This declaratory judgment action arises from the refusal of defendant American Motorists Insurance Company (amico) to defend and indemnify plaintiffs (collectively referred to as Arco) for costs incurred in an action brought by the Department of Natural Resources (DNR) for remediation of contamination at the automotive parts manufacturing plant of Arco Industries Corporation. Following a bench trial, the trial court entered an order requiring AMICO to indemnify Arco for 68.63 percent of all indemnifiable losses up to the aggregate limits of AMlCO’s coverage of $3.5 million. This is the third time the case has been before this Court. See
Arco Industries Corp v American Motorists Ins Co,
i
The pertinent facts were set forth by the Supreme Court in Arco I:
Plaintiff Arco Industries Corporation is a small automotive parts manufacturer that has operated a manufacturing plant in Schoolcraft, Michigan, since 1967. As part of the manufacturing process, the automotive parts are dipped into liquid plastisol or vinyl. Volatile organic compounds (vocs) such as perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, 1-2 dichloroethylene and vinyl chloride, were used to clean the parts during the manufacturing process and to remove plastisol from the plant floors. The plant floor was designed with a trench drain system that drained waste from the plant floor into an unlined seepage lagoon located in the back of the plant. As a result, vocs contaminated the seepage lagoon and ground water.
In November, 1985, the Department of Natural Resources notified Arco that the seepage lagoon was contaminated with vocs, and records indicate that Arco was the source of the contamination. After Arco’s failure to resolve the prob- • lem, the dnr [in October, 1987] filed suit against Arco in federal court in an attempt to compel Arco to remedy the VOC contamination and collect claimed response costs. Subsequently, [in October, 1989] the State of Michigаn and Arco *152 entered into a consent decree whereby Arco agreed to pay the state $450,000 in response costs together with attorney fees. Arco also agreed to develop and implement a multimillion dollar ground water and soil remediation program. [448 Mich 399 -400.]
In February 1987 — after Arco received the dnr notice letter, but before the dnr brought its federal suit — Arco filed this declaratory judgment action to compel AMICO, and six other insurers that had issued comprehensive general liability policies to Arco since 1967, to defend and indemnify Arco in any potential dnr action. 1 Amico had issued annual comprehensive general liability policies to Arco covering the years 1968 through 1974. In each оf the policies, AMICO agreed to “pay all sums which the insured shall become legally obligated to pay as damages because of (a) bodily injury or (b) property damage to which this insurance applies, caused by an occurrence,” and an “occurrence” was defined as “an accident, including injurious exposure to conditions, which results, during the policy period, in bodily injury or property damage neither expected nor intended from the standpoint of the insured.” The policies also included an “owned property” exclusion and, in addition, three of the policies contained a pollution exclusion.
Arco I, supra,
involved AMlCO’s claim that there was no “occurrence” that would require it to indemnify Arco for its remediation costs. In that case, the Supreme Court determined that several discharges at the Arco plant were accidents,
Arco II, supra,
addressed amico’s claim that, even if Arco’s release of vocs was an “occurrence,” coverage was not triggered until the voc-contaminated groundwater was discovered in 1985 — well after the last of AMICO policies was no longer in effect. The
Arco II
Court held that because the policies define an “occurrence” as an accident that results in property damage “during the policy period,” the policies dictate an injury-in-fact approach to the question of when coverage was triggered.
We now turn to the parties’ remaining claims.
n
Three of the seven amico policies contain a pollution exclusion that excludes from coverage claims arising out of the discharge of contaminants, unless the discharge is “sudden and accidental.” In its appeal, AMICO contends that the discharges at the Arco plant were neither sudden nor accidental, so that Arco’s claims were not covered. The Supreme Court’s *154 opinion in Arco I, supra, leads us to conclude otherwise.
In
Upjohn Co v New Hampshire Ins Co,
We conclude that when considered in its plain and easily understood sense, “sudden” is defined with a “temporal element that joins together conceptually the immediate and the unexpected.” [United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co v] Star Fire Coals, [Inc, 856 F2d 31, 34 (CA 6, 1988)]. The common, everyday understanding of the term “sudden” is “ ‘happening, coming, made or done quickly, without wаrning or unexpectedly; abrupt.’ ” FL Aerospace [v Aetna Casualty & Surety Co, 897 F2d 214, 219 (CA 6, 1990)]. “Accidental” means “[ojccurring unexpectedly and unintentionally; by chance.” The American Heritage Dictionary: Second College Edition, p 72. [Id. pp 207-208.]
When determining whether a discharge is “sudden and accidental,” the focus is on the initial entry of the pollutants into the environment, and not the subsequent migration of the pollutants after their release.
Protective Nat’l Ins Co of Omaha v Woodhaven,
In
Arco I, supra,
the Supreme Court stated that “[t]he trial court found that there were definitely unintentional, accidental releases of vocs [at the Arco plant], and we hold that this was fully supported by the evidence.”
Although the Supreme Court did not separately consider whether the listed incidents contained the temporal element of suddenness, an examination of the incidents relied on by the Court in affirming the trial court’s findings reveals that each of these incidents contains a temporal element as well as being unexpected: a bucket spilling, a drum tipping, drums being shot or punctured by a forklift are all events that are “made or done quickly, without warning or unexpectedly; abrupt.” Upjohn, supra, p 207. This compels the conclusion that the Supreme Court would likewise deem that the incidents were sufficiently unexpected to be considered “sudden.”
In light of Arco I, we must conclude that the trial court did not err in determining that the incidents were within the “sudden and accidental” exception to *156 the pollution exclusion, so that the exclusion did not preclude coverage.
m
Amico also contends that the trial court erred in determining that the “owned property” exclusion did not bar coverage for the cost of remediating the soil and seepage pond on Arco’s property. That exclusion states that the policies do not apply to property damage to “(1) property owned or occupied by or rented to the insured, (2) property used by the insured, or (3) property in the care, custody or control of the insured or as to which the insured is for any purpose exerting physical control.” Amico essentially concedes that the “owned property” exclusion does not apply to the groundwater beneath the Arco facility, but asserts that the exclusion precludes coverage for the expenses relating to remediation of the contaminated soil on Arco’s property. The trial court ruled that the exclusion did not bar coverage because the failure to clean up the soil and seepage pond at the site would farther contaminate the groundwater. We agree with the trial court.
In
United States Aviex Co v Travelers Ins Co,
[W]e conclude that the alleged contamination in this case [contaminated soil on the insured’s property causing contaminated groundwater] falls outside of the policy exclusion for damage to the insured’s own property for reasons broader in scope [than the reasoning of Aviex, supra]. We hold that these allegations are essentially for injury to the public interest in the well-being of the environment and natural resources of this state. This public interest is apparent in the tenor of the statutory framework for environmental protection which, as we have already alluded, vests the dnr and the Attorney General with substantial powers to preserve and protect the environment. This public interest was noted in Aviex, supra, p 589, where the Court stated that the statutory provision of MCL 323.10; MSA 3.529(1) [now *158 MCL 324.3115(2); MSA 13A.3115(2)] authorizing suit by the Attorney General for civil damages to natural resources “clearly indicates the state’s interest in its natural resources.” That this public interest is enough to defeat an exclusion for damage to the insured’s own property was acknowledged in [Fireman’s Fund Ins Cos v] Ex-Cell-O Corp, [662 F Supp 71 ], 75 [(ED Mich, 1987)] and Upjohn [supra, p 720]. [Id., pp 659-660.]
Thus, in environmental contamination clean-up cases, this Court has long recognized an independent public interest in the state’s natural resources thаt supersedes any “owned property” exclusion.
Anderson Development Co v Travelers Indemnity Co,
Even in the absence of an overriding public interest in the state’s natural resources, the case law of the majority of other jurisdictions holds that on-site soil clean-up is not barred by an “owned property” exclusion where there is a threat that the contaminants in the insured’s soil would migrate to the groundwater or to the property of others. See, e.g.,
South Carolina Ins Co v Coody,
Here, the trial court found that there was a substantial threat that the contaminants in the soil and seepage pond on Arco’s premises would migrate into the groundwater absent remediation of the soil. This finding is supported by the record. Thus, under either the theory that the “owned property” exclusion does not bar coverage on public policy grounds, Polkow, supra, or the theory that the exclusion does not bar coverage where remediation of the insured’s soil is necessary to prevent the migration of contaminants, the “owned property” exclusion did not bar coverage in this case.
IV
Amico’s final claim is that the trial court erred in its allocation of Arco’s insurers’ responsibility for Arco’s indemnifiable losses. Allocation of responsibility for coverage among insurers becomes relevant once it is determined under which policies coverage has been triggered. See comment: Apportioning coverage responsibility of consecutive insurers when the actual occurrence of injury cannot be ascertained: Who has to contribute in a settlement?, 49 Mercer L R 1151, 1157 (1998). In this case, given the six other insurers’ settlements with Arco and the Supreme Court’s decision in Arco II, it appears that coverage was triggered — that is, that there was an iryury-in-fact as defined in Arco II — under each successive compre *160 hensive general liability policy in effect during the twenty years between the time Arco began operating the facility and the cessation of wastewater discharges into its seepage lagoon in 1987.
According to the trial court’s opinion in this case, the allocation of a 68.63 percent share of indemnifiable losses to amico represents “the ratio of [amico’s] limits to the limits available under all the policies which were effective over the period of time which the damage occurred.” This allocation was apparently based on an “other insurance” provision contained in the seven amico policies.
A
Courts and commentators have discussed five possible methods for allocating liability among successive insurance policies in cases involving property damage or injuries occurring over the course of several years. See, generally, comment:
Allocating progressive injury liability among successive insurance policies,
64 U Chi L R 257 (1997), cited in
Arco II, supra,
Under the “all sums” method of allocation, each triggered insurer is liable for the insured’s entire loss, even though the injury giving rise to liability may have begun before, and continued after, the insurer’s policy period. One insurer pays the entire loss and then may seek contribution from other triggered insurers under the common-law doctrine of contribu *161 tion or pursuant to each policy’s “other insurance” clause. See, e.g., Keene Corp v Ins Co of North America, 215 US App DC 156; 667 F2d 1034 (1981).
Under the “stacking coverage” method of allocation, the coverage limits of all triggered policies are aggregated and the insured is allowed to exhaust the coverage limits of all the policies up to the level of its loss — again, regardless of whether the underlying injury was sustained before or after the policies’ coverage period. 64 U Chi L R 257, 273-274. This method also appears to permit a selected insurer to sue other triggered insurers for contribution if the injury does not exhaust the coverage limits of all triggered policies. Id. See, e.g., Cole v Celotex Corp, 599 So 2d 1058 (La, 1992).
Under the “coverage provided” method of allocation, liability is determined by multiplying the number of years an insurer provided coverage by the limits of that insurer’s policies, and then assigning liability corresponding to the ratio of the total coverage provided by that insurer to the total coverage provided by all the triggered policies. 64 U Chi L R 257, 274-275. See, e.g.,
Owens-Illinois, Inc v United Ins Co,
138 NJ 437;
The final method of allocation is the “time-on-the-risk” approach. This method allocates liability among triggered policies using the periods covered by each insurer without сonsidering the coverage limits of the triggered policies. 64 U Chi L R 257, 280. See, e.g., Ins *162 Co of North America v Forty-Eight Insulations, Inc, 633 F2d 1212 (CA 6, 1980). Under this method, insurers are responsible for the portion of the underlying injury that occurred during their policy period; the effect is to prorate coverage for continuous damage across each period that the damage occurred.
B
We are of the opinion that the “time-on-the-risk” method of apportionment should be used in cases such as this one, involving continuous property damage and successive policies of liability coverage. We reach this conclusion primarily on the basis of the Supreme Court’s decision in
Arco II, supra,
where the Court applied the “injury-in-fact” trigger of coverage. The
Arco II
Court mаde it clear that, under the language of the amico policies, coverage was available to Arco when actual property damage occurred “during the policy period.” The logical corollary is that amico must provide coverage for damage sustained “during the policy period,” but not for the years outside the policy period. As stated in
Northern States Power Co v Fidelity & Casualty Co of New York,
[T]he choice of trigger theory is related to the method a court will choose to allocate damages between insurers. . . . A “pro rata by limits” [or “all sums”] allocation is inconsistent with the actual injury [or “injury-in-fact”] trigger theory.
The essence of the actual injury trigger is that each insurer is held liable for only those damages whiсh occurred during its policy period; no insurer is held liable for damages outside its policy period. Where policy periods do not overlap, therefore, the insurers are consecutively, not concurrently liable. A “pro rata by limits” allocation *163 method effectively makes those insurers with higher limits hable for damages incurred outside their policy periods and is therefore inconsistent with the actual trigger theory.
Arco II instructs that the policy language in this case states unequivocally that the policies apply to damage and injury that take place “during the policy period.” Consequently, we must reject any method of allocation that would require AMICO to provide coverage on a joint and several or “all sums” basis, since that method would require AMICO to indemnify Arco for damage occurring outside the policy period.
Our decision is strengthened by the history of comprehensive general liability policies as a whole. The seminal case adopting the “injury-in-fact” trigger of coverage,
American Home Products Corp v Liberty Mut Ins Co,
[T]he evidence establishes that the cgl draftsmen, as well as the parties, contemplated coverage only for injuries shown in fact to have occurred during periods of coverage.
. . . For example, Richard Elliott, then Sеcretary of the National Bureau of Casualty Underwriters, in presenting what he described as “the underwriting intent” of the cgl’s revisers, explained that “the definition of occurrence serves to identify the time of loss for the purpose of applying coverage — the injury must take place during the policy period.” He recognized that long exposure could involve “cumulative injuries,” in which “more than one policy afford[s] coverage,” and “each policy will afford coverage to the bodily *164 injury or property damage which occurs during the policy period.” . . . [Another commentator stated:] “Injury or damage must occur during the policy period to be covered.”
Thus, it appears thаt the intent of the drafters of the policies at issue here, whose language we are required to uphold, was to provide coverage for the policy period only, and not for damages arising before or after the policy period. Again, this intent precludes imposition of an “all stuns” or joint and several liability approach. “While the insurers agreed to indemnify [the insured] for ‘all sums,’ it had to be for sums incurred during the policy period.”
Outboard Marine Corp v Liberty Mut Ins Co,
283 Ill App 3d 630, 642;
Finally, we note the commentators’ preference for the “time-on-the-risk” method of allocating responsibility among successive insurers. As stated in 64 U Chi L R 257, 281-283:
The time-on-the-risk method should be adopted by courts because its inherent simplicity promotes predictability, reduсes incentives to litigate, and ultimately reduces premium rates.
Courts can easily administer the time-on-the-risk method. Once a court determines the scope of the progressive injury, that is, the total damage ... it can readily allocate the damages among the triggered policies. The court divides the total damages by the number of triggered years and simply allocates to each year the result. If, for example, a certain policy spans three years out of a total of ten triggered years, then thirty percent of the damages will be allocated to that policy.
Unlike the Owens-Elinois method, the effects of deductibles, excess insurance, and self-insurance are easy to calculаte by pretending that the policy’s share of damages was *165 the damage that actually occurred during that policy period.
The time-on-the-risk method has intuitive, commonsense appeal....
The simplicity of the time-on-the-risk method removes many of the incentives to litigate the allocation of damages. Since the parties will know in advance how the court will allocate liability, there is much less of the 'uncertainty that encourages wasteful litigation. . . . While there will still be many issues to litigate, such as which policies are triggered and total damages, reducing the amount of allocation litigation should substantially decrease the costs of insurance.
In addition to decreasing the amount оf litigation, this method provides a way for insurance companies to estimate more accurately total expected liability; as a result premiums should decline. . . . Because this method, unlike the Owens-Elinois method, does not rely on a case-by-case determination of how much coverage was purchased, it also obviates the concern about inconsistent application.
See also 49 Mercer L R 1151, 1159-1166.
c
Because we conclude that each insurer in this case is responsible for coverage “during [its] policy period,” and is not jointly and severally responsible for providing coverage for all policy periods, we cannot agree with the trial court’s reliance on the “other insurance” clаuses of the AMICO policies in apportioning amico’s share of liability. “Other insurance” clauses do not provide a solution to the allocation problem here because they were not meant to allocate liability among successive insurers. 64 U Chi L R 257, 278. Rather, they relate to the effect of concurrent coverages of a single occurrence.
Continental Casualty Co v Medical Protective Co,
D
Applying the “time-on-the-risk” method of allocating the insurers’ liability in this case, we reverse the judgment of the trial court holding amico responsible for 68.63 percent of Arco’s indemnifiable losses. As previously noted, the coverages of the various insurers were triggered over a twenty-year period, from 1967 to 1987. Amico was Arco’s liability insurer for seven of those years, from 1968 to 1974. Under the time-on-the-risk method of allocation, therefore, amico was responsible for 7/20ths, or thirty-five percent, of Arco’s losses. Accordingly, we remand for a recalculation of amico’s liability applying the time-on-the-risk method.
E
Finally, the parties are in agreement that AMICO has no indemnity obligation with regard to the costs of remediating Area n of Arco’s facility. The record is not clear with regard to whether the trial court included the costs of remediating Area n in its calculations, nor is it clear what effect exclusion of the remediation costs attributable to Area n would have on the judgment. On remand, therefore, the trial court should consider the effect of the parties’ stipulation that *167 amico had no duty to indemnify Arco with regard to Area n.
v
In its cross appeal, Arco argues that the trial court erred in determining that Arco was not entitled to defense costs incurred between the time it received the November 1985 notice letter from the dnr and the filing of the complaint in the underlying federal court action in October 1987. We аgree.
In
Arco I, supra,
The notice letter from the dnr involved in this case informed Arco that it had been identified as the party responsible for groundwater contamination and notified Arco that, as a responsible party, it was required to determine the extent of contamination and to initiate remedial action. The letter further “requested” the submission of “plan of intent to investigate the extent of groundwater contamination for which you are responsible” to the dnr by a specific date. Although the letter was not as strongly worded as the letters in Bronson Plating and South Macomb, the clear implication of the letter was that Arco was causing unlawful pollution and the dnr intended to take enforcement action to remedy the situation. Further, as indicated in South Macomb, supra, p 667, the dnr had the power to take substantial action against Arco. In short, the letter was not a “ ‘garden variety’ demand letter[], which expose[s] one only to a potential threat of litigation.” Id., p 668. Rather, consistent with the reasoning of South Macomb and Bronson Plating, supra, the notice letter from the dnr in this case constituted a “suit” for purposes of triggering amico’s duty to defend. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s ruling that Arco was not entitled to defense costs incurred before the federal suit was filed. On remand, the trial сourt shall determine the amount of those costs.
VI
Arco next contends that it should have been allowed to recover attorney fees for amico’s bad-faith
*169
breach of its duty to defend. However, Arco waived this issue when the case was last before this Court; it is therefore beyond the scope of the present remand order. In any event, the claim is without merit. See
Burnside v State Farm Fire & Casualty Co,
vn
Arco next argues that the trial court abused its discretion by limiting its award of attorney fees to a particular rate schedule. Some additional factual background is necessary to consider this claim.
The DNR sent its notice letter to Arco in November 1985. In May 1986, another of Arco’s insurers retained the firm of Plunkett & Cooney to defend Arcо. Arco rejected the tendered defense, apparently because it had already retained the firm of Honigman Miller Schwartz & Cohn.
The trial court’s award of attorney fees was based on the rates Plunkett & Cooney would have charged the other insurance company, although Arco’s representation was actually provided by the Honigman firm at a higher rate. In denying Arco’s motion to increase the award to match the Honigman firm’s rates, the court noted that Plunkett & Cooney is a “recognized and respected law firm” with an environmental law section and concluded that Arco had no reasonable basis for rejecting the tendered defense.
On appeal, Arco contends that Plunkett & Cooney’s rates should not have beеn used to calculate its reasonable attorney fees because the firm could not have *170 represented Arco because of a conflict of interest. This argument is without merit for two reasons. First, by Arco’s own admission, the alleged “conflict” did not arise until June 1987, á year after Arco rejected the tender of representation by Plunkett & Cooney. Second, had Arco accepted the tender, Plunkett & Cooney quite possibly could have avoided the conflict by declining to represent the party that resulted in the conflict of interest. Moreover, even if an unavoidable conflict existed, Arco’s insurers might have retained other counsel at rates similar to those of Plunkett & Cooney.
Arco has failed to present any substantial or reasonable reason for rеjecting the other insurer’s tender of representation. Because Arco’s insurer stood ready to provide it with a competent defense at a quoted fee scale, Arco was not entitled to recoup attorney fees at a higher rate. Under these circumstances, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s calculation of attorney fees at the rate quoted by Plunkett & Cooney.
vm
Arco also claims that the trial court erred in determining that Arco could not collect twelve percent penalty interest pursuant to MCL 500.2006; MSA 24.12006 because coverage was reasonably in dispute. We must conclude that Arco is correct.
MCL 500.2006; MSA 24.12006 provides in relevant part:
(1) A person [including an insurer; see MCL 500.114; MSA 24.1114] must pay on a timely basis to its insured . . . the benefits provided under the terms of the policy ....
*171 * *
(4) When benefits are not paid on a timely basis the benefits paid shall bear simple interest from a date 60 days after satisfactory proof of loss was received by the insurer at the rate of 12% per annum, if the claimant is the insured or an individual or entity directly entitled to benefits under the insured’s contract of insurance. Where the claimant is a third party tort claimant, then the benefits paid shall bear interest from a date 60 days after satisfactory proof of loss was received by the insurer at the rate of 12% per annum if the liability of the insurer for the claim is not reasonably in dispute.... The interest shall be paid in addition to and at the time of payment of the loss .... Interеst paid pursuant to this section shall be offset by any award of interest that is payable by the insurer pursuant to the award. [Emphasis added.]
In
Yaldo v North Pointe Ins Co,
Under Yaldo, AMICO could be assessed penalty interest pursuant to MCL 500.2006(4); MSA 24.12006(4) even though Arco’s claim for coverage was reasona *172 bly in dispute. Accordingly, on remand the trial court shall modify Arco’s award to include that interest.
IX
Finally, Arco contends that the trial court erred in ruling that Arco should not receive prejudgment interest under MCL 600.6013; MSA 27A.6013 from the date it filed its complaint for declaratory judgment against AMICO. This claim is without merit. As Arco acknowledges, this Court has held that, in actions to collect benefits of insurance contracts, it is error to award prejudgment interest pursuant to MCL 600.6013; MSA 27A.6013 from the date of the complaint with respect to claims that arise after the complaint is filed.
Beach v State Farm Mut Automobile Ins Co,
*173 x
To summarize, we affirm the trial court’s determination that the pollution and “owned property” exclusions contained in amico’s policies did not bar coverage; AMICO was required to indemnify Arco for a share of Arco’s losses resulting from its discharge of solvents from 1967 to 1987. However, we conclude that the trial court erred in allocating amico’s share of responsibility for indemnification in relation to the six other insurers that covered Arco during that twenty-year period; the court should have allocated responsibility based on a “time-on-the-risk” approach. We therefore remand for recalculation of amico’s indemnification obligation.
With regard to amico’s duty to defend in the underlying federal action brought by the dnr, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s award of attorney fees. We also find no error in the court’s refusal to allow prejudgment interest for the period between the filing of the complaint in this case and the entry of the consent judgment in the federal case. However, we reverse the trial court’s determination that Arco was not entitled to defense costs incurred before suit was filed in the federal court. Additionally, we reverse the court’s determination that Arco was barred from receiving twelve percent penalty interest under MCL 500.2006; MSA 24.12006; the fact that Arco’s claim was reasonably in dispute was irrelevant. Consequently, those items should be calculated and added to the judgment on remand.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.
Notes
The other six insurers settled with Arco before trial.