Arnold v. EvattArnold v. Evatt
The Court amends its opinion filed May 14, 1997, as follows:
On page 10 -- The sentence at the top of page 10 is a continuation of the paragraph on page 9, not a new paragraph.
On page 16, footnotes 62, 63 and 64 are corrected to read, respectively, ”494 U.S. 433 (1990),” ”486 U.S. 367 (1988),” and 66 F.3d at 1364.”
For the Court - By Direction
/s/ Patricia S. Connor
Clerk
COUNSEL
ARGUED: Edmund Heyward Robinson, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Michael Patrick O‘Connell, Assistant Federal Public Defender, Charleston, South Carolina, for Appellant. Lauri J. Soles, Assistant
OPINION
RUSSELL, Circuit Judge:
In the early morning hours of April 12, 1978, cousins John Arnold and John Plath, who were in their early twenties, along with their respective eleven-year-old and seventeen-year-old girlfriends, Carol Ullman and Cindy Sheets, borrowed a friend‘s car and went looking for wild mushrooms. During their search they encountered farm worker Betty Gardner as she walked along the side of the road. Gardner hitchhiked a ride with the two couples, who took her to her brother‘s home. Gardner then asked if the group would take her to work, but they refused and drove off. However, testimony indicated Arnold suggested they go back and kill Gardner because he “didnt like niggers.” They then went back, picked Gardner up, and took her to a remote wooded area near a garbage dump.
When Gardner attempted to leave, Arnold told her that she was not going anywhere, kicked her in the side, and knocked her down. Gardner was alternately sexually assaulted, urinated on, stomped, beaten with a belt, hit with a jagged bottle, stabbed with a knife, and choked with a garden hose. All four persons at one time or another participated in physically assaulting Gardner. Testimony also indicated Arnold dragged Gardner into the woods to complete her murder, which he did by strangling her with the garden hose, getting leverage by putting his foot on her neck. Arnold then carved “KKK” into Gardners body in an attempt to mislead law enforcement. As it turned out, Gardner‘s body was not found until Sheets’ involvement came to light and she provided law enforcement with the location of Gardner‘s decomposed remains.
Arnold and Plath were indicted in the Beaufort County Court of General Sessions on charges of murder and kidnapping. After a jury
Arnold appealed to the South Carolina Supreme Court which affirmed his conviction, but remanded the case for resentencing because of improper prosecutorial argument.1 At the resentencing trial, the new jury found Arnold guilty of committing the murder while in the commission of kidnapping and recommended the death penalty. In January 1984, the South Carolina Supreme Court affirmed Arnold‘s death sentence.2 The United States Supreme Court subsequently denied Arnold‘s petition for writ of certiorari, with two Justices dissenting based on Arnold‘s Sixth Amendment claim regarding the jury view of the crime scene.3 Arnold filed an application for post-conviction relief in the Beaufort County Court of Common Pleas in November, 1984. An evidentiary hearing resulted in an order denying his application. Arnold then filed a petition for writ of certiorari to the South Carolina Supreme Court, which the court denied.
In 1988, however, the United States Supreme Court granted a writ of certiorari and remanded the case to the Beaufort County Court of Common Pleas for reconsideration on the issue of the trial court‘s implied malice instruction.4 On remand, the court denied the application for post-conviction relief, holding that the malice instruction did not include an impermissible presumption, or alternatively, any error was harmless. Arnold made a number of subsequent motions to amend his application which, following another hearing in 1990, the court denied as meritless or untimely. Arnold appealed the denial of post-conviction relief to the South Carolina Supreme Court. The court concluded that under United States Supreme Court precedent the implied malice instruction was harmless error.5 The United States Supreme Court denied another petition for writ of certiorari in 1993.6
I.
The trial court‘s implied malice instruction, which caused the United States Supreme Court to remand this case eight years ago, continues to be the subject of appeal. At the guilt phase of Arnold‘s trial, the trial court instructed the jury that murder is “the killing of any person with malice aforethought either expressed or implied.” The trial court explained that malice may be expressed “as where one makes previous threats of vengeance or where one lies in wait or other circumstances which show directly that the intent to kill was really entertained,” or may be implied from the willful, deliberate and intentional doing of any unlawful act without just cause or excuse, or from the use of a deadly weapon. Based on United States Supreme Court precedent, the South Carolina Supreme Court determined that the implied malice portion of the court‘s instruction denied Arnold his due process right by erroneously shifting the burden of proof as to malice from the prosecution to the defendant.7 We agree and now examine whether the error was harmless.
In Yates v. Evatt, the Supreme Court held that an implied malice instruction substantially similar to the one given by Arnold‘s trial court was constitutional error subject to harmless-error analysis.8 The harmlessness standard for habeas review of constitutional error is whether the error “had substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury‘s verdict.”9 Therefore, Arnold must establish
Rather than “conduct a subjective enquiry into the jurors minds” to discover what evidence the jury considered, the reviewing court should analyze the instructions given to the jurors and apply the customary presumption that the jurors followed the instructions in making their decision.13 Throughout the jury charge on malice at Arnold‘s trial, the trial court reminded the jurors to base their determination of malice on all the evidence presented, that any malice presumption was rebuttable, and that malice must be established beyond a reasonable doubt. The defendants presented some evidence tending to rebut malice, including Plath‘s testimony that he and Arnold did not participate in the murder. Thus, as in Yates, the jury was “free to look beyond the unlawful presumption and consider all the evidence on malice.”14
Having determined that the jury considered the entire record, the next question is whether the evidence was so overwhelming that the jury would have found malice beyond a reasonable doubt absent the
II.
Arnold claims the solicitors closing arguments at his guilt and resentencing trials were improper and prejudicial.
A.
Arnold initially raised the issue of the solicitor‘s guilt-phase comments in his Third Amended Application for Post-Conviction Relief, which the state court dismissed as untimely. As a general matter, federal habeas corpus review is unavailable where a prisoner has defaulted his federal claim in state court pursuant to a state procedural rule, “unless the prisoner can demonstrate cause for the default and actual prejudice as a result of the alleged violation of federal law, or demonstrate that failure to consider the claims will result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice.”17 Arnold presents no evidence of cause and prejudice and is unable to allege a fundamental miscarriage of justice. Instead, Arnold argues that South Carolina‘s practice of in favorem vitae review, wherein the state appellate court searches the record for error without regard to whether an objection has preserved it, allows us to disregard the state court default. This court rejected an argument identical to Arnold‘s in Kornaherns v. Evatt, holding that
In addition, Arnold alleges that his counsel‘s failure to object to the solicitors’ guilt-phase comments violated his Sixth Amendment right to effective representation. Arnold must demonstrate both that his counsels representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, and that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsels actions, the results of the proceedings would have been different.19 This claim has been thoroughly reviewed and found meritless by both the state court at the post-conviction relief hearing and the United States district court. We agree that Arnold fails to establish either deficient performance or prejudice.
B.
Turning to the resentencing-phase comments, Arnold contends that the solicitors subverted the jury‘s role as an independent fact finder by interjecting their personal opinions regarding the evidence, the credibility of witnesses, and the jury‘s ultimate decision. According to Arnold, improper references were made to the grounds for the reversal of Arnold‘s first death penalty sentence, Arnold‘s failure to testify, and a polygraph examination taken by a witness. In addition, the solicitors allegedly appealed to passion and prejudice by urging the jury to have the “guts” to sentence Arnold to death, speculating about the possibility of Arnold escaping from jail if given a life sentence, commenting on the amount of tax money that had been spent on the trial, and asking the jury to put itself in the place of the victim.
Misconduct by a prosecutor in closing argument may be grounds for reversing a conviction.20 As noted by the Supreme Court in
As discussed at length in Arnold‘s brief, this is not the first time the closing arguments of the lead solicitor at the resentencing trial have come under appellate scrutiny. Indeed, Arnold‘s original death sentence was vacated by the South Carolina Supreme Court in part because the lead solicitor told the jury he would never ask for the death penalty in Beaufort again if the jury did not return with a recommendation that the death penalty be imposed.24 Apparently having learned nothing from this rebuke, many of the remarks made by the lead solicitor and his assistant solicitor at the resentencing trial were needlessly inflammatory. In order to determine whether fundamental fairness was implicated, however, the solicitors’ comments must be viewed in the context of the entire proceedings.25
An examination of the record offers little support for Arnold‘s claim. Overwhelming evidence established the statutory aggravating circumstance of kidnapping necessary for the jury to impose a death sentence. The judge instructed the jurors that they must assess the credibility and believability of the witnesses who testified and they were not to be governed by sympathy, prejudice, passion or public opinion in coming to a final decision. In addition, the remarks objected to by Arnold were relatively isolated in the context of the solicitors’ lengthy closing arguments. In light of these facts, we find
III.
Arnold claims that the jury‘s viewing of the crime scene during the resentencing trial violated his Sixth Amendment rights on two distinct grounds. First, Arnold contends he was denied his Sixth Amendment right to counsel because his trial attorneys were excluded from attending the jury view. Second, Arnold asserts he was denied his Sixth Amendment right to the effective assistance of counsel because his trial attorneys failed to adequately object to their exclusion. The absence of counsel from a jury view is a virtually nonexistent issue in the history of federal jurisprudence presumably because trial judges, mindful of the Sixth Amendment, normally permit defense counsel to attend.26
Gardner‘s murder took place in a wooded area near a garbage dump on an island off the coast of South Carolina. As part of the resentencing trial, the solicitor moved that the jury be taken to view the crime scene. Defense counsel opposed the motion, noting that “the scene had changed too much.” The solicitor responded that the location where the crime was committed had not changed, and that the scene was relevant “particularly as to the kidnapping feature of [the State‘s case], [because] it goes to show that they were at the most God-forsaken place that there is in the world, I believe, to take this woman out.” The trial judge decided to permit the jury view, but prohibited both the solicitor and defense counsel from attending. An attorney representing John Plath expressed concern that the officers who took the jury to the scene might make prejudicial statements. The trial judge responded that he would “make the provision that they would not say anything.” The trial judge, the solicitor, and defense counsel eventually agreed to certain details of how the view would be conducted, including that the trial judge would accompany the jurors.
In examining this issue, both the district court and the South Carolina Supreme Court relied on Snyder v. Massachusetts, a 1934 opinion from the United States Supreme Court holding that a jury view does not constitute part of a trial for purposes of a defendant‘s right to be present.27 Regarding a bare inspection of the site, Justice Cardozo wrote: “There is nothing [a defendant] could do if he were there, and almost nothing he could gain.”28 Under South Carolina state law a jury view is not regarded as evidence or the taking of testimony.29 Accordingly, the previous reviewing courts concluded that the absence of defense counsel at the jury view could not have prejudiced Arnold, and therefore did not implicate any constitutional rights.
This line of reasoning rests on a flawed interpretation of Supreme Court Sixth Amendment jurisprudence. Snyder is not a holding about the right of defense counsel to be present at a jury view. In fact, it can be inferred that the presence of defense counsel at the jury view was one of the reasons why the exclusion of the defendant did not amount to a constitutional violation.30 In addition, over the past forty years the Court has determined that a right to counsel exists during any “critical stage” of a defendants criminal proceeding.31 For example, the Court has expressly held that a right to counsel exists during a pretrial identification procedure,32 a preliminary hearing,33 a pretrial psychiatric examination,34 sentencing,35 and an appeal.36 In general, “the accused
Arnold is entitled to a fair, but not a perfect, trial. In examining the effect of constitutional errors on criminal convictions, the Supreme Court has established a distinction between structural errors, which require automatic reversal, and all other errors, which are subject to harmless-error analysis.40 Therefore, we must determine the proper classification of Arnold‘s alleged Sixth Amendment violation. Most constitutional errors can be harmless and judges should be wary of prescribing new structural errors unless they are certain that the error‘s presence would render every trial in which it occurred unfair.41
The Supreme Court has “long since rejected the argument that, as
In a recent decision, Sherman v. Smith, this court held that an unsupervised visit to a crime scene undertaken by a juror in a criminal trial was subject to harmless-error analysis.45 We concluded that “juror site visits can be discrete moments in the course of an otherwise fair trial” and “it cannot be said with any certainty that a juror site visit renders every trial in which it occurs unfair.”46 If an unsupervised juror site visit is subject to harmless-error analysis, then a supervised jury view in the absence of defense counsel must be subject to no greater scrutiny. The reviewing court should “look to the nature and extent of the [jury‘s] activity and assess how that activity fit into the context of the evidence presented at trial.”47 The level of conjecture inherent in this inquiry is reduced, making it even more appropriate for harmless-error analysis, when the jury view is personally supervised by the judge.
No amount of trial advocacy, however, would have convinced the jury that a wooded area near a garbage dump on an island was anything but a remote location. The jury view allowed the jurors to visually confirm this impression and was cumulative of other evidence admitted at trial about the crime scene.50 The presence of the trial judge, and his instruction that the jury view be conducted in silence, also mitigated any possible prejudice to Arnold. In addition, the State offered other substantial evidence from which the jury could conclude that kidnaping was an aggravating circumstance.51
Jury views should be conducted in the presence of defense counsel.52 All of the elements of a perfect trial, however, are not required in order to have a fair trial. After reviewing the circumstances surrounding the jury view and all of the evidence presented by the State at Arnold‘s sentencing retrial, we harbor no “grave doubt as to [the] harmlessness” of any potential constitutional error stemming from the absence of Arnold‘s defense counsel.53
The district court and the South Carolina Supreme Court found that
IV.
The State argues that the limitations on our scope of review created by § 104 of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA“) prohibit our granting relief on two of Arnold‘s claims.57 The AEDPA was signed into law after the filing of Arnold‘s habeas petition, but § 104 does not have an effective-date provision. Although the majority of this panel would be inclined to apply the new limitation on our scope of review to all pending habeas petitions, we note that the issue of retroactivity is currently before both the Supreme Court and the Fourth Circuit.58 We decline, therefore, to step
A.
Arnold alleges the solicitors’ use of his nickname “Mad Dog” during the guilt trial and resentencing trial injected an arbitrary factor into the proceedings in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments. The test for an arbitrary factor claim is whether the use of the nickname “so infected the trial with unfairness as to make the resulting conviction a denial of due process.”60 Arnold testified at the post-conviction relief hearing that he was given the nickname because he frequently drank Mogen-David 20/20, a wine colloquially known as “Mad Dog.” The solicitors occasionally used the nickname during both trials. Each trial, however, took place before a different jury. Although we do not approve of the solicitors’ decision to refer to Arnold as “Mad Dog,” upon review of the record we find the use of the nickname did not deny Arnold the due process of law.
B.
Second, Arnold alleges that his counsel‘s failure to object to the admission of an immunity agreement in which Cindy Sheets, the prosecution‘s main witness, agreed to take a polygraph test, violated his Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel. The trial strategy pursued by Arnold‘s counsel, however, included a decision not to discredit Sheets’ testimony because it suggested that John Plath was the leader of the group. Furthermore, no evidence of the results of any polygraph test were presented to the jury and the jury had ample opportunity to assess Sheets’ credibility during her lengthy
V.
Arnold argues, on three different grounds, that the trial court‘s instructions to the jury at the resentencing trial were improper, misleading or prejudicial. First, Arnold claims there is a substantial possibility the jury could have thought it must unanimously agree as to the existence of any mitigating circumstance. Second, Arnold contends his due process rights were violated by the trial court‘s refusal to give a requested instruction regarding the actual effect of a life sentence or a death sentence. Finally, Arnold argues that the failure to give a curative instruction concerning the admission of Cindy Sheets’ immunity agreement injected an arbitrary factor into the proceedings. We address each claim in turn and find all of them meritless.
A.
The trial court instructed the jury that its sentence must be unanimous and that it must unanimously find the existence of any aggravating circumstances. Based on the Supreme Court‘s decisions in McKoy v. North Carolina62 and Mills v. Maryland,63 Arnold now claims a “substantial possibility” existed that the jury could have thought it must also unanimously agree as to the existence of any mitigating circumstances. Unlike in McKoy or Mills, however, the jury instructions never required the jury to find any mitigating factor unanimously. In Kornaherns, this court addressed the same issue based on a nearly identical set of instructions, and determined that the probability of jury confusion on the issue of unanimity was not substantial.64
The trial court refused to give Arnold‘s requested instruction regarding the actual effect of a life sentence or a death sentence. In light of the lead solicitor‘s speculation as to Arnold‘s future dangerousness, Arnold claims this refusal violated his due process rights. The Supreme Court determined in Simmons v. South Carolina that when the prosecution puts a defendant‘s future dangerousness in issue, and the only alternative sentence to death is life imprisonment without parole, due process requires that the jury be informed, either by argument or instruction, that the defendant is parole ineligible.65 In Arnold‘s case, however, the record reveals nothing to indicate Arnold would have been parole ineligible. Alternatively, Simmons announced a new constitutional rule that cannot be applied retroactively.66
C.
The trial court also refused to give Arnold‘s requested curative instruction that the jury disregard the mention of a polygraph test in Cindy Sheets’ immunity agreement. The trial court held that the charge was a charge on the facts in violation of the South Carolina Constitution. Arnold counters that the admission of the immunity agreement violated state evidentiary rules, thus mandating his requested curative instruction. It is not the province of federal habeas review, however, to reexamine state-court determinations on state-law questions.67 The only issue before us is whether the state court‘s decision implicated any constitutional protection. Arnold claims that the failure to give the curative instruction injected an arbitrary factor into the proceedings in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amend-
D.
Finally, Arnold argues that the cumulative effect of the trial court‘s alleged errors in its instructions rendered Arnold‘s sentence of death unreliable in violation of the Sixth, Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments. Based on the findings of this court concerning the individual claims of error, we reject this claim.
VI.
Just prior to oral argument, Arnold submitted a pro se supplemental brief in which he raised two additional claims. First, Gardner‘s murder occurred on St. Helena Island in Beaufort County, South Carolina. Arnold now contends that St. Helena Island is not part of the State of South Carolina and the State of South Carolina therefore lacked the jurisdiction to try and convict him of the crime. Second, Arnold argues that his Fifth Amendment right to testify was “chilled” by the actions of his trial attorneys, who threatened to notify the trial court if Arnold committed perjury. Upon review of the record, we find both of these claims meritless.
VII.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court denying the writ of habeas corpus.
AFFIRMED