Antonio AVILES, Appellant v. The STATE of Texas, Appellee.
No. 04-11-00877-CR
Court of Appeals of Texas, San Antonio.
Aug. 6, 2014.
291
Nathan E. Morey, Paul Elizondo Tower, San Antonio, TX, for Appellee.
Sitting: CATHERINE STONE, Chief Justice, KAREN ANGELINI, Justice, MARIALYN BARNARD, Justice.
OPINION
Opinion by MARIALYN BARNARD, Justice.
On original submission, this court held the trial court did nоt err in denying appellant Antonio Aviles‘s motion to suppress the blood specimen drawn pursuant to section 724.012(b)(3)(B) of the Texas Transportation Code. Aviles v. State, 385 S.W.3d 110, 116 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 2012), vacated, --- U.S. ---, 134 S.Ct. 902, 187 L.Ed.2d 767 (2014). Relying upon Beeman v. State, 86 S.W.3d 613, 616 (Tex. Crim.App.2002), we held section 724.012(b)(3)(B) permits a policе officer to take a blood specimen from DWI suspect without a warrant if the officer has credible information that the suspect has been
Aviles sought review in the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, but that court refused his petition. Thereafter, Aviles filed a petition for writ of certiorari in the United States Supreme Cоurt. The Supreme Court granted the petition, vacated our judgment, and remanded the matter to us for further consideration in light of the Court‘s opinion in Missouri v. McNeely, --- U.S. ---, 133 S.Ct. 1552, 185 L.Ed.2d 696 (2013). Aviles v. Texas, --- U.S. ---, 134 S.Ct. 902, 902, 187 L.Ed.2d 767 (2014). After reviewing the denial of the motion to suppress in light of McNeely, we reverse the trial court‘s judgment and remand the matter to the trial court for a new trial.
BACKGROUND
Aviles was arrested for DWI. Prior to trial, Aviles filed a motion to suppress the blood specimen taken without a warrant. At the hearing on the motion, the State presented one witness, the arresting officer, Joe Rios.
At the hearing, Officer Rios testified that on the night of the arrest, he saw a pickup truck veer across several lane markers. As he neared the truck, it again crossed the lane markers, veering into his lane. Because of the driver‘s erratic handling of the truck, Officer Rios suspected the drivеr was intoxicated. Accordingly, the officer stopped the vehicle.
After he pulled the vehicle over and made contact with the driver, later identified as Aviles, Officer Rios noticed Aviles had bloodshot eyes, slurred speech, and was unsteady on his feet when he exited the truck. The officer asked Aviles to perform three standardized field sobriety tests—the horizontal gaze nystagmus (“HGN“), the walk-and-turn, and the one-leg-stand. Aviles complied and Officer Rios testified Aviles exhibited signs of intoxication on each test. Based on his erratic driving, appearance, and performance on the three field sobriety tests, Officer Rios arrested Aviles for DWI.
After the arrest, the officer used his mobile laptop to determine if Aviles had prior offenses. He discovered Aviles had two prior DWI conviсtions. Officer Rios asked Aviles if he would voluntarily give a breath or blood sample. When Aviles declined, Officer Rios, relying on section 724.012 of the Texas Transportation Code, took Aviles to a nurse assignеd to the City of San Antonio magistrate‘s office and required him to give a blood sample. Section 724.012(b)(3)(B) states: “[a] peace officer shall require the taking of a specimen of the persоn‘s breath or blood under any of the following circumstances . . . [for example, if] at the time of the arrest, the officer possesses or receives reliable information from a credible sоurce that the person[,] on two or more occasions, has been previously convicted of or placed on community supervision for an offense under Section 49.04[DWI] . . . Penal Code.”
After hearing the evidence, the trial court denied Aviles‘s motion to suppress. Thereafter, Aviles pled nolo contendere tо the charge of DWI and was sentenced to two years’ confinement. Aviles appealed, contending the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress.
As noted above, in the original appeal to this court, we affirmed the trial court‘s judgment, holding the mandatory blood draw, taken without a warrant, was proper under section 724.012(b)(3)(B) of the Transportation Code. Aviles, 385 S.W.3d at 116. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals refused Aviles‘s petition, but the Supreme Court granted the petition and va-
ANALYSIS
We permitted the parties to file amended briefs on remand. In his amended brief, Aviles contends that based on the Court‘s decision in McNeely, the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress because per se exceptions to the Fourth Amendment‘s warrant requirement are impermissible. The State counters, arguing McNeely does not require a reversal in this case because it was a very narrow decision that merely held the naturаl dissipation of alcohol does not create a per se exigency in all DWI cases. Based on our prior decision in Weems v. State, 434 S.W.3d 655, (Tex.App.-San Antonio 2014, pet. filed), we agree with Aviles.
Standard of Review
Appellate courts review trial court rulings on motions to suppress under a bifurcated standard of review. Amador v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666, 673 (Tex. Crim.App. 2007). With regard to a determination of historical facts, we afford great deference to a trial court‘s determination. Id. This is because trial judges are uniquеly situated to observe the demeanor and appearance of any witnesses. Wiede v. State, 214 S.W.3d 17, 24 (Tex. Crim.App.2007). As the sole fact finder at a suppression hearing, a trial court may believe or disbelieve any portion of a witness‘s testimony and make reasonable inferences from the evidence presented. Amador v. State, 275 S.W.3d 872, 878 (Tex. Crim.App.2009). However, whether a specific search or seizure is reasonable or supported by probable cause is a question of law subject to de novo review. Dixon v. State, 206 S.W.3d 613, 616 (Tex.Crim.App.2006).
Application
After the Supreme Court vacated our prior decision and remanded the matter back to this court, this court decided Weems. In Weems, we specifically considered the effect the Supreme Court‘s decision to remand Aviles in light of McNeely had on our holding in Aviles that a warrantless blood draw of a DWI suspect, which was conducted pursuant to the provisions of section 724.012(b)(3)(B), did not violate the defendant‘s rights under the Fourth Amendment. 434 S.W.3d at 663-65. After reviewing numerous Texas cases considering McNeely‘s effect on section 724.012(b)(3)(B)—the mandatory blood draw statute—and the similar implied consent statute found in section 724.011 of the Transportation Code,1 we held that neither the mandatory blood draw statute nor the implied consent statute were exceptions to the Fourth Amendment‘s warrant requirement.2 Id. at 665-66. We considered the State‘s suggestion that we should balance the public and private interests implicated in serious DWI cases and hold the mandatory blood draw statute is a reasonable substitution for the warrant requirement. Id. We declined the State‘s suggestion, holding that McNeely
Looking at the mandatory blood draw statute and the implied consent statute, we held in Weems these statutes clearly creаte categorical or per se rules the McNeely court held were not permissible exceptions to the Fourth Amendment‘s warrant requirement. Weems, 434 S.W.3d at 665-66; see
In this case, as in Weems, the State urges us to adopt a balancing test—balancing the public interests (public safety on roads and DWI enforсement) and the defendant‘s “minimal” privacy interests—in DWI cases wherein the defendant has been convicted of two or more prior DWIs. This is the same approach we specifically rejеcted in Weems. See Weems, 434 S.W.3d at 665-66. The State also suggests that statutes such as the implied consent and mandatory blood draw statutes are permissible exceptions to the warrant requirement because they are searches pursuant to reasonable statutes or regulations. We hold this flies in the face of McNeely‘s repeated mandate that courts must consider the totality of the circumstances of each case. 133 S.Ct. at 1560-63. Thus, we reject the State‘s suggested balancing and regulatory approach.
It is undisputed that Officer Rios did not obtain a warrant prior to requiring Aviles to submit to a blood draw. Once Aviles established the absence of a warrant, it was incumbent upon the State to prove the warrantless blood draw was reasonable under the totality of the circumstances. See Amador, 221 S.W.3d at 666, 672-73. The State may satisfy this burden by proving the existence of an exception to the warrant requirement. See Gutierrez v. State, 221 S.W.3d 680, 685 (Tex.Crim.App.2007). Here the only exception to the warrant requirement proposed by the State was section 724.012(b)(3)(B), thе mandatory blood draw statute. Because this is not a permissible exception to the warrant requirement, and the State has not argued or established a proper exception to thе Fourth Amendment‘s warrant requirement, we hold the blood draw violated Aviles‘s rights under the Fourth Amendment, i.e., the blood draw was an unconstitutional search and seizure.
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, we hold the warrantlеss blood draw violated Aviles‘s rights under the Fourth Amendment. Therefore, the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress. We sustain Aviles‘s complaint and reverse the trial court‘s judgment and remand this matter for a nеw trial in accordance with this court‘s opinion.