delivered the opinion of the court.
Plaintiff has appealed from a judgment in favor of defendant after its motion for nonsuit was sustained. The action is for damages occasioned by the collision of defendant’s train with plaintiff’s automobile, driven by plaintiff at the time of the collision.
The complaint is grounded upon negligence on the part of defendant in running its train over thе crossing without ringing a bell or blowing a whistle, and alleges that plaintiff in attempting to negotiate the crossing was prоceeding “in a careful and prudent manner,” and “with ordinary diligence and prudence.” The answer may be termеd a general denied coupled with an affirmative plea of contributory negligence on the part of plaintiff.
On the day of the commencement of the trial plaintiff filed a reply in which he expressly admitted that hе ‘ ‘ carelessly drove *136 Ms automobile onto tbe crossing,” and followed tbe admission with allegations based upon the last clear chance, or what is usually referred to as the humanitarian doctrine. Defendant demurred to the reply upon the ground that it is insufficient in law upon its face.
The motion for nonsuit was based upon several grоunds, among them being that the complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action, and that there was no proof of negligence on the part of defendant. Under the circumstancеs here it is unnecessary to refer to the evidence, other than to say that no evidence went in without objection which can be said to have changed the issues as set out in the pleadings. In the face of the admissiоn in the reply that plaintiff himself was guilty of contributory negligence in driving upon the crossing at the time of the collision, if he has any cause of action at all it is on the doctrine of the last clear chance. Whether he can recover on that theory may not properly be tried under the pleadings as they now stand. A judgment for plaintiff cannot be based upon allegations which appear in the reply only.
(Manuel
v.
Turner,
That the shifting from simple negligence relied upon in the сomplaint to the doctrine of the last clear chance in the reply constitutes an abandonment of the cause of action set out' in the complaint and the assertion of a new cause of action in the reply has been definitely held by the supreme court of New Mexico in
Thayer
v.
Denver & R. G. R. Co.,
21 N. M. 330,
*137 Since plaintiff abandoned the right of recovery under the complaint by admitting in his reply that he was guilty of negligence in driving upon the crossing, and since he is precluded from setting up a cause of аction in his reply, the court was right in sustaining the motion for nonsuit. There was no pleading upon which a verdict and judgment could have been entered in plaintiff’s favor.
One other contention of defendant must be considered as an aid to court and counsel in ease another action be instituted. Defendant contends that the casе of
Pollard
v.
Oregon Short Line Ry. Co.,
It is true that this court has held as defendant contends. Those cases so holding, however, were in effect overruled in the Pollard Case when applied to a crossing or other places where the defendant had reasonable grounds to anticipate the presence of persons and negligently failed to keep a lookout and to see that ■which should have been seen. We reaffirm the holding in the Pollard Case. It brings this court in harmony with the progressive аnd enlightened view throughout the nation on this subject as reiterated in the Restatement of the Law of Torts. Section 479 thereof states the prevailing rule throughout the nation as follows:
“A plaintiff who has negligently subjected himself to a risk of harm from the defendant’s subsequent negligence may recover for harm caused thereby if, immediately prеceding the harm,
“(a) the plaintiff is unable to avoid it by the exercise of reasonable vigilance and care, and
*138 “(h) the defendant
“ (i) knows of the plaintiff’s situation and realizes the helpless peril involved therein; or
“ (ii) knows of the plaintiff’s situation and has reason to realize the peril involved therein; or
“ (iii) would have discovered the plaintiff’s situatiоn and thus had reason to realize the plaintiff’s helpless peril had he exercised the vigilance which it was his duty tо the plaintiff to exercise, and (c) thereafter is negligent in failing to utilize with reasonable care and competence his then existing ability to avoid harming the plaintiff. ’ ’
Since, as before stated, the court properly granted the motion for nonsuit, the judgment is affirmed.