This complex suit over construction of Atlanta’s downtown connector comes before us a second time. In its first appearance,
Dept. of Transp. v. APAC-Georgia,
On remand the trial court granted DOT partial summary judgment, holding that APAC could claim no damages for delays on numerous specific components of its work, including designated walls and ramps. Regarding these items, the trial сourt determined that APAC had not complied with two sections of the contract requiring written notice of delay (§ 108.07) and of claims for additional compensation (§ 105.13), and it considered such notice a condition precedent to APAC’s claims. The trial court also rejected any claims APAC had for delay damages resulting from design errors and omissions.
We reverse the trial court’s rulings on the issue of notice. Section 105.13 is inapplicable to this сase, and a jury should decide whether APAC complied with § 108.07 or, in the alternative, whether DOT waived that notice requirement. Although the trial court correctly rejected any claims resulting from design errors and omissions, we remand thаt ruling with instruction to clarify the scope of damages which APAC may seek.
1. The trial court erroneously found APAC’s compliance with pro *605 vision 105.13 to be a condition precedent to the contractor’s claims for delаy damages. That provision reads in relevant part: “Claims for Adjustments and Disputes: In any case where the Contractor believes that extra compensation is due him, the Contractor shall notify the Engineer in writing of his intention to сlaim such extra compensation before beginning The Work on which said claim is based. If such notification is not given, in writing, before such work is begun, then the Contractor hereby agrees that no extra compensation is due and waives all rights to claim extra compensation for said Work .... If the claim ... is found to be just, it will be paid as Extra Work, as provided in 109.05 for Force Account Work.” (Emphasis supplied.) Section 109.05 describes the procedures for payment of materials, labor, and some overhead used in additional work and requires written authorization for this extra work before the Contractor begins it.
This particular contract provision does not expressly aрply to damages for delay. Its language requires a contractor to give notice that he will seek extra compensation for extra work before beginning that work. APAC’s claim stems from its inability to do the work called for in the contract because of DOT’s acts and omissions. This provision mirrors a specification found in a manual entitled “Guide Specifications for Highway Construction,” published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. An article discussing this standard provision makes clear it is intended to address compensation for unforeseen “change orders” in highway contracts, not damages for delay. Vance, 3 Selected Studies in Highway Law, “Enforceability of the Requirement of Notice in Highway Construction Contracts,” 1524-N1.
As urged by DOT, APAC’s fаilure to comply with this clause would cause APAC to forfeit any claim for damages caused by DOT’s own breach of its duty to coordinate this project. But “[t]he settled public policy of this state is that forfeitures are not fаvored. While forfeitures are not unlawful, the law does not favor them, and all ambiguities in a contract are to be resolved against their existence. [Cit.]” (Punctuation omitted.)
A. L. Williams & Assoc. v. Faircloth,
2. The notice requirement of provision 108.07 does apply to APAC’s claims for delay damages.
Holloway Constr. Co. v. Dept. of Transp.,
In support of its motion on this issue, DOT personnel averred they had received no request for an extension of time on 90 specific items of work, including such items as “Wall Q,” “Tie-back Wall 15C,” and “Mainline Cleveland to Fair including Lakewood Interchange.” In responsе, APAC produced over 50 letters between its personnel and DOT supervisory personnel, written between 1984 and 1988, giving notice of delays and the need for extensions.
Although these letters may contain no specific mention оf the 90 listed items, many of the letters indicated that the specified delays would cause “domino-effect” delays on the entire project. In a letter dated March 25, 1985, for example, APAC requested an extension of timе on the entire project and informed DOT that current delays would directly affect other intermediate completion dates and the final completion date. DOT acknowledged this letter and responded, “[w]hen аll problems are resolved in this area . . . please re-evaluate your delay and submit your request specif[y]ing what delays you had, and any time extension or other compensation you feel is justified by these delays.”
APAC аlso presented the affidavit of its president, who stated that APAC wrote DOT monthly with updates showing every delay to the project and the amount of delay. “It is undisputed that APAC received time extensions from DOT through the actual completion date, and no contractual liquidated damages were charged to APAC for failure to complete the project on time.”
APAC,
Notice requirements must be reasonably construed.
Batson-Cook Co. v. Loden & Co.,
These facts also present a jury issue as to whether DOT, through its conduct, waived the notice provisions.
Biltmore Constr. Co. v. Tri-
*607
State Elec. Contractors,
3. APAC also appeals the trial court’s order granting the DOT summary judgment on “damages resulting from design or plan errors and omissions.” Because this ruling has created some confusion, we take the opportunity to appropriately clarify its scope.
DOT argues, and the trial court properly concluded, that under provisions 102.05 and 104.03 of the contract, APAC had an independent duty to examine the original plans and DOT had the right to change the plans. Although APAC could claim additional compensation for extra work necessitated by plan changes, DOT bore no responsibility to pay
damages
to APAC based on errors in or changes made to the original plans. See
State Hwy. Dept. v. Hewitt Contracting Co.,
The “duty to coordinate” means the duty to coordinate worksite activities among prime contractors to ensure timely progress. It is basically a duty to use reasonable measures to ensure all contractors *608 cooperate to meet scheduling goals. See Goldberg, 28 Emory L. J. 377, 386 (1979), “The Owner’s Duty to Coordinate Multi-Prime Construction Contractors, A Condition of Cooperation.” “The contracting authority has the duty to invoke its contractual rights to compel cooperation among contractors. Abutting contractors [such as APAC] enter into contracts . . . with the expectation that [the DOT will exercise] supervisory authority ... to insure cooperation. [Cits.]” Shea-S&M Ball v. Massman-Kiewit-Early, 606 F2d 1245, 1251 (D.C.Cir. 1979); see also Paccon, Inc. v. United States, 399 F2d 162, 170 (Ct. Cl. 1968) (once owner notified of problem, owner must “direct or require the necessary cooperation from the contractor whose activities were hurting the plaintiff”). Because this duty arises from the owner’s duty to allow the contractоr access to the worksite, Goldberg, supra at 379, it is logically limited to coordinating worksite activities.
Although DOT had a duty to coordinate the work of its prime contractors, that duty did not create any warranty as to the quality of those contractors’ work. But when design errors or alterations made changes in the project necessary, DOT’s duty to coordinate those changes took effect. As soon as contractors brought problems associated with design changes to DOT’s attention, DOT had to use reasonable efforts to compel timely resolution of those problems to ensure that other contractors’ work would not be unreasonably delayed. Thus, to the extent APAC sеeks damages for delays caused by the defective plans and designs themselves, or for delays necessitated simply by project alterations, those claims are barred. But if APAC can show that DOT unreasonably failed tо coordinate the correction of problems associated with design changes, APAC may recover damages for delay resulting from DOT’s failure.
Judgment affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded with instruction.
Notes
This contraсt contained a provision expressly placing on DOT the duty to coordinate, but it also contained the standard “no damages for delay” clause discussed in
Holloway Constr. Co.,