309 N.Y. 157 | NY | 1955
Lead Opinion
This appeal turns upon our construction of an agreement between plaintiff and defendants’ intestate, Dora Ostroff, which provides that upon the death of one, his or her shares of stock in their jointly owned corporation shall be sold to the survivor * ‘ at the book value thereof. The parties further agree that the book value of said stock shall be determined by the most recent audit of the books of the Corporation provided such audit has been made not more than sixty days before the death of such individual. * * * The payment therefor is to be made in eighteen (18) equal monthly installments ’ ’. (Emphasis supplied.)
Dora Ostroff died on September 21, 1953. The last previous audit had taken place between August 19th and 21st, less than sixty days prior to her death. It reflected the corporation’s financial position as of July 31, 1953. Claiming to be no longer bound thereby because plaintiff had breached its terms, Samuel Ostroff, Dora’s administrator, refused to perform the stock purchase agreement. He did, however, offer to buy plaintiff’s stock (one third of the total) for $100,000, or to sell to plaintiff his intestate’s share (two thirds of the total) for $200,000. Plaintiff thereupon brought this action in equity for specific performance
' Special Term granted specific performance to plaintiff, holding that defendants’ claim that plaintiff had breached" the agreement “ was a mere pretense designed to escape the obligation of a solemn agreement ”, that the purchase price' (according to the agreement) of the intestate’s stock was $186,222.30, to be paid in eighteen equal monthly installments. Cross appeals were taken to the Appellate Division, Second Department, defendants complaining of the granting of specific performance and of the provisions for installment payments, and plaintiff contending that the stock’s value had been incorrectly determined. The Appellate'Division affirmed, one Justice' dissenting only as to plaintiff’s appeal, agreeing with the latter’s contention that the Referee’s value of the stock had been incorrect. Only plaintiff has appealed to this court.
As the case now comes before us, only two items' — inventory and taxes — are in dispute. How are they to be' evaluated under the agreement which describes this method for determining the value of the stock: “ book value * * determined by the most recent audit”? Before discussing them in particular, howevér, it may be helpful to look more closely at the term “ book value ” without further definition.
Thére appears to be no agreement among the decisions or textbook writers on a complete and authoritative definition of the term “ book value ”. At least two principles seem to emerge from the better reasoned authorities: (1) the book entries must be correct and complete, and not made to defeat an outstanding claim, and (2) accepted accounting principles should not be entirely disregarded (see Steinbugler v. Atwater & Co., 289 N. Y. 816). Thus, where interest, which had accrued on notes held by a bank had not been posted on the books and was not yet payable, it was held that the interest should nevertheless be included as an asset in determining book value of the'bank’s stock (Elhard v. Rott, 36 N. D. 221). And where the parties were aware that several assets which were listed at substantial sums on the books of a bank had no actual value, it was held that they should be eliminated from the computation of book value (Gurley v. Woodbury, 177 N. C. 70).
So, if abnormal depreciation has been taken on the books for income tax purposes, the court in finding book value may go outside the books and determine a different rate of depreciation (Hagan v. Dundore, 187 Md. 430). In the last-mentioned case, the court also held that the labor cost invested in outstanding contracts of the corporation should be included in a computation of book value, even though no ledger entries indicated either the amount or value of that labor (see, also, Rubel v. Rubel, 75 So. 2d 59, 67-68 [Miss.]). And in Succession of Warren (162 La. 649), the court held that disputed claims by the government for taxes on the income of previous years should be included as liabilities in determining book value even though the claims might never have to be paid.
In the instant case, the parties have not contented themselves with the mere use of the term “ book value ”, but have themselves defined it, namely, that it should be determined according to the most recent audit of the corporation’s books. Webster (New International Dictionary, 2d ed., Unabridged, 1950) defines “ audit ” as a “ formal or official examination and verification of accounts, vouchers and other records ”, and as “ an account as adjusted by auditors ”. Thus the very purpose of an audit is to verify and reconcile the book entries of a business according to proper accounting practice, and to see that they are accurate.
We-now turn to the two specific problems presented in the instant case. First, as to the inventory: Among the current assets listed in the balance sheet of July 31,1953, is ‘ ‘ Merchan
Second, as to taxes: The audit in question speaks as of July 31,1953. At the foot of the balance sheet appears the following: “ NOTE: Subject to Federal and State Income Taxes & year-end adjustments.” The same notation appears at the bottom of the statement of income, profit and loss. And on the schedule of surplus account, net profit for January 1, 1953, to July 31, 1953, is listed at $81,951.20, but this figure is stated to be “ Exclusive of Provision for Federal. Income & Excess Profits Tax & New York State Franchise Tax ”,
Plaintiff contends that before book value was determined by the courts below, the indicated provision for State and Federal income taxes should have been deducted. Defendants, on the other hand, insist that no such allowance should be made for income taxes because no figures therefor appear on the books, and because the corporation was not actually liable for taxes on 1953 income until the end of the taxable year — December 31, 1953. The difference, in practical result, is substantial. If the taxes are disregarded, the book value of intestate’s stock would be, as the trial court found, $186,222.30 (assuming that the true inventory figure rather than the inaccurate estimate is used), whereas, if both State and Federal income taxes are first deducted, the book value thereof would, we are told, be approximately $132,000 — a difference of over $53,000,
The position maintained by defendants, however, namely, a complete ignoring of the income taxes until actually payable, Avould mean an arbitrary, capricious and widely fluctuating purchase price, depending on the time of the last audit. For example, if that audit took place one day before the taxes became payable, by defendants’ theory no income taxes at all should appear in the computation of book value. But if the audit should take place a few days later, book value would have suddenly dropped by an amount equal to the income taxes for the entire year. Such a result is manifestly unreasonable from both a practical and theoretical point of view.
Clearly it makes no sense to charge the entire year’s burden of income taxes to the income of the last month preceding termination of the taxable year. On the contrary, sound accounting practice requires that each dollar of income as it is earned throughout the year should bear its proportionate share of the costs of the enterprise, including the tax burden (see Carondelet Bldg. Co. v. Fontenot, 111 F. 2d 267; Citizens Hotel Co. v. Commissioner, 127 F. 2d 229; Commissioner v. Schock, Gusmer & Co., 137 F. 2d 750; Allen v. Atlanta Stove Works, 138 F. 2d 452). For this reason interim audits made during the taxable year should include an estimate of the income taxes applicable to the period in question. The mere fact that an item is not yet legally due and payable does not mean that it may be ignored as a liability (United States v. Anderson, 269 U. S. 422, 440-441; Fawcus
Moreover, judicially, we must recognize that income taxes are continuing and reasonably predictable charg’es against corporate income. Their influence pervades modern business. Bare indeed is the corporation or businessman who is not. acutely aware of their incidence and effect upon its or his operations. Under such circumstances, to accept defendants’ argument that these taxes must be ignored because they were not yet “ liabilities ” would be to subject our reason to what Mr. Justice Cardozo termed “ the tyranny of labels ” (Snyder v. Massachusetts, 291 U. S. 97, 114). If a corporation, such as here, has earned a given net income over the first seven months of its tax year, it is only reasonable that the tax which will be payable on that income should be included in a determination of its financial position in terms of book value. The success or failure of the business thereafter is a risk the purchaser assumes.
In sum, then, the corrected inventory figure, conceded by plaintiff to be accurate, was properly allowed by the courts below. As for the estimated income taxes, they should have been deducted before reaching the final book value figure. The agreement called for book value as determined by audit; the audit, in turn, was expressly made subject to Federal and State income taxes, and prior to the contemplation of any contror versy. No question is raised as to the integrity of the accountant who made the audit — indeed, he was selected by defendants’ intestate herself. Good accounting practice required an estimation of those taxes for the seven-month period, and, although the actual computations did not appear on the corporate books, those computations should have been made by the trial court and deducted from the corporate earnings prior to determining book value.
Any other result would be unreasonable, . It would require plaintiff to pay to defendants over $53,000 extra for the stock, notwithstanding that at the end of the year he would be obligated either to pay out that same amount again in taxes on income attributable to the first seven months of the year, or to account for loss of that income in some other way. In other
Accordingly, the judgment appealed from should be modified so as to take into account the estimated State and Federal income taxes in the computation of book value. In all other respects the judgment should be affirmed, with costs. Since no finding was made below as to what the book value of the stock would be when the inventory is valued at $51,058 and when the estimated taxes applicable to the January 1-July 31 income are included, the case should be remitted to the Supreme Court for computation of that figure.
The judgment of the Appellate Division should be modified in accordance with this opinion and, as so modified, affirmed, with costs.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting). Plaintiff and defendants’ intestate, each represented by counsel, and being the owners of all the outstanding stock of a corporation, agreed by a formal written contract: (1) that if either should wish to sell his or her stock while both were alive, the price should be the “ actual value ” as determined by arbitration; but (2) that when either should die, the stockholdings of the deceased should be sold to, and purchased by, the other stockholder at the “ booh value of said stock ” to “ be determined by the most recent audit of the boohs of the Corporation provided such audit has been made not more than sixty days before the death of such ” stockholder. (Italics supplied.) Stockholder Ostroff, defendants’ intestate, died on September 21, 1953, about a month after “ the most recent audit ” and less than sixty days after the date as of which the audit spoke. In this lawsuit the disputes are: first, as to whether the “ book value ” to be paid to defendants (Miss Ostroff’s administrators) should be reduced by the estimated amount of the corporation’s accrued Federal and State income taxes; and, second, whether “ book value ” should include, for inventory, the amount of $12,001.15 shown on the audit, or the amount of $51,058, shown not on the books but by a physical-count inventory made after Miss Ostroff’s death.
The latest audit contained no liability figure for income taxei which could not, of course, be computed accurately until th< year ended. However, the report of audit contained a note tho the figures were “ Subject to Federal and State Income Taxes ¿ year-end adjustments ”. While, by such an audit, those taxei were not, in the fullest sense, “ determined ”, nevertheless, thi note, apparently made as a routine accounting practice, showec that the auditor (and the corporation) considered that its ne worth was lessened by accrued income taxes. Of course, th final amount of those taxes, dependent on future months’ earn ings and losses, could not be fixed until the end of the yeai However, they could be estimated. We, therefore, consider i reasonable to say that the “ book value ” of this corporation according to the “ most recent audit ”, necessarily involved deduction for the estimated amount of taxes to become due o: business already done.
As to inventory, the audit stated the value thereof as “ Esti mated..........$12,001.15 ’ ’, a figure submitted to the account ant at the time of the audit, by Miss Ostroff, the president, whos estate is now insisting that the larger figure of $51,058 be use because a post-death inventory produced that latter figure. W think that, in the absence of fraud or mathematical error, th book figure was the one to use. . These parties, taking thei chances as to which should die first, chose to make book valut
I have found no case where the New York courts have failed to 3arry out such an agreement according to its precise terms (see Drucklieb v. Sam H. Harris, Inc., 209 N. Y. 211, and Surrogate Griffith’s opinion in Estate of Reben, 115 N. Y. S. 2d 228, 237). In Steinbugler v. Atwater & Co. (289 N. Y. 816, supra), when the “ book value ” was computed, it was found that stocks 'in other corporations) owned by defendant Atwater were on the Itwater books at cost, which was concededly much higher than actual value. Atwater’s accountant then attempted to write these values down, but the courts, including this court, refused to.per-nit it. So the cost figures stood although, like the inventory value here, they were “ concededly erroneous ” in the sense that hey did not represent actuality.
The judgment should be modified accordingly, without costs.
Conway, Ch. J., Dye, Van Vooehis and Bubke, JJ., concur with Iboessel, J.; Desmond, J., dissents in part in an opinion in which Iuld, J., concurs.
Judgment accordingly.
