651 N.W.2d 922 | Mich. Ct. App. | 2002
Kimberly ASHBY and Douglas Ashby, Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
Paul M. BYRNES M.D., and Paul M. Byrnes, M.D., P.C., Defendants-Appellees, and
Emma L. Bixby Medical Center, d/b/a Bixby Medical Center, Defendant.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
*923 Mazur Morgan Meyers & Kittel, PLLC (by John I. Kittel and Linda M. Galante), Detroit, for the plaintiffs.
Ferriby, Houston & Belanger (by Robert L. Ferriby, Jr. and Randall A. Juip), Southfield, for the defendants.
Before BANDSTRA, P.J., and SMOLENSKI and METER, JJ.
BANDSTRA, P.J.
In this action alleging medical malpractice, plaintiffs appeal as of right from the trial court's order granting summary disposition in favor of defendants Paul M. Byrnes, M.D., and Paul M. Byrnes, M.D., P.C. The trial court granted summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7) and (C)(10), after concluding that plaintiffs filed their claim beyond the time allowed by the applicable statute of limitation. We affirm.
I. Basic Facts and Procedural History
On October 26, 1995, plaintiff Kimberly Ashby was admitted to Emma L. Bixby Medical Center,[1] where she underwent a hysterectomy performed Dr. Byrnes. According to plaintiffs, Dr. Byrnes negligently performed the hysterectomy by suturing Kimberly's ureter during the procedure. As a result, Kimberly was unable to urinate and was required to undergo an additional procedure wherein a urologist inserted a stent into her ureter in an effort to alleviate that condition.
Claiming damage to Kimberly's ureter, bladder, and kidneys as a result of Dr. Byrnes' negligence in performing the hysterectomy, plaintiffs filed a notice of intent to file a medical malpractice claim on March 27, 1996, as required by M.C.L. § 600.2912b. Before plaintiffs filed a claim, however, defendants filed for bankruptcy on November 11, 1996. Plaintiffs could not then file suit for medical malpractice because of the automatic stay imposed by the United States Bankruptcy Code.[2] Some years later, plaintiffs filed a motion to lift the automatic stay, which was granted by the bankruptcy court on April 9, *924 1999.[3] On April 21, 1999, plaintiffs filed an amended notice of intent claiming that Dr. Byrnes had also performed the hysterectomy without medical necessity. On January 11, 2000, plaintiffs filed their medical malpractice claim. The trial court, however, dismissed plaintiffs' claims after concluding that the claims were time-barred under the applicable statute of limitations. This appeal followed.
II. Legal Analysis
A. 11 U.S.C. 362 and Tolling of the Statute of Limitations
On appeal, plaintiffs first argue that the trial court erred in failing to rule that the automatic stay imposed under 11 U.S.C. 362 tolled the period of limitation in this matter. We disagree. This Court reviews a trial court's decision to grant a motion for summary disposition de novo to determine if the moving party was entitled to judgment as a matter of law.[4] Similarly, absent a disputed issue of fact, the determination whether a cause of action is barred by a statute of limitations is a question of law that this Court reviews de novo.[5] We also review the interpretation of a statute de novo as a question of law.[6]
Generally, a plaintiff must bring a cause of action for medical malpractice within either two years of the accrual of the claim or six months of the date the malpractice was discovered or should have been discovered, whichever is later.[7] A claim for medical malpractice accrues "at the time of the act or omission which is the basis for the claim...."[8] Here, the alleged medical malpractice occurred on October 26, 1995, and was quickly discovered. Therefore, the statute of limitations applicable to plaintiffs' cause of action barred the filing of a claim after October 26, 1997.
Before filing a medical malpractice action, however, a notice of intent must be provided to the defendant. MCL 600.2912b states, in pertinent part:
(1) Except as otherwise provided in this section, a person shall not commence an action alleging medical malpractice against a health professional or health facility unless the person has given the health professional or health facility written notice under this section not less than 182 days before the action is commenced.
* * *
(9) If at any time during the applicable notice period under this section a health professional or health facility receiving notice under this section informs the claimant in writing that the health professional or health facility does not intend to settle the claim within the applicable notice period, the claimant may commence an action alleging medical malpractice against the health professional or health facility, so long as the claim is not barred by the statute of limitations.
In this case, plaintiffs filed the required notice of intent to file a claim on March 27, 1996. Defendants' insurance carrier denied plaintiffs' claim on May 23, 1996. Thus, under M.C.L. § 600.2912b(9), plaintiffs *925 could have commenced an action at that time, the claim not being barred by the statute of limitations from that date until October 26, 1997. However, on November 11, 1996, defendants filed a petition for bankruptcy, triggering the automatic stay provision of 11 U.S.C. 362. Plaintiffs argue that, from that date until the bankruptcy stay was lifted, the running of the period of limitation was tolled. We do not agree.
The Bankruptcy Code states, under 11 U.S.C. 108(c):
Except as provided in section 524 of this title, if applicable nonbankruptcy law, an order entered in a nonbankruptcy proceeding, or an agreement fixes a period for commencing or continuing a civil action in a court other than a bankruptcy court on a claim against the debtor, or against an individual with respect to which such individual is protected under section 1201 or 1301 of this title, and such period has not expired before the date of the filing of the petition, then such period does not expire until the later of
(1) the end of such period, including any suspension of such period occurring on or after the commencement of the case; or
(2) 30 days after notice of the termination or expiration of the stay under section 362, 922, 1201, or 1301 of this title, as the case may be, with respect to such claim.
If statutory language is clear and unambiguous, "judicial construction is neither required nor permitted and courts must apply the statute as written."[9] Here, the language of the statute is clear and unambiguous. Plaintiffs had two years under the "applicable nonbankruptcy law," i.e., the Michigan statute of limitations, to file their medical malpractice claim. That period ended "on or after the commencement of the [bankruptcy] case," during the pendency of that case, on October 26, 1997. Thus, under subsection 108(c)(2), plaintiffs were provided a thirty-day grace period to file their medical malpractice claim after the lifting of the automatic stay of bankruptcy.[10]
We find plaintiffs' argument that the bankruptcy stay itself tolls the Michigan period of limitation to be inconsistent with the language of 11 U.S.C. 108(c).[11] The main clause of that section clearly indicates that "applicable nonbankruptcy law" must be the source of a "period for commencing ... a civil action" in order for the section to apply. We conclude that, consistent with that directive, questions regarding whether "any suspension of such period" has occurred under 11 U.S.C. *926 108(c)(1) must similarly be determined using applicable nonbankruptcy law. As an example, the period of limitation for malpractice actions may be tolled as a result of the prefiling notice provisions.[12] In such instances, 11 U.S.C. 108(c)(1) allows an action to be filed after a bankruptcy stay is lifted, if, as a result of the suspension of the running of the statutory period of limitation pursuant to state law, the period of limitation has not expired when the stay is lifted. Alternatively, 11 U.S.C. 108(c)(2) provides that, regardless of the expiration during the bankruptcy stay of a limitation period fixed by any statute of limitation or similar nonbankruptcy law, order or agreement, claimants have thirty days from the termination of that stay to bring an action.
This statutory scheme would be seriously disrupted if plaintiffs' arguments were adopted. Plaintiffs would have us conclude that the bankruptcy stay itself suspends the running of a period of limitation fixed by a statute of limitation or a similar nonbankruptcy law, order or agreement establishing a period for bringing suit that would otherwise expire during the bankruptcy stay. That approach would render subsection 108(c)(2) of the Bankruptcy Code meaningless except in cases where the period of limitations established by nonbankruptcy law was set to expire within thirty days of the filing of the petition of bankruptcy. In cases where more time is still available at the filing of the petition, if the bankruptcy itself acts as a tolling provision, that longer time would still be available upon the lifting of the bankruptcy stay. We do not conclude that this approach and its diminishment of the import of subsection 108(c)(2) is consistent with the overall legislative intent indicated by the full Bankruptcy Code.
B. Plaintiffs' Amended Notice of Intent
Plaintiffs' second argument on appeal is that it was sufficient that they filed an amended notice of intent to file a malpractice claim during the thirty-day grace period. In effect, plaintiffs argue that they should have been allowed an additional 182 day period following the filing of that amended notice in which to file their complaint. We disagree.
MCL 600.2912b(6) states:
After the initial notice is given to a health professional or health facility under this section, the tacking or addition of successive 182 day periods is not allowed, irrespective of how many additional notices are subsequently filed for that claim and irrespective of the number of health professionals or health facilities notified.
We find plaintiffs' arguments against applying this clear statutory language here to be unpersuasive.
First, plaintiffs argue that the statute does not apply because, under the facts of this case, their initial filing of a notice of intent did not effectively result in any tolling of the period of limitation. Plaintiffs note that the period had not expired before defendants, through their insurance carrier, denied plaintiffs' claim. Thus, plaintiffs argue, they received no benefit from the statute granting them a tolling of the running of the limitation period following the filing of their initial notice of intent.[13] However, although we recognize that subsection 2912b(6) specifically proscribes only the tacking or addition of "successive" periods, the overall intent of the language of the statute is clearly that only "the initial notice" results in a tolling of the limitation period "irrespective of how many additional notices are subsequently *927 filed."[14] The statute nowhere suggests that this limiting language applies only when the first notice filing tolled the period of limitations.
Second, plaintiffs argue that their amended notice of intent did not pertain to the same claim referenced in their initial notice because they added an additional theory of liability against defendants. Thus, plaintiffs argue that the language of the statute regarding "notices ... subsequently filed for that claim" is not applicable. Again, we disagree with this constricted reading of the statute. By its terms, the statute would clearly apply to an additional notice that added other "health professionals or health facilities" to a claim originally noticed against an individual "health professional or health facility." If that is the case, which it clearly is, we cannot construe the statute to be inapplicable when a notice merely alleges additional theories of liability against an already named defendant.
We affirm.
NOTES
[1] Although initially a party to this suit, Emma L. Bixby Medical Center, doing business as Bixby Medical Center, was dismissed from the action by stipulation of the parties and is not involved in this appeal. Accordingly, "defendants" hereinafter refers solely to defendants-appellees Paul M. Byrnes, M.D., and Paul M. Byrnes, M.D., P.C.
[2] See 11 U.S.C. 362.
[3] The order lifting the stay was affirmed on appeal on September 23, 1999.
[4] Nationsbanc Mortgage Corp. of Georgia v. Luptak, 243 Mich.App. 560, 563, 625 N.W.2d 385 (2000).
[5] Colbert v. Conybeare Law Office, 239 Mich.App. 608, 613-614, 609 N.W.2d 208 (2000).
[6] Id. at 614, 609 N.W.2d 208.
[7] MCL 600.5805(5), 600.5838a(2).
[8] MCL 600.5838a(1); Solowy v. Oakwood Hosp. Corp., 454 Mich. 214, 220, 561 N.W.2d 843 (1997).
[9] Kent v. Alpine Valley Ski Area, Inc., 240 Mich.App. 731, 736, 613 N.W.2d 383 (2000).
[10] See Easley v. Pettibone Michigan Corp., 990 F.2d 905, 912 (C.A.6, 1993) (holding that a products liability claim subject to a period of limitation that expired during a bankruptcy stay must be filed within thirty days of the lifting of the stay; the stay did not toll the period of limitation); see also Bowers v. Bowers, 216 Mich.App. 491, 495-499, 549 N.W.2d 592 (1996) (where, although this issue was not raised, our Court did not construe 11 U.S.C. 108[c] as tolling a Michigan period of limitation during the period of the automatic bankruptcy stay).
We note that plaintiffs did not file their medical malpractice claim within thirty days of the decision affirming the order lifting the stay of bankruptcy and, thus, we need not determine whether the thirty-day grace period begins with the initial order lifting the bankruptcy stay or a decision affirming that order.
[11] Plaintiffs rely on precedents from federal courts in other circuits and foreign state courts. To the extent that these nonbinding decisions may properly be construed to support plaintiffs' argument, we reject their analysis.
[12] MCL 600.5856(d).3
[13] See M.C.L. § 600.5856(d).
[14] MCL 600.2912b(6).