818 F. Supp. 2d 1081 | N.D. Ill. | 2011
MEMORANDUM OPINION and ORDER
In this diversity suit brought under the Illinois Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act (“ICFA”), 815 ILCS § 505/1 et seq., and Illinois common law, Daniel Askin claims that The Quaker Oats Company (“Quaker”) lures consumers into buying its oatmeal and granola products by touting them as being (among other things) “wholesome” and “heart healthy,” when in reality the products contain unhealthy trans fats. Askin hopes to represent a nationwide class of consumers who purchased products bearing allegedly deceptive labels. Currently before the court is Quaker’s motion to dismiss the complaint pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(l)and 12(b)(6). (R. 38.) For the reasons set forth below, the motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) is denied and the motion to dismiss under 12(b)(6) is denied without prejudice to refiling following this court’s resolution of Quaker’s separate motion to dismiss under the first-to-file rule.
Procedural History
Askin filed the current suit in January 2011 and amended the complaint six months later, alleging that certain Quaker labeling and marketing practices violate ICFA and that he is entitled to recover based on Quaker’s alleged unjust enrichment and breaches of warranties. (R. 1, 22.) According to Quaker, the allegations in the amended complaint describing the dangers of trans fats and the labels used in the accused products are largely copied from complaints filed by purported class-action representatives pursuing earlier-filed, similar claims against Quaker in the Northern District of California. After the parties consented to the jurisdiction of this court, see 28 U.S.C. § 636(c); (R. 25), on July 7, 2011, Quaker moved to dismiss the amended complaint under the first-to-file rule, arguing that the case before this court is duplicative of the preexisting California actions, (R. 32 ¶ 4). That same day Quaker filed the current motion to dismiss, arguing that Askin lacks standing to pursue his claims and that the suit should be dismissed for failure to state a claim. (R. 38.)
Three days after Quaker moved to dismiss the amended complaint, four named plaintiffs from the California actions moved to intervene in this case for purposes of filing their own motion to dismiss under the first-to-file rule. (R. 46.) This court allowed the parties to brief the motion to intervene, but once it became clear that the arguments proposed by the Cali
Facts
This court accepts as true the allegations in the amended complaint for purposes of reviewing the motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1). See Long v. Shorebank Dev’t Corp., 182 F.3d 548, 554 (7th Cir.1999). The relevant aspects of those allegations are as follows. Since January 7, 2006, Quaker has “engaged in a widespread marketing campaign to mislead consumers about the nutritional and health qualities of its Products.” (R. 22, Am. Compl. ¶ 2.) Specifically, Quaker states on its packages and in its marketing campaigns that its products contain “0 grams trans fat,” are “wholesome” and “heart healthy,” and constitute nutritious “smart choices made easy.” (Id. ¶ 3.) These descriptions are misleading, says Askin, because in reality the products “contain highly unhealthy, unwholesome artificial trans fat.” (Id. ¶4 (emphasis omitted).) Askin cites studies finding that dietary trans fats contribute to heart disease, Type 2 diabetes, and cancer. (Id. ¶¶ 5-6.)
Askin alleges that he has been injured by Quaker’s misleading campaign because he purchased its Chewy Granola Bars and Instant Quaker Oatmeal for himself and for his son relying on the allegedly deceptive statements found on the labels. (Id. ¶ 10.) According to Askin, he paid a premium for the Quaker products because he believed that they contained zero grams of trans fat. (Id.) He alleges that he would not have paid that premium had he known that the products contain trans fats in the amount of less than .5 grams per serving but up to 5 grams per box. (Id. ¶¶ 10, 64.) Because the products contain trans fats, Askin alleges that the health-related statements on the packaging are misleading. (Id. ¶ 10.)
Analysis
In the current Rule 12(b)(1) motion, Quaker argues that the amended complaint should be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction because Askin lacks standing to pursue his claims. The jurisdictional standing requirement is part of the Article III limitation of judicial power to situations in which the plaintiff can demonstrate a “case” or “controversy” between himself and the defendant. Pollack v. United States Dep’t of Justice, 577 F.3d 736, 739 (7th Cir.2009). To satisfy this requirement, a plaintiff must show that he has standing, meaning he has suffered an injury that is “concrete, particularized, and actual or imminent; fairly traceable to the challenged action; and redressable by a favorable ruling.” Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms, — U.S.-,-, 130 S.Ct. 2743, 2752, 177 L.Ed.2d 461 (2010). The standing requirements “are rather undemanding.” Family & Children’s Center, Inc. v. School City of Mishawaka, 13 F.3d 1052, 1058 (7th Cir.1994) (internal quotation omitted). As long as the plaintiff has shown that he has “an actual stake in the outcome that goes beyond intellectual or academic curiosity ... even a minor or non-economic injury will satisfy the strictures of Article III.” Id.
Quaker argues that Askin’s premise for establishing standing — that he paid a premium for Quaker’s products based on the alleged misrepresentations regarding the products’ ingredients — does not describe the kind of injury-in-fact required to create a case or controversy between the parties. Because the economic injury As-kin cites is tied to what Quaker describes as a “ ‘health concern’ that is hypothetical at best given the ‘insignificant’ amounts of
means that members of the class did not suffer physical injury, but it does not mean that they were uninjured. The plaintiffs’ loss is financial: they paid more for the toys than they would have, had they known of the risks the beads posed to children. A financial injury creates standing.
Id. Similarly, here Askin alleges that although he has not been physically harmed by Quaker’s products, he paid more for those products than he would have had he known they contain an ingredient he was determined to avoid because of its known health risks. That price differential represents a concrete injury-in-fact. See id.; Bridenbaugh v. Freeman-Wilson, 227 F.3d 848, 849-50 (7th Cir.2000) (noting that the price increase resulting from a challenged liquor-distribution law constitutes a source of injury); Central Laborers’ Pension Fund v. SIRVA, Inc., 04 CV 7644, 2006 WL 2787520, at *3 (N.D.Ill. Sept. 22, 2006) (holding that the plaintiff sufficiently alleged standing where it purchased stock at inflated price based on the defendants’ alleged misstatements).
In arguing that Askin’s injury is too speculative to support a false advertising claim, Quaker relies on decisions which are largely distinguishable based on what the plaintiffs in those cases knew at the time they purchased the accused products and the nature of their allegations. For example, Koronthaly v. L’Oreal USA, Inc., 374 Fed.Appx. 257, 258 (3d Cir.2010), involved a plaintiff who sued a cosmetics manufacturer after discovering that the lipstick she purchased contained trace amounts of lead. The Third Circuit concluded that the plaintiff lacked standing because she had “asserted only a subjective allegation that the trace amounts of lead in the lipsticks are unacceptable to her.” Id. at 259. But there, “[njeither the packaging nor the products themselves contained any indication that the lipstick contained any lead,” id. at 258, so unlike Askin, Koronthaly could not argue that she paid a premium for the purchased product based on an affirmative misrepresentation that it was lead-free. Similarly, in Rivera v. Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories, 283 F.3d 315, 316-17 (5th Cir.2002), the court held that the plaintiffs who purchased and used a pain medication without suffering any side effects lacked standing to sue the medication’s manufacturer after learning that other patients who took the drug suffered liver failure. But again, there the plaintiffs were alleging liability based on a failure to warn of an injury they did not sustain, whereas here, Askin alleges an economic injury based on his decision to purchase Quaker products at a premium
Perhaps the closest case that Quaker cites in support of its argument is the recently issued decision in Hughes v. Chat-tem, Inc., 1:10-1407-SEB-DML, 818 F.Supp.2d 1112, 1116-18, 2011 WL 3877120, at **3-4 (S.D.Ind. Aug. 31, 2011). The plaintiffs in Hughes sued the manufacturer of a diet aide called Dexatrim, alleging that they purchased the product based on the defendant’s representation that Dexatrim did not contain a dangerous substance called hexavalent chromium, when in fact it did. Id. at *1. Like Askin, the plaintiffs in Hughes were not harmed physically, but alleged standing based on the economic injury stemming from their decision to purchase Dexatrim in reliance on the defendant’s alleged misrepresentations. Id. at *3. The court rejected the plaintiffs’ standing assertion, stating that the cost of their Dexatrim purchases did not cause “any real ‘drain’ on their personal financial resources.” Id. at *4. But as the Seventh Circuit made clear in Aqua Dots, even a minor out-of-pocket loss can provide the requisite injury for standing. 654 F.3d at 749; see also Family & Children’s Ctr., 13 F.3d at 1058 (noting that even a minor injury satisfies Article III requirements). Nor does the Hughes decision’s reasoning that the plaintiffs had nothing but an unfounded fear of physical injury translate well here. See 2011 WL 3877120, at *6. Askin has alleged that whether or not the amount of trans fats present in Quaker’s products are harmful, had he known that trans fats were present in the products he purchased, he would not have bought them. Suppose Askin were a vegan, refusing to eat meat because of his objections to the conditions involved in American factory farming. Suppose further that he purchased food products that were labeled as containing “0 grams of animal products,” only to find out later that the food contained trace amounts of animal fat. Askin could not argue in that situation that he had been harmed physically, but it would be obvious that he would not have purchased the products absent the labeling message, and that once he discovered the food’s actual content, he could not consume it. The economic harm in that hypothetical situation mimics the injury at play in Aqua Dots, and extends to Askin’s decision to avoid trans fats as well.
Moreover, the Northern District of California considered and rejected Quaker’s standing argument in the similar lawsuit unfolding there. See Chacanaca v. Quaker Oats Co., 752 F.Supp.2d 1111, 1124-25 (N.D.Cal.2010). In Chacanaca, Quaker argued that the plaintiffs lacked standing to challenge their labeling practices under California consumer fraud statutes because they had not suffered any health problems from consuming the allegedly mislabeled products. Id. The court zeroed in on the “premium” aspect of the plaintiffs’ standing argument:
The injury alleged here is the purchase of food products that contain an ingredient the plaintiffs find objectionable. Had they known about the trans fat content, they insist, they would not have purchased the product. Defendant’s*1086 health-based harm argument misses the mark, as plaintiff have adequately alleged an injury directly related to the redress they seek.
Id. at 1125. Here too, Quaker’s attempt to tie the injury in question to its substantive arguments regarding the merits of Askin’s claims misses the target. Regardless of whether Askin was physically harmed by the products he consumed, he alleges that he would not have purchased them absent the allegedly misleading statements. That allegation states the kind of economic injury that is redressable through this suit. See Aqua Dots, 654 F.3d at 749. Accordingly, the motion to dismiss for lack of standing is denied.
The court notes for purposes of clarification that Quaker frames one of its arguments regarding the merits of Askin’s ICFA claim as a “standing” problem. Specifically, it argues that Askin has no “standing” to sue under ICFA because he purchased the accused products in New York, the state where he resides. (R. 39, Defi’s Mem. at 14.) But whether a resident of a state other than Illinois can sue under ICFA is a merits question, not a jurisdictional standing question. See Morrison v. YTB Int’l, Inc., 649 F.3d 533, 535-36 (7th Cir.2011). The question will turn on choice-of-law principles, and “has nothing to do with standing ... [tjhat a plaintiffs claim under his preferred legal theory fails has nothing to do with subject-matter jurisdiction.” Id. at 536 (emphasis in original). And because that question goes to the merits of Askin’s ICFA claim, rather than this court’s jurisdiction, the court concludes that as a practical matter it makes sense to reserve ruling on this and Quaker’s other Rule 12(b)(6) arguments until after Quaker’s motion to dismiss under the first-to-file rule is resolved. One of the core arguments underlying the first-to-file motion is that it would waste judicial economy for this court to decide the same substantive issues being determined in the earlier filed California cases. (R. 33, Def.’s Mem. at 6.) Accordingly, and without expressing any opinion as to the merits of the first-to-file motion, this court concludes that it should reserve ruling on the Rule 12(b)(6) arguments — which raise issues that are being litigated in California — until after it decides whether this case survives Quaker’s attack under the first-to-file rule.
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) is denied. Askin has adequately alleged that he has standing to pursue his claims. Quaker’s motion to dismiss under 12(b)(6) is denied without prejudice to refiling following this court’s resolution of Quaker’s separate motion to dismiss under the first-to-file rule.