102 Ark. 356 | Ark. | 1912
Lead Opinion
(after stating the facts). Of the many errors assigned in the motion for a new trial only such will be noticed as are necessary to the decision herein.
It is first strongly urged that the court erred in permitting the jury to separate during the trial before the case was submitted to them. It is within the discretion of the trial court to permit the jury to separate, or to keep them together, after admonishing them as the law requires, in the charge of a proper officer, before or after the case is submitted to them. Sections 2390-2893, Kirby’s Digest. But this discretion of the court in allowing the separation of the jury should be exercised with the utmost caution, especially in trials for felonies, since it is possible for great prejudice.to-result from such separation. Johnson v. State, 32 Ark. 309.
In Ferguson v. State, 95 Ark. 430, the court said: “The rule as to the separation of jurors during a trial in a felony case is stated in Maclin v. State, 44 Ark. 115, 119, as follows: 'But it has long been the rule of this court in case of felony that a separation of a juror from his fellows pending the trial casts upon the State the burden of showing that no improper influence was brought to bear upon the juror during his absence. In other words, the mere fact that a juror separates from his fellows without the order of court is prima facie ground for a new trial, unless it affirmatively appears that the separating juror was not subjected to any noxious influence.’ The object of this rule is apparent. The jury are kept together, and an officer is put in charge of them and directed to see that they do not separate to protect the defendant against outside influence. They are not allowed to have any communication with outside persons with respect to the guilt or innocence of the defendant on trial, and it is the duty of the officer in charge to see that they do not. This protection is due to the defendant, and the State should see that he receives it. It is not expected of him to employ some one to watch the jury and report any misconduct on their part. Hence, when they separate, the burden is upon the State to show, by circumstances or directly, that the absent juror was not subjected to any injurious influence.”
It is true in this case the judge permitted this juror to separate from the others that he might attend his sick wife, and admonished him properly as to his conduct during his absence from the jury, and that he should return as soon as possible, but the court had already decided that it was necessary in order to secure the accused a fair trial that the jury should be kept together and placed them in charge of an officer properly directed for that purpose. Having exercised the discretion to keep the jury together, the statutory requirements should have been complied with, in order to preserve the integrity of the trial, as was said in Southerland v. State, 76 Ark. 488.
Conceding, without deciding, that the judge, under the circumstances could permit it, he should have required an officer to accompany the juror, during his separation from the others, after having héld that it was necessary that the jury be kept together. Not having done so, the case is not different from that where it is shown a juror was separated from the jury, without the court’s order, after it was put in charge of the officer to be kept together, and such separation is prima facie ground for a new trial, unless it affirmatively appears that the separating juror was not subjected to any noxious influence. And the burden is upon the State to show that no prejudice in fact resulted from such separation, and it could have been discharged by the court having the juror sworn and questioning him as to his conduct during the separation, but, there being no testimony in this case to remove the presumption, the court erred in not granting a new trial.
It is further insisted that there was a fatal variance in the proof, it being alleged that the rape was committed upon Ella Hardcastle, and proved that she had been married and that her husband’s name was Musser. We do not think this contention sound, however. She testified that she had not taken her husband’s name, since he was away at medical school, and that she was a trained nurse and commonly known as Ella Hardcastle. Bishop on Criminal Procedure, 686; Joyce on Indictments, 356. See also Ford v. State, 129 Ala. 16; Whittington v. State, 121 Ga. 193; Bartlett v. State, 128 Ia. 518; Durham v. People, 5 Ill. 172; Stallworth v. State, 41 So. (Ala.) 184.
Numerous assignments of error are urged as to the giving and refusing of instructions, and especially because of the court’s failure -to .give certain instructions upon reasonable doubt. Some of these instructions requested correctly stated the law, but the court gave numerous instructions correctly submitting the question and carefully guarding appellant’s rights upon this phase of the law, and committed no error in refusing to give others upon the same point.
We have carefully examined the charge, and find it full, fair and correct, and that defendant’s rights were in no wise prejudiced thereby.
For the error indicated the judgment is reversed, and the cause remanded for a new trial.
Concurrence Opinion
(concurring). The court, in the exercise of its discretion, had ordered the jury to be kept together during the trial. I concur in, the judgment of reversal on the ground that the action of the court in allowing the juror to separate from his fellow-jurymen was a substantive step in the trial. Under the common law, it is the right of the defendant on trial for a felony to be present when any substantive step is taken by the trial court in his case, and this rule is adhered to in this State, with certain exceptions under the statute, which it is not necessary to notice here; for the defendant was confined in jail, and his absence was enforced.
In the case of Bearden v. State, 44 Ark. 331, Chief Justice Cockrill, speaking for the court, expressed the view that the swearing of the witnesses and putting them under the rule in a capital case in the absence of the defendant was a violation of his rights.
Subsequently, in the case of Kinnemer v. State, 66 Ark. 206, the court held that it is error in a felony case for the court, in defendant’s absence, to reread the instructions to the jury, at their request, though they are read exactly as at first given, since the defendant had a right to know that such was the case, and to be present for that purpose. See also Stroope v. State, 72 Ark. 379. Likewise, I think the action of the court in permitting a separation of the jurors was a substantive step in the trial of the case.
It is true that the separation of the jurors was a matter within the discretion of the court, but any proceeding that is the subject of judicial discretion is susceptible to abuse. A case might arise in which the defendant would be in possession of facts and circumstances which, if imparted to the court, would influence it in the exercise of its discretion; at least, the defendant has a right to be present to see for himself that the court does not abuse its discretion.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting). There is nothing in the record tending to show whether or not the juror Sullivan was exposed to any influences which could have operated to the defendant’s prejudice. All that the record discloses is that he was permitted by the court to go to the bedside of his wife, who was in childbirth. The result of the former decisions of this court is that where the jury is permitted to separate by an order of the court the burden is on the defendant to show that his rights were prejudiced thereby, or,, in other words, that some juror was actually exposed to improper influences; on the other hand, where the court, in the exercise of its discretion, decides to keep the jury together and not allow the jurors to separate, and there is a violation of this order by a separation, then the burden.is imposed on the State to make an affirmative showing that the separated jurors were not exposed to any improper influences. Maclin v. State, 44 Ark. 115; Hamilton v. State, 62 Ark. 543. The reason for this distinction is, that the statute vests in the trial court a discretion in such matters; and where the court, in its exercise, allows a separation of the jurors, it is the duty of the appellate court to indulge the presumption that it was a proper exercise of that discretion until the contrary is made to appear and proof is adduced showing that actual prejudice resulted. But where the court, in the exercise of its discretion, decides to keep the jurors together, the presumption is that there is some necessity for this, and that prejudice resulted from separation unless the contrary is affirmatively shown. In the present case the court ordered the jurors kept together, but in the special emergency which was presented the trial judge decided to let this particular juror go to the bedside of his wife. The court, by first making an order for the jury to be kept together, did not exhaust its powers, but the statutory discretion remained in the court during the progress of the trial. The direction given by the trial judge was an order of the court, even though it was given after the court has adjourned over until the next day. We ought, I think, to indulge the presumption, until the contrary appears, that there was no abuse of the court’s discretion. It is probable that the learned trial judge knew the juror, his habits and character, and, knowing the particular circumstances which called for his separation, decided that there was nothing improper in permitting it. It seems to me that it is carrying the rule too far to say that under those circumstances there has been an abuse of discretion or that the presumption should be indulged, until the contrary appears, that the juror was subjected to improper influences. In Palmore v. State, 29 Ark. 248, it was said that “this court has not favored the setting aside of a verdict for mere separation, unless something more than opportunity for undue influence is shown." I think the decision in this case shows a very different policy. The direction of the circuit judge to the sheriff to allow the juror to separate from his fellows was not in my opinion such a substantive step in the progress of the trial -that could not be made in the absence of the defendant. Mabry v. State, 50 Ark. 492; Atterberry v. State, 56 Ark. 515.
With proper deference to the opinion of the other judges, it seems to me that the reversal of this case on account of the separation of the juror is entirely technical, the proceedings being otherwise free from error. Doubtless, all will agree that it is unfortunate for the law to be such that a reversal must result under this state of the record. This being true, it is to be hoped that the Legislature will afford relief by changing the law so that in such cases the burden will be on the accused to show that his rights have been prejudiced by an exposure of one of the jurors to improper influences.
