AMENDED OPINION
Debtor/Defendant Hung Tam Pham (Pham) entered into two cardmember agreements with appellant, AT & T Universal Card Services Corporation. Pham made no payments on either account, and exceeded his credit limits by writing payment checks on insufficient funds, and then using the accounts in the interval before the credits for those checks were reversed.
The bankruptcy court found AT & T’s claim nondischargeable under § 523(a)(2)(A),
1
and entered a default judgment in its favor. AT
&
T also sought attorney’s fees based on a provision in the cardmember agreements, asserting that
Cohen v. de la Cruz,
We VACATE and REMAND.
I. FACTS
In September of 1994, Pham entered into a cardmember agreement with AT & T with a $1,500 credit limit (Account A). Shortly before filing his bankruptcy petition, Pham submitted checks in the amount of $2,900, purportedly to pay off the balance owing to AT & T on Account A. The checks were processed, but returned for insufficient funds. Pham obtained credit beyond the limit before the checks were returned, and the balance on Account A was $8,366.52 on the petition date.
In December of 1994, Pham entered into a second cardmember agreement with AT & T, also with a credit limit of $1,500 (Account B). Pham again used the administrative delay to obtain credit beyond the limit by writing a check on insufficient funds to “pay” the balance. The balance on Account B was $3,296.31 on the petition date.
Paragraph 14 of the cardmember agreements is headed “Default and Collection Costs.” It states, in pertinent part:
You will be in default if you fail to comply with any of the terms of this Agreement, fail to meet any of your other obligations when due, or upon your death or insolvency, or if you provided false information to obtain this Account. If you are in default, we may demand immediate payment and you agree to pay the full balance owed on your Account ... If you are in default and fail to pay any amounts you owe, you will be liable for our costs of collection and, if we refer this claim to an attorney for collection, you will be liable for any reasonable attorney’s fees we incur, plus the costs and expenses of any legal action.
On 26 November 1997, Pham filed for chapter 7 relief, listing thirty credit card account debts totaling more than $99,000, including $1,603 on Account A and $1,640 on Account B. At the time of filing, Pham’s income was less than $15,000 per year, and he was unemployed.
AT & T filed a Complaint to Determine Dischargeability of Debt (the Complaint) pursuant to § 523(a)(2)(A), which provides: § 523. Exceptions to discharge.
(a) A discharge under section 727 ... of this title does not discharge an individual debtor from any debt...
(2) for money, property or services, or an extension, renewal, or refinancing or credit, to the extent obtained by— (A) false pretenses, a false representation, or actual fraud, other than a statement respecting the debtor’s or an insider’s financial condition ....
The Complaint alleged that Pham used actual fraud and false pretenses to obtain credit. Paragraph 15 contained a very general request for attorney’s fees; the Complaint did not state breach of contract as a ground for relief.
Pham did not answer, nor did he appear at the default prove-up hearing. On the undisputed facts alleged by AT & T, the bankruptcy court awarded damages to AT & T in the amount of $6,662.83, costs of $150, and determined the debt nondis-chargeable under § 523(a)(2)(A) (the “Default Judgment”). The bankruptcy court made no explicit finding that Pham had breached either agreement.
AT & T asked the bankruptcy court to include an award for attorney’s fees of $2,050, pursuant to paragraph 14 of the cardmember agreements and California CM Code (“CCC”) § 1717. The bankruptcy judge apportioned the entire judgment to the nondischargeability action, and denied the request for an award of attorney’s fees.
The Default Judgment was entered on 9 November 1998. AT & T timely appeals from the bankruptcy court’s denial of the *96 award of attorney’s fees in the Default Judgment. Pham neither filed a brief nor appeared for oral argument.
II.ISSUES
Whether the bankruptcy court erred in:
A. apportioning 100% of the attorney’s fees to the nondischargeability action of the Complaint; and
B. denying AT & T’s request for an award of attorney’s fees in the Default Judgment.
III.STANDARDS OF REVIEW
A. We review a bankruptcy court’s fee determination for abuse of discretion or erroneous application of the law. Ford v. Baroff (In re Baroff), 105 F.3d 439, 441 (9th Cir.1997).
B. A bankruptcy’s court’s decision whether to apply § 523(a)(2)(A) to an award of attorney’s fees is an issue of law which we review de novo.
Younie v. Gonya (In re Younie),
IV.DISCUSSION
A. Apportionment
AT & T asserts that the bankruptcy court erred in failing to apportion part of the fees to its contract claim. Specifically, AT & T argues that the second paragraph of the following excerpt from the bankruptcy judge’s ruling was in error:
It [the Code] does authorize — there are fees that are authorized for the portion of the action that is attributable to an action on the contract if the action on the contract contains an appropriate fees provision under applicable state law.
Apportionment is required, and I will make the apportionment of 100 percent to the nondischargeability action. The amount of the debt [was] never contested and [was] admitted ... by the debtor in the schedules.
Transcript, 6 November 1998, at 8-9. This is not quite correct, because the schedules did not include the full amounts of the debts. However, the adversary proceeding was uncontested.
A prevailing creditor in a nondis-chargeability proceeding is entitled to contractual attorney’s fees under state law
if
the bankruptcy court adjudicates a contract action in connection with the bankruptcy court proceeding.
Younie,
Here, no “contract action” was litigated except implicitly: the bankruptcy court so found, and AT & T has not challenged that finding on appeal. As noted, AT & T’s Complaint does not expressly specify breach of contract as a ground for relief. While “[g]enerally, a party cannot succeed on a cause of action not stated in the complaint[,]”
Jodoin v. Samayoa (In re
Jodoin),
AT & T presented no evidence to support apportionment to the implicit contract action: the request for attorney’s fees was simply for the total amount, without any detailing or breakdown between the contract and the nondischargeability issues. Having presented no evidence to support the apportionment it now requests, AT & T cannot complain.
The bankruptcy court neither abused its discretion nor erroneously applied the law *97 in apportioning all of the fees to the non-dischargeability cause of action.
B. Nondischargeability under § 523(a)(2)(A)
It follows that AT & T can recover only if attorney’s fees may be awarded for litigating nondischargeability under § 523(a)(2)(A), rather than the underlying claim: the narrow legal issue is whether a creditor may recover attorney’s fees via a contractual provision for successfully litigating nondischargeability.
In
Baroff,
the Ninth Circuit held the federal cause of action for nondischarge-ability for fraud under § 523(a)(2)(A) is entirely a tort action, and not an action on a contract: “[u]nder California law, a tort action for fraud arising out of a contract is not an action on a contract within the meaning of [CCC] Section 1717.”
Likewise, in Hashemi, a credit card issuer successfully brought a nondischarge-ability proceeding against the debtor on $60,000 in credit card debt. The card-member agreement contained a provision, not quoted in the opinion, which permitted American Express to recover attorney’s fees incurred in enforcing its rights under the contract. The card issuer prevailed on summary judgment, but was denied attorney’s fees. The Ninth Circuit held that American Express was not entitled to fees incurred pursuing nondischargeability, because its claim was not an action on the contract:
[T]he question of the applicability of the bankruptcy laws to particular contracts is not a question of the enforceability of a contract but rather involves a unique, separate area of federal law. Because the bankruptcy court did not need to “determine the enforceability of the ... agreement to determine dischargeability” ... American Express’ discharge-ability claim is not an action on the contract.
Hashemi,
The court went on to say:
The costs of litigating this issue [breach of the agreement] — however small they might be because the breach was not disputed — do fall within the letter of the cardmember agreement’s fee provision. American Express is thus entitled by state law to recover any fees incurred litigating this question. Whether American Express incurred any segregable fees prosecuting its breach of contract claim, and the amount of any such fees, we leave for determination on remand.
Hashemi,
The dispositive question here presented is whether the limitations of
Baroff
and
Hashemi
retain any vitality after
Cohen v. de la Cruz,
The Court considered the language and history of § 523, and the policy of balancing the debtor’s fresh start against making a defrauded creditor whole, which requires more than restitution. Justice O’Connor, writing for the Court, held that the nondis-chargeable “debt” obtained by fraud included the treble damages and attorney’s fees. She went on to say:
In short, the text of § 523(a)(2)(A), the meaning of parallel provisions in the statute, the historical pedigree of the fraud exception, and the general policy underlying the exceptions to discharge all support our conclusion that “any debt ... for money, property, services, or ... credit, to the extent obtained by” fraud encompasses any liability arising from money, property, etc., that is fraudulently obtained, including treble damages, attorney’s fees, and other relief that may exceed the value obtained by the debtor. Under New Jersey law, the debt for fraudulently obtaining $31,382.50 in rent payments includes treble damages and attorney’s fees and costs, and consequently, petitioner’s entire debt of $94,-147.50 (plus attorney’s fees and costs) is nondischargeable in bankruptcy.
Cohen,
Cohen
was given a broad interpretation in
Wegmans Food Markets, Inc. v. Lutgen (In re Lutgen),
This Court finds that, under Cohen, the proper inquiry is whether — irrespective of the circumstance that the debtor has filed a bankruptcy petition — the defrauded creditor has a right to payment that is enforceable under state law.... Consequently, Wegman’s right to payment of its attorney’s fees constitutes a “debt” that, having resulted from Lut-gen’s fraud, is non-dischargeable pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A).
Id. at *3.
The Lutgen court concluded that whether the debt had been imposed by a state statute was not pivotal. It held that the right to payment of attorney’s fees was part of the “debt,” recoverable under state law, which resulted from fraud (arguably different from a debt “obtained by” fraud), and was therefore nondischargeable. Id. at *2.
Other courts have so held: in
Merchants Nat’l Bank of Winona v. Moen (In re Moen),
We agree that, after
Cohen,
the determinative question in cases under § 523(a)(2) is whether the successful plaintiff could recover attorney’s fees in a non-bankruptcy court. The Ninth Circuit’s holdings in
Baroff
and
Hashemi
were premised on the view that, under California law, fees in a fraud action for damages could not be recovered via a contractual fee agreement. These holdings were arguably undercut by
Santisas v. Goodin,
The impact of
Santisas
on Ninth Circuit law was not presented to the bankruptcy court, which declined AT & T’s offer of further briefing. AT
&
T relied on a mechanical reading of
Cohen
and did not establish its entitlement to attorney’s fees under state law. Nevertheless, that reading was not entirely unreasonable: we note the Eighth Circuit Panel did not advert to state law entitlement in deciding
Moen,
As this case presents a significant and recurring issue, and we may remand when the absence of findings of fact and conclusions of law prevents review on appeal,
Canadian Commercial Bank v. Hotel Hollywood (In re Hotel Hollywood),
V. CONCLUSION
The Bankruptcy Court did not clearly err in apportioning all fees to the nondis-chargeability action; we AFFIRM that ruling.
We VACATE the bankruptcy court’s denial of attorney’s fees in the Default Judgment, and REMAND for determination whether, under California law, AT & T’s cardmember agreement provision would support an award of attorney’s fees in a fraud action based on that agreement. If so, those fees are nondischargeable.
Notes
. Absent contrary indication, all chapter and section references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C., and all “Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure.