around, them. The witness Reilly was an expert, and was called to testify as such. His knowledge and experience fairly entitled him to that position, if the subject on which' he was called to testify was a proper one for expert testimony. It is no objection that the expert is asked a question involving the one to be decided by the jury. It is upon subjects requiring special knowledge or experience, on which the jury are not as well able to judge for themselves as is the witness, that an (‘Xpert is permitted to testify. Evidence of this character is most frequently given upon matters requiring medical skill or scientific knowledge, but it is by no means limited to that class of subjects. It is competent upon i iie question of the value of land (Bearss v. Copley, 10 N. Y. 93); or in regard to the value of a particular breed of horses (Harris v. Railroad Co., 36 N. Y. Super. Ct. 373); or upon the value of professional services (Jackson v. Railroad Co., 2 Thomp. & C. 653); or on questions involving nautical skill (Moore v. Westervelt, 9 Bosw. 558); or on the necessity of a jettison (Price v. Hartshorn, 44 N. Y. 94); or in regard lo the proper and usual way of removing paint (First Congregational Church v. Holyoke Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 158 Mass. 475, 33 N. E. 572); or to show that it was good seamanship and prudent, under the circumstances, to have a vessel towed (Insurance Co. v. Smith, 124 U. S. 405, 8 Sup. Ct. 534); or to show the usual manner of making the coupling of cars (Hamilton v. Railway Co., 36 Iowa, 36. ou page 37; Railway Co. v. Hussou, 101 Pa. St. 1; Railway Co. v. Johnson, 38 Ga. 409, 435; O'Malley v. Railway Co., 43 Minn. 289, 45 N. W. 440; Simms v. Railway Co., 26 S. C. 490, 2 S. E. 486; Railroad Co. v. Smith, 22 Ohio St. 227; Crutchfield v. Railway Co., 78 N. C. 300; Hoyle v. Railway Co. [Minn.] 43 N. W. 787).

But conceding that it was competent for the witness to have, testified in regard to the usual, or the usual and proper, way of making a coupling wirli a car having deadwoods, still we do not think any available error was committed in rejecting the offered testimony. The offer must he treated as an entirety, and if any part of it was inadmissible tbe court committed no error in rejecting the entire offer. The court was under no obligation to separate that which was admissible from that which was inadmissible.' It was not competent for the witness to testify that it was unnecessary, and especially dangerous, to make the coupling in the manner in which it was made. When the jury were informed in regard to the manner in which the coupling in question was made, and also in regard to the usual and proper way in which to make it, they could determine as well as the expert whether or not the method adopted was unnecessary, and especially dangerous. It was a question for the jury alone to determine, when the circumstances attending the coupling, and the usual manner of making- it, were in evidence, whether or not r.he defendant in error adopted a method of coupling which was unnecessary, and especially dangerous.

it is the duty of the court Lo control and direct the argument of counsel in the interest of justice, and whenever counsel, (‘specially in Ihe closing argument, overpass the limits of fair debate, either by stating as facts matters not in evidence, or by making unwarranted charges against parties or witnesses, to tbe manifest perversion of justice, the court ought unhesitatingly to interfere, and see to it that the guilty party lakes no advantage from his wrong. When the partj' who is injured by tbe wrong invokes the protection of the court by an objection, it will not do for the court to remain silent, leaving the matter of misconduct with the offending party and the jury. The court is bound to interpose when called upon, and, if an improper and injurious statement has been made without excuse, the effect of it should be erased from the minds of the jury, at the time, by a clear and emphatic admonition from the court. Manifestly, this court can lay down no definite rule on the subject. It will notin any case be presumed that the discretion over this subject committed to the trial court has been abused. Upon a careful consideration, we are unable to say that the court abused its discretion in refusing to interpose in consequence of the statements of counsel appearing in the record.

Touching the company’s duty to furnish its employés with cars fit for use and in proper repair, the court said:

“It is the duty of the defendant to furnish its employes with proper machinery or instrumentalities for their use in the work assigned them, and to see to it t-hat they are kept in a reasonably safe condition, or in reasonable repair. And when an employe, in the proper and diligent discharge of his duty, is injured from negligent failure of the company to perform this duty, it is liable.”

The master’s duty requires him to exercise ordinary and reasonable care, having regard to the hazards of the service, to furnish his servants with reasonably safe appliances, machinery, tools, and working places, and also to exercise ordinary and reasonable care at all times to keep them in a reasonably safe condition of repair. He is under no absolute obligation to furnish safe instrumentalities and working places, nor is his duty an absolute one to keep them in a safe condition of repair. He is not an insurer of their safety. • Referring to the cases of Hough v. Railway Co., 100 U. S. 213, 217; Railroad Co. v. Herbert, 116 U. S. 642, 647, 648, 6 Sup. Ct. 590; Kane v. Railway Co., 128 U. S. 91, 94, 9 Sup. Ct. 16; Jones v. Railroad Co., 128 U. S. 443, 9 Sup. Ct. 118,—-the supreme court, in Railroad Co. v. McDade, 135 U. S. 554, 570, 10 Sup. Ct. 1044, say:

“The general principles of law by which the liability of an employer for injuries to an employe, growing out of defective machinery, is tested, are well settled by those decisions. Neither individuals nor corporations are bound, as employers, to insure the absolute safety of the machinery or mechanical appliances which they provide for the use of their employes. Nor are they bound to supply the best and safest or newest of those appliances for the purpose of securing the safety of those who are thus emx>loyed. They are, however, bound to use all reasonable care and prudence for the safety of those in their service, by providing them with machinery reasonably safe and suitable for the use of the latter. If the employer or master fails in this duty of precaution and care, he is responsible for any injury which may happen through a defect of machinery which was, or ought to have been, known to him, and was unknown to the employs or servant. But if the employe knew of the defect in the machinery from which the injury hax>pened, and yet remained in the service, and continued to use the machinery, without giving any notice thereof to the employer, he must be deemed to have assumed the risk of all danger reasonably to be apprehended from such use, and is entitled to m> recovery.”

The rule of duty embodied in the charge will be found stated in substantially the form employed by the court in numerous decisions, and while, as an abstract proposition, in cases to which it is applieable, it is not erroneous, it. is a form of expression from which a jury might well understand that the employer was bound in every ease to furnish safe machinery to the employé. The instruction, however, does not state the law applicable to the facts of the present (-ase correctly, and hence it is misleading and erroneous. The car which occasioned the injury having been received by the plaintiff in error, in the regular course of business, from another company, for transportation over its lines, the receiving company owed to its employes the dnty of making proper inspection, and giving notice of its defects, if any were found. Railroad Co. v. McMullen, 117 Ind. 439, 20 N. E. 287. If the car came to it with defects visible, or discoverable by ordinary inspection, its dnty was either to return the car to the company from which it came, or to repair it sufficiently to make it reasonably safe. The inspection which the company is re.quired to make of a foreign car tendered to it by another company for transportation over its lines is not merely a formal one, but it should be made with reasonable diligence, so that its employés will not be exposed to perils which reasonable care would have guarded against. The company receiving a foreign car can be held responsible, by an employd who sustains an injury from its defects, only for failure to furnish a competent inspector, or for failure of the inspector to exercise due care in making the inspection. It is not, however, to be held responsible for hidden defects, which could not be discovered by such an inspect ion as the exigencies of traffic will permit. Railway Co. v. Fry, 131 Ind. 319, 28 N. E. 989. The duty of the plaintiff in error, therefore, is not that of furnishing proper machinery and instrumentalities for service, and seeing that the same are kept in safe repair, but its duty is one of inspection; and this duty is performed by the employment of sufficient competent and suitable inspectors, who are to act under proper instructions, rules, and superintendence. If it has furnished such inspectors, and if a proper inspection is made, and due notice of defects have been given to the employe, its measure of duty is satisfied. It is held by courts of high authority that it has performed its whole duty in respect to foreign cars when it has furnished sufficient competent and suitable inspectors, acting under proper instructions, rules, and superintendence, and that such inspectors must be deemed fellow servants engaged in a common employment with brakemen and switchmen. Mackin v. Railroad Co., 135 Mass. 201; Keith v. Railroad Co.. 140 Mass. 175, 3 N. E. 28. The true rule, however, is stated in the case of Railroad Co. v. Herbert, 116 U. S. 642, 652, 6 Sup. Ct. 590. It is there said:

•'If no one was appointed by the company to look after the condition of the cars, and to see that the machinery and appliances used to move and to stop them were kept in ¿rood repair and working order, its liability for the injuries would not be the subject of contention. Its negligence in that case would have been, in the highest degree, culpable. If, however, one was appointed by it, charged with that duty, and the injuries resulted from his negligence in its performance, the company is liable. He was, so far as that duty is concerned, the representative of the company. His negligence was its negligence, and imposed a liability upon it.”

At the proper time the plaintiff in error asked the court to instruct the jury as follows:

“The plaintiff was employed by the defendant as a switchman in its railroad yards at Streator, and as such it became and was his duty to couple and uncouple the cars handled by the defendant there. By accepting such employment, ho assumed its natural and usual risks and hazards, and, if you believe from the evidence in this case that the injury which the plaintiff received was due to the natural and usual hazards and risks of his employment there as a switchman, then the plaintiff cannot recover in this action, and your verdict should be for the defendant”

The court refused to give this instruction, and an exception was duly reserved, and this ruling has been properly assigned here. The evidence showed that the defendant in error was employed as a switchman in the yards of the plaintiff in error at Streator at and prior to his injury, and that it was his duty to couple and uncouple the cars handled by it in such yard. According to the usual course of business, well known to the defendant in error, and notorious, the plaintiff in error was in the habit of receiving many foreign cars daily for transportation over its lines. He well knew that it was the practice of the railroad company to cause all such cars to be inspected when offered, and if they were found to be defective they were returned to the connecting carrier from wTiicli they came. The plaintiff in error was therefore entitled to have the court instruct the .jury in regard to the rights and responsibilities of the parties, if they'believed that the injury was due to the natural and usual hazards and risks of tie service. The cases in support of the doctrine that an employé assumes all the natural and usual risks and hazards of the service which he undertakes are so numerous, and the principle is so elementary, that we will not incumber the opinion with citations.

Some other questions have been presented by the assignment of errors, and argued by counsel; but as the case will have to be reversed for the errors above pointed out, and as the alleged errors may not occur upon another trial, we do not deem it necessary to express any opinion upon them. The judgment of the court below is reversed, at the costs of the defendant in error, and the case remanded to the court below, with instructions to grant a new trial.