MEMORANDUM
Plaintiffs ASTech International, LLC, Christopher Cashman, Robert Mullen, Ronald Cravens, Clair Gustafson, Kenneth Odde and Bruce Van Der Kamp filed a complaint against defendants Lawrence A. Husick, Robert S. Lipton, Laurence A. Weinberger and the law firm of Lipton, Weinberger & Husick, asserting six claims arising out of defendants’ alleged legal malpractice. Presently before me are defendants’ motion for summary judgment and plaintiffs’ response thereto. For the following reasons, I will grant partial summary judgment in favor of defendants.
BACKGROUND
Plaintiffs developed and owned two inventions relevant to this lawsuit. The first was a “method for positively identifying livestock and use thereof in legal instruments relating thereto” (“livestock identification invention”). U.S. Patent Provisional App. No. 60/351,128 (Jan. 23, 2002) (Pl.’s Exh. C). 1 This invention transcribed immutable characteristics of an animal — ie., DNA, retinal blood vessel patterns or nose prints-into an “alphanumeric, human readable character string.” Id. at ¶¶ 0066-67. The invention was designed to replace the more traumatic and invasive hot-iron branding identification systеm. Id. at ¶ 0003. The second was a “method and composition for delivery of medicants to animals” (“on muzzle invention”). U.S. Patent App. No. 10/084,592 (Feb. 25, 2002) (Am. Compl. ¶ 23). 2 This invention placed “biological vaccines (antigens) or pharmaceuticals” directly onto the muzzle of an animal using “liquid or emulsion paint, spray, paste, mist, roll-on, or biofilm.” Specification of Claims at 7, U.S. Patent App. No. 10/084,592 (Def.’s Exh. L). The animal would then instinctively clean its nose with its tongue, thereby depositing the medicant into the “nasal and/or oral mucosa.” Id. at 7. This system was designed to replace needles as the method for delivery of vaccines which, in turn, “minimizes the need for human contact between the human operator and the animal” and reduces the tissue and hide damage associated with injections. Id. at 3, 7.
On December 5, 2001, plaintiffs retained the law firm of Lipton, Weinberger & Husick to assist them in obtaining patents on both inventions. Under the terms of the retention, the firm agreed to advise plaintiffs with respect to the acquisition, protection, licensing and exploitation of the two inventions. The firm assigned Husick to perform the work. For the sake of clarity, I will discuss separately the cirсumstances surrounding each of the patent applications.
I. Livestock Identification Patent Application
On January 23, 2002, Husick filed a provisional U.S. Patent Application
3
for the
During the time period between the retention of the law firm and the abandonment of the livestock identification invention patent application Husick and plaintiffs exchanged several emails 4 and phone calls. On October 18, 2002, plaintiff Van Der Kamp emailed Husick to inform him that “we believe that we are nearly at a point of converting this provisional patent to a utility status. What are the necessary steps to do this?” Husick responded several days later with the details of how to file a non-provisional application citing the provisional application as “priority matter.” He suggested that they “revise the application to include [their] present knowledge of the invention, and then file the case, either as just a U.S. application, or under the Patent Cooperation Treaty 5 to protect the invention here or overseas.” On October 26, 2002, Van Der Kamp instructed Husick to file a U.S. application for a non-provisional patent. On December 31, 2002, Van Der Kamp sent another email to Husick seeking confirmation that “a utility patent application has been filed.” Husick responded that he could not confirm the filing until his paralegal returned on January 2, 2003. Husick never filed an non-provisional application for a utility patent on the livestock identification invention. On January 23, 2003, Husick did, however, file an application for a patent under the Patent Cooperation Treaty but that application claimed priority for an incorrect provisionаl patent.
II. On Muzzle Patent Application
On February 25, 2002, Husick filed a non-provisional U.S. patent application for
In 2003, plaintiff Cravens sent several emails to Husick inquiring into the status of the on muzzle patent application that had been filed on February 25, 2002. On December 15, 2003, Husick responded via email:
[a]fter you prompted me, I sent in a status request. Last week, without explanation from the PTO, I got back a notice that the application had been abandoned! Needless to say, I am hard at work tracking down the bonehead whо made my request into an abandonment (no doubt, a wrong key pressed by a minimum wage worker) and will have the case back on track shortly. (This is nothing to worry about, and will delay processing in the case only slightly, if at all). I will keep you posted about your government in action!
In the notice of abandonment mailed to Husick on November 26, 2003, the USPTO stated the reason for abandonment was that no reply had been received. USPTO, Notice of Abandonment [of livestock identification invention patent application] Under 37 CFR 1.53(f) or (g) (Nov. 26, 2003).
III. Events Pertaining to Both Patent Applications
On April 15, 2004, Van Der Kamp sent another email to Husick inquiring into the status of both patents and expressing concern that it had been more than two years since the applications were filed and there had been no official word on any progress. On May 11, 2004, having received no response from Husick, Van Der Kamp resent the same email. This time, Husick responded: “[b]oth in queue at PTO, but given that the time to first official action is now sometimes >20 months, I am not concerned.” In September 2004, plaintiffs again checked in with Husick regarding the status of their patent applications. They were told “[t]he PTO keeps slipping times to examine patents, so as they say in the government game, ‘No News [sic] is just no news.’ We will let you know the MOMENT anything does come our way.”
On May 1, 2005, in preparation for an impending board meeting, Cravens again asked Husick via email for an update on the patents. In that email Cravens indicated that he had tried to check the status of the patents on the USPTO’s website and had received a message stating: “[s]orry, the entered application number ’10/084592’ is not available. The number may have been incorrectly typed, or assigned to an application that is not yet available for public inspection.” Having received no response, Cravens again emailed Husick to plead for information. Husick responded: “I will check with the PTO, but at this time, your application is just outside the average times now prevalent in the Patent Office ... so you should not be worried.”
On July 20, 2005, plaintiffs hired another
On March 12, 2007, Dickey filed a petition with the USPTO to revivе both patent applications for either unavoidable delay or unintentional delay. USPTO, Decision on Petition for Revival Under 37 CFR 1.137(a) and 37 CFR 1.137(b) (Dec. 18, 2007). With regard to the livestock identification application, the petition was dismissed without prejudice for failure to include appropriate documentation. Id. On February 18, 2008, Dickey renewed that petition and included the appropriate documentation. On April 9, 2008, the renewed petition to revive for unintentional abandonment was granted. USPTO, Decision on Petition for Revival Under 37 CFR 1.137(a) and 37 CFR 1.137(b) (Apr. 9, 2008). Since the revival of the livestock identification patent application was granted, there have been several USPTO actions. Most recently, on May 22, 2009, the USPTO issued a non-final rejection of that application on various grounds.
On May 9, 2008, the on muzzle application was revived on the grounds of unin
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Rule 56(c) of the Federal Rules оf Civil Procedure provides that summary judgment is proper “if the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” An issue of material fact is genuine if “the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.”
Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477
U.S. 242, 255,
When a properly supported motion for summary judgment is made, “an adverse party may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials of the adverse party’s pleading, but the adverse party’s response, by affidavits or as otherwise provided in this rule, must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue fоr trial.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e). The adverse party must raise “more than a mere scintilla of evidence in its favor” in order to overcome a summary judgment motion and cannot survive by relying on unsupported assertions, conelusory allegations, or mere suspicions.
Williams v. Borough of W. Chester,
DISCUSSION
Defendants make four arguments in support of their motion for summary judgment: (1) with respect to Counts I, III, V and VI, plaintiffs’ claims of negligence and misrepresentation are barred by the statute of limitations; (2) with respect to Counts V and VI, plaintiffs cannot establish that they suffered actual loss as a result of defendants’ misrepresentations; (3) with respect to Counts I through IV, plaintiffs cannot establish that they suffered actual loss as a result of defendants’ alleged legal malpractice; and (4) with respect to all six counts, plaintiffs cannot establish damages with a reasonable degree of certainty.
I. Counts I, III, V and VI Are Partially Barred by the Statute of Limitations
A. Legal Standard
Defendants argue that plaintiffs’ negligenсe and misrepresentation claims, contained in Counts I, III, V and VI, are barred by the statute of limitations.
8
A similar exception applies where the relevant facts were fraudulently concealed from the plaintiff. 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 5504(b). Like cases in which the discovery rule applies, fraudulent concealment operates to toll the statute of limitations “only until such time as the plaintiff discovers or reasonably should have discovered the fraud.”
Hoppe v. SmithKline Beecham Corp.,
Reasonable diligence is an objective standard.
Kingston Coal Co. v. Felton Min. Co., Inc.,
B. Application
This lawsuit was filed on December 13, 2007. Therefore, if plaintiffs knew or with thе exercise of reasonable diligence should have known of their injury or its cause before December 13, 2005, their claims of negligence and misrepresentations by defendants are barred. Plaintiffs argue that, in light of Husick’s misrepresentations, the earliest they could have known that they had suffered an injury was January 2006 when Dickey ordered the file wrapper from the USPTO. Defendants argue that had plaintiffs exercised reasonable diligence they would have known of their injury no later than October 2005 when they revoked Husick’s power of attorney in favor of Dickey. They note that after Dickey received plaintiffs’ power of attorney she had full access to information regarding the status of both patent applica
I agree with defendants. It is apparent from the record that as early as April 15, 2004, plaintiffs suspected that their patents may not have been “in the queue” at the USPTO. Email from Van Der Kamp to Husick (Apr. 15, 2004, 8:07 AM). Based on the information available to them at the time, plaintiffs’ concerns were well founded. Around Fеbruary 3, 2003, plaintiffs signed some herein-unidentified papers regarding the livestock identification patent. Shortly thereafter, plaintiff Ron Cravens emailed Husick asking for an update on the progress of the on muzzle patent application and expressing concern that the partners were never asked to sign anything in connection with that application. Email from Cravens to Husick (Feb. 3, 2003, 7:37 PM). Cravens did not receive a response until December 15, 2003, when Husick informed him that the on muzzle application had been abandoned but that he would have “the case back on track shortly.” Email from Husick to Cravens (Dec. 15, 2003, 2:24 PM). In light of this information, plaintiffs’ concerns should have been further aroused on May 1, 2005 when Cravens attempted to check electronically the status of the on muzzle patent and received a message that stated: “the entered Application Number ’10/084592’ is not available.” Email from Cravens to Husick (May 1, 2005, 9:59 AM). Indeed, plaintiffs were concerned enough with the status of their patent applications that in July 2005 they terminated their relationship with Husick and retained Dickey to represent them.
Pennsylvania courts have held thаt “[i]f a party has the means of discovery [of his injury and its cause] within his power but neglects to use them, his claim will still be barred.”
Baumgart v. Keene Bldg. Prods. Corp.,
Both the discovery rule and the fraud exception only toll the statute of limitations until such time as plaintiffs knew or reasonably should have known of the injury or its cause.
Fine v. Checcio,
II. Plaintiffs Have Presented Sufficient Evidence to Support a Finding that they Have Suffered Harm as a Result of Defendants’ Alleged Misrepresentations
Defendants next argue that plaintiffs are unable to bear their burden of proving that they suffered harm as a result of defendants’ misrepresentations. Def.’s Br. at 13. In order to make out a claim for intentional misrepresentation plaintiffs must show: “(1) a representa-
tion; (2) material to the transaction at hand; (3) made falsely, with knowledge of its falsity or recklessness as to whether it is true or false; (4) with the intent of misleading another into relying on it; (5) justifiable reliance on the misrepresentation; and (6) the resulting injury was proximately caused by the reliance.”
Hanover Ins. Co. v. Ryan,
Most of the alleged misrepresentations are barred by the statute of limitations; the only remaining actionable misrepresentations are those that occurred between December 13, 2005 and April 25, 2006. Plaintiffs allege that during that time period Dickey continued to request that defendants transmit to her any information in their possession pertaining to the two patent applications but that she received no response. Pennsylvania courts have held that “[a] misrepresentation need not be an actual statement; it can be manifest in the form of silence or failure to disclose relevant information when good faith requires disclosure.” County of Lackawanna v. Verrastro, 9 Pa. D. & C. 5th 35, 46 (Pa.Com.Pl.2009). Plaintiffs argue that defendants’ failure to respond to Dickey’s requests delayed their discovery of the fact that the patent applicаtions had been abandoned. This, in turn, may have caused them to incur additional legal fees and costs and to shorten the valuable patent life of their inventions. Am. Compl. ¶ 34. They have presented evidence sufficient to raise a genuine issue of material fact with regard to the harm resulting from these alleged misrepresentations. Accordingly, I will deny defendants’ motion for summary judgment on counts V and VI.
III. Actual Loss Analysis
Pennsylvania courts have held that legal malpractice actions sound both in tort and in contract.
Wachovia Bank,
A. Appropriate Standard for Proving Actual Loss
Defendants argue that plaintiffs are unable to prove actual loss and therefore summary judgment should be entered in defendants’ favor. In order to prove actual loss, the plaintiff in a legal malpractice action must prove that the underlying representation would have been successful. The courts have often referred to this methodology as “a case-within-a-ease.”
First, they suggest that any reference to the case-within-a-case methodology by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court is
dicta
and therefore does not bind this Court. I disagree. The
Kituskie
Court held “[i]n essence, a legal malpractice action in Pennsylvania requires the plaintiff to prove that he had a viable cause of action against the party he wished to sue in the underlying case and that the attorney he hired was negligent in prosecuting or defending that underlying case (often referred to as proving a “case within a case”).”
Id.
In addition, the case law in this area is replete with trial court, intermediate appellate court, and Supreme Court decisions referring to or applying the case-within-a-case methodology.
See, e.g., Poole v. W.C.A.B. (Warehouse Club),
570 Pa.495,
Second, plaintiffs argue that the case-within-a-case methodology, and therefore the requirement that a plaintiff prove actual loss, only applies to cases arising out of attorney malprаctice in the course of litigation. Therefore, in their view, it does not apply in this ease because the underlying representation pertained to a transactional matter. Mindful of the overarching requirement that all legal malpractice plaintiffs prove actual loss, I disagree with this contention as well. Plaintiffs cite a series of cases in support of their proposition. The first,
McGrorey v. Obermayer, Rebmann, Maxwell & Hippel,
14 Pa. D. & C.3d 335, 352 (Pa.Com.P1.1978), is inapposite. There, the alleged malpractice occurred when the defendant failed to bring a valid claim on behalf of the plaintiff. That alleged malpractice occurred in the course of litigation and the court applied the case-within-a-case methodology.
McGrorey,
14 Pa. D & C.3d at 352. Thus,
McGrorey
does not support plaintiffs’ proposition.
Id.
(finding the trial court’s jury instruction incorporating the case-within-a-case methodology to be an accurate statement of the law). The other cases cited by plaintiffs,
Air Measurement Techs., Inc. v. Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld, L.L.P.,
in a matter involving litigation, a plaintiff must prove that, but for his attorney’s negligence, a different result would have occurred in the litigation. In a transactional legal matter, the proximate cause prong can be satisfied by showing that, but for this breach of professional duty, client would not have suffered an actual loss.
Hackers, Inc., 79 Pa. D. & C.4th at 490.
Plaintiffs also cite a series of cases discussing the doctrines of concurrent negligence and intervening cause.
E.g., Kituskie,
Plaintiffs also quote the following passage from Livingston:
though this might have been possible, or even probable in this particular case, it may still with truth be affirmed that the client lost the opportunity of securing the amount due to him because of the default of the first attorney, and has, therefore, suffered an injury at his hands, commensurate with the debt due, should the money eventually remain uncollected. That another was also negligent cannot excuse the first neglect: especially if the latter be a volunteer, and it be at all doubtful under the facts in proof whether the exercise of due diligence would have secured payment .... [t]he onus of showing this lies upon him who seeks to escape the consequences of prior laches, and he ought to show it clearly.
Pl.’s Br. at 18 (citing
Livingston,
One of the important policies underlying the requirement of proving actual loss-and, in turn, the case-within-a-case methodology-is to prevent the plaintiff from obtaining a windfall judgment. If plaintiffs’ inventions in this case were not patentable in the first place, then even with the best imaginable representation the patent applications would have failed. To allow plaintiffs to recover damages without first requiring proof that the inventions were patentable would “[allow them] to wrest from [their] former counsel something that, thus far, has eluded [them] in the marketplace-a monetary return from [their inventions].”
Igen, Inc. v. White,
In light of the foregoing, I hold that in order for plaintiffs to carry their burden of showing actual loss they must prove either that their inventions are presently patentable or that their inventions were patentable under the
pre-KSR
13
obviousness standard.
14
This requirement may be obviated somewhat by my decision, discussed more fully
infra,
to hold the case
B. Plaintiffs Have Presented Sufficient Evidence To Support a Finding of Actual Loss
Plaintiffs have alleged that they were injured in several ways. See Am. Compl. ¶ 34. First, they argue that they suffered injury when they paid legal fees to defendants in exchange for work of no value and then had to pay Dickey to revive the applications. 15 Second, operating under the assumption that their patent applications will be granted by the USPTO, they argue that they have lost valuable patent life as a result of defendants’ legal malpractice. Finally, operating under the assumption that their patent applications will not be granted by the USPTO, they argue that due to defendants’ negligence they lost the opportunity to have their patents considered under the more lenient pre-ASF standard.
1. Plaintiffs Have Presented Sufficient Evidence to Raise a Genuine Issue of Material Fact as to Whether Defendants’ Legal Malpractice Caused Plaintiffs the Actual Loss of Hiring Other Counsel
With regard to the first alleged injury, plaintiffs have provided sufficient evidence to raise a genuine issue of material fact. There appears to be no argument to the contrary. The evidence suggests that plaintiffs instructed defendants to take certain actions on their bеhalf. The evidence further suggests that defendants failed to follow those instructions. When plaintiffs were forced to hire another attorney to revive the patent applications and redo much of the work that should have been done by defendants, they suffered actual loss in the amount of the additional legal fees. To the extent that defendants contest this evidence, such factual determinations will, of course, be made by a jury.
2. Plaintiffs Have Presented Sufficient Evidence to Raise a Genuine Issue of Material Fact as to Whether Defendants’ Legal Malpractice Caused Plaintiffs Loss of Valuable Patent Life or the Opportunity to Have Their Applications Considered Under the Less Stringent Pre-ASF Obviousness Standard
With regard to the second and third injuries alleged by plaintiffs, defendants first argue that plaintiffs are unable to present evidence of actual loss because both patent applications have been revived and subsequently rejected. Def.’s Br. 11-12. They argue that the USPTO’s rejections show that the inventions were unpatentable even with the best representation and that, therefore, plaintiffs have suffered no actual loss as a proximate cause of defendants’ alleged malpractice. Plaintiffs have presented expert reports indicating that the USPTO rejections are a normal part of the process and that even ultimately successful patent applications experience an average of between two and four rejections before a patent issues. They argue that even the “final rejection” issued with regard to the on muzzle application is not unequivocally final. Additionally, plaintiffs have presented evidence that in-
The fact that the precise nature of the damages is uncertain at this stage does not require a grant of judgment in favor of defendants. In
Pashak v. Barish,
IV. Plaintiffs Proposed Damages Are Partially Speculative
In addition to arguing that plaintiffs cannot prove actual loss, defendants also argue that plaintiffs alleged damages are too speculative to permit recovery. Def.’s Br. at 14-16. In Pennsylvania, “the determination of damages is a factual question to be determined by the [jury].”
Delahanty v. First Pennsylvania Bank, N.A.,
A. Legal Fees
With regard to plaintiffs’ allegations that defendants’ malpractice caused them to incur additional legal fees in prosecuting their patents, I find that plaintiffs have presented sufficient evidence upon which damages can be calculated on some rational basis. The amount of $6,393.50 appears to be supported by some evidence. Accordingly, I will deny defendants’ motion for summary judgment as to this alleged injury.
B. The On Muzzle Invention
Likewise, I find that plaintiffs have submitted evidence upon which a reasonable jury could determine the damages incurred by plaintiffs with regard to defendants’ professional negligence in prosecuting the patent application for the on muzzle invention. Defendants concede that plaintiffs have submitted an expert report on the damages incurred by the delay in issuance of the on muzzle patent. Expert Report of Christopher M. Cashman (Def s. Exh. R). However, they argue that there is no evidence of a potential buyer of that patent and therefore the sale price and the resulting calculations of royalty income are bаsed on speculation. Plaintiffs respond that they have not yet attempted to market this invention because they believe the invention will be most valuable after it is patented. Therefore, the current absence of a potential buyer does not mean the invention is altogether unmarketable. Instead, per plaintiffs, the fair market value of such a patent is contained in the Cash-man report which marshals the considera
C. The Livestock Identification Invention
On the other hand, I find that plaintiffs have submitted no evidence upon which a reasonable jury could determine the damages incurred by plaintiffs with regard to defendants’ professional negligence in prosecuting the patent application for the livestock identification invention. Indeed, in a prior motion submitted to this Court, plaintiffs admitted that “it would be very difficult to determine how much damage was caused to them by the delay arising from Defendants’ conduct.” PL’s Mot. to Dismiss Voluntarily Counts I, II, and V of the Amended Complaint ¶ 8 (Jun. 26, 2009) (Doc. 19). Having apparently abandoned that concession, in their present brief plaintiffs cite five exhibits in support of their contention that “[pjlaintiffs, collectively, based upon their broad experience with comparable situations in their own careers and in the animal industry made reasoned and conservative estimates of the values of the patents.” PL’s Br. at 42 (citing Cashman Report; Cravens Deposition; Van Der Kamp Deposition; Van Der Kamp Expert Report; Mullen Expert Report). Review of each of the exhibits reveals no support for the valuation of the livestock identification invention. The amount of $191,000 appears not to have any connection to the evidence. Therefore, plaintiffs will be unable to provide a reasonable basis for the jury to calculate loss. Judgment must therefore be entered in favor of defendants on plaintiffs’ claims of professional negligence arising in connection with defendants’ allegedly unprofessional prosecution of the livestock identification patent.
D. The Most Efficient Course of Action Is To Hold this Lawsuit in Abeyance Pending Final Disposition by the USPTO.
Underlying defendants’ arguments pertaining to the speculative nature of plaintiffs’ actual loss and resulting damages is the fact that the USPTO has not issued a final decision on plaintiffs’ on muzzle patent application. However, as discussed
supra,
this lack of an unequivocal decision affects only the precise nature, not the fact, of the actual loss. If the patent application is granted by the USP-TO, plaintiffs will have lost valuable patent life as a result of defendants’ malpractice. If, on the other hand, the patent application is denied, plaintiffs will have lost the opportunity to have their application considered under the more lenient
pre-KSR
standard.
16
At this stage, however, we do not have the benefit of a final USPTO ruling on the patent application. The most
In deciding to hold this case in abeyance I am mindful that were I to dismiss the case, even without prejudice, the statute of limitations would operate to bar most of plaintiffs’ claims. As discussed
supra,
the statutory time period commences when a plaintiff knew or should have known of defendants’ breach. The application of this rule occasionally places potential plaintiffs in a dilemma because knowledge of a breach can occur years before the resulting actual loss is felt by the plaintiff. A plaintiff in that situation must choose between filing her malpractice claim within the statute of limitations or waiting to file until actual loss can be proven. If she files her claim in a timely fashion, but before actual loss has occurred, she runs the risk of dismissal. If, on the other hand, she waits until actual loss can be proven, her claim may be forever barred by the statute of limitations. One way to avoid forcing potential plaintiffs to make this Hobson’s choice would be to apply the discovery rule to toll the statutory period until the plaintiff knows of both her injury
and
its cause. In recognition of the competing concerns of finality, however, Pennsylvania courts presently apply the discovery rule only until the plaintiff knows of her injury
or
its cause.
See, e.g., Wachovia,
Another way to avoid this problem, and one that is presently available here, is for the court to stay a malpractice claim that is timely filed but where the plaintiff has not yet suffered actual loss. At least one Judge on this Court has interpreted the Pennsylvania Supreme Court’s decision in
Bailey,
to anticipate just such a result.
Spillman v. Wallen,
No. 95-750,
CONCLUSION
In sum, I will grant defendants’ motion for summary judgment in the following respects: (1) with regard to all professional negligence and misrepresentation claims arising out of actions that occurred before December 15, 2005; and (2) with regard to all claims arising out of the allegedly unprofessional prosecution of the livestock identification invention patent application. In all other respects, defendants’ motion will be denied and the case will be held in abeyance until the USPTO issues a final decision on plaintiffs’ patent applications.
An appropriate Order follows.
ORDER
AND NOW, this 18th day of December 2009, upon consideration of defendants’ motion for summary judgment and plaintiffs’ response, it is ORDERED that defendants’ motion is GRANTED and judgment is ENTERED in favor of defendants
(1) with regard to all tort claims arising out of actions which occurred on or before December 15, 2005; and
(2) with regard to all claims arising out of the allegedly unprofessional prosecution of the livestock identification invention patent application.
In all other respects, defendаnts’ motion is DENIED. It is FURTHER ORDERED that this case be HELD IN ABEYANCE until the United States Patent and Trademark Office issues an unequivocally final decision on the on muzzle patent application. The parties shall notify the Court when such decision is issued.
In light of the uncertainty about when the USPTO will issue its final decision and the fact that the trial issues appear to be complicated and highly technical in nature, I strongly recommend that the parties engage in a settlement conference before Magistrate Judge L. Felipe Restrepo. If the parties believe that a such a conference would be productive, they should notify my Chambers (215-597-2750) promptly.
Notes
. There is considerable ambiguity with regard to the Patent Application Number for the livestock identification invention. Some of that ambiguity stems from the fact that the provisional patent application was later replaced with a non-provisional patent application. The non-provisional application number is 11/575, 115. See United States Patent Application Publication No. U.S.2008/0215473 Al. That application, in its text, claims priority from provisional application number 60/562,-131. Paragraph 19 of the amеnded complaint identifies the provisional application number as 60/652,131. Defendants’ brief in support of its motion to dismiss uses the same number as the amended complaint. However, plaintiffs’ brief in opposition to the motion to dismiss uses 60/351,128. Finally, correspondence from the USPTO contains the application number 60/351,120.
In a motion to file a second amended complaint filed on October 15, 2009, plaintiffs discuss the ambiguity and clarify that the actual provisional application number of the livestock identification patent application is 60/351,128.
. This is the non-provisional patent application number found in the amended complaint, plaintiff's brief in opposition to the motion to dismiss and the USPTO file wrapper. Defendant’s brief in support of its motion to dismiss refers to number 01/084,592. This discrepancy is likely due to a typographical error.
. A brief introduction to the classification of patents may be useful here. There are three
. All of the emails discussed herein are available in plaintiffs' exhibits E and F.
. “Under the Patent Cooperation Treaty, applicants can file a single application in a qualified patent office to initiate prosecution in all signatory countries.” Patent Case Management Judicial Guide § 11.2.2.2.4.
. A file wrapper is "[t]he written record of the preliminary negotiations between an applicant and the Patent Office for a [patent].” Black’s Law Dictionary 628 (6th ed. 1990).
. Dickey is referred to as "Lara Dickey Lewis” in the amended complaint and defendant's brief in support of its motion to dismiss. For the purposes of this Memorandum, I will refer to her by the name used in more recent submissions-"Lara S. Dickey.”
. Plaintiffs contract claims are subject to a four year statute of limitations. 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 5525(a)(1). Defendants do not
. I note that plaintiffs’ tort and contract claims arise out of exactly the same conduct. Although not raised by either party, there is a concern, expressed by then-Chief Judge Fullam that "if аllegations of a contractual relationship between plaintiff and defendants,
Bailey established the proposition that every contract for legal services contains, as an implied term of the contract, a promise by the attorney to render legal services in accordance with the profession at large. Thus, when an attorney enters into a contract to providе legal services, there automatically arises a contractual duty on the part of the attorney to render those legal services in a manner that comports with the profession at large. Hence, a breach of contract claim may properly be premised on an attorney’s failure to fulfill his or her contractual duty to provide the agreed upon legal services in a manner consistent with the profession at large.
On questions of state law, I must predict how the Pennsylvania Supreme Court would rule on the issue.
Jewelcor, Inc. v. Karfunkel,
. Plaintiffs allege that between Decеmber 13, 2005 and April 25, 2006, Dickey continued to request that defendants transmit to her any information in their possession pertaining to the two patents. She received no response. These failures to respond appear to be the only actions by defendants that occurred within two years of the date on which suit was filed. Accordingly, only those tort claims arising out of those failures to respond are timely.
. I also disagree with plaintiff's suggestion that section 323(a) of the Restatement (Second) of Torts should be applied in this case. That section states:
[o]ne who undertakes, gratuitously or for consideration, to render services to another which he should recognize as necessary for the protection of the other's person or things, is subject to liability to the other for physical harm resulting from his failure to exercise reasonable care to perform his undertaking, if (a) his failure to exercise such care increases the risk of such harm, or OS the harm is suffered because of the other's reliance upon the undertaking.
The Pennsylvania Superior Court, relying on a decision by this Court, has unequivocally rejected the аpplication of this "risk of harm” analysis to legal malpractice claims.
Myers,
. To the extent that plaintiffs argue that a "loss of opportunity” analysis should apply in the legal malpractice context, I have rejected that contention supra in footnote 11.
.
KSR Int'l Co. v. Teleflex, Inc.,
. Plaintiffs’ theories of actual loss are discussed more fully infra.
. Plaintiffs also argue that defendants’ malpractice caused "the failure of patents to issue for the inventions" and that defendants’ misrepresentations caused plaintiffs to be "denied the opportunity to make prompt efforts to reinstate thе patent applications and lost all opportunity to reinstate those patent applications because the efforts to do so were not timely." See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 34, 56, 60. It is presently undisputed that both patent applications were revived and reinstated. Accordingly, defendants' malpractice could not have caused plaintiffs’ patents not to issue.
. I express no opinion here as to whether any of plaintiffs’ allegations of legal malpractice will be successful. That will, of course, ultimately be a question for the jury.
I note, however, that
KSR
changed only the standard by which non-obviousness is judged.
See KSR,