Anthony CROWELL, Appellant, v. Robert F. ZAHRADNICK, Superintendent of the Virginia State Penitentiary, Appellee.
No. 77-1186.
United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.
Argued June 7, 1977. Decided Dec. 20, 1977.
567 F.2d 1257
Applying these principles here, in the absence of proof of some peculiarity or uniqueness about Gubelman‘s conduct, the fact that he took bribes on other occasions, at other places, from other meat processors, does not serve to identify him as the same person who took the bribes alleged in the indictment. All it tends to prove is that he had a propensity for bribe-taking. For this purpose its admission is barred by Rule 404(b) which, if paraphrased, would read as follows: “Evidence of other [bribes] is not admissible to prove [Gubеlman‘s propensity to take bribes] in order to show that he [took bribes at the places charged].”
For these reasons I must respectfully dissent.
Karen Zokoff, Third Year Law Student (Michael E. Geltner, Appellate Litigation Clinic, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, D. C., and Patricia H. Char, Third Year Law Student, on brief), for appellant.
Linwood T. Wells, Asst. Atty. Gen., Richmond, Va. (Anthony Troy, Atty. Gen. of Virginia, Richmond, Va., on brief), for appellee.
Before WINTER, RUSSELL, and WIDENER, Circuit Judges.
WIDENER, Circuit Judge:
On appeal to this court, Crowell does not take exception to the holding of the district court that there was evidence sufficient to support the conviction, but has injected into the case a new issue, the admission into evidence of inculpatory statements made while in police custody. He argues before us that the admission of the statements violated the Fourth Amendment because the statements were obtained after an illegal arrest. He also maintains, for the first time, that the confessions were not voluntary because of allegedly illegal conduct of the interrogating officers.
We agree with the district court that the petitioner has not exhausted his state remedies. He has not litigated the admissibility of the statements on constitutional grounds in the Virginia courts or in the district court, raising it for the first time here. No objection was made at trial to the use of the statement, so, of course, no reasons for the objection were given. Moreover, neither the constitutional issue nor even the admissibility of the statement was raised in his direct appeal to the Virginia Supreme Court as the notice of appeal indicates and his brief admits,1 nor was either raised in a state habeas corpus proceeding.2 As the petitioner‘s constitutional claim has been raised initially in the federal courts on appeal from the dismissal of his petition for habeas corpus, Crowell has failed to exhaust the state remedies available to him,
AFFIRMED.3
I respectfully dissent.
I.
I think it overtechnical to hold that, when Crowell acting pro sе alleged in the district court that his conviction was invalid and that he was entitled to release because the arresting officers had no probable cause to make the arrest, Crowell interjects a “new issue” when his counsel appointed to represent him before us argues that the admission into evidence of Crowell‘s inculpatory statements was illegal because they were tainted by his illegаl arrest. We are taught by Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 92 S.Ct. 594, 30 L.Ed.2d 652 (1972), to construe pro se pleadings liberally and not to dismiss an application for a writ of habeas corpus for a failure to allege a good cause of action unless “‘plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief.‘” 404 U.S. 521, 92 S.Ct. 596, quoting from Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46, 78 S.Ct. 99, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957). Certainly it is a well-established principle that a federal habeas court will not inquire into the validity of a state prisoner‘s arrest in the abstract, and that such inquiry will be made only if the arrest resulted in the obtention of evidence, physical or oral, used to convict the applicant. Obviously the district court recognized this rule. It did not dismiss Crowell‘s claim of lack of probable cause for his arrest on the ground that he had failed to allege any consequences from the arrest other than restraint of his person and subjecting him to trial. Instead, the district court dealt with the issue on its merits, thereby implying that it knew that more was at issue than the mere validity of
II.
On the merits, I think that the district court was incorrect in concluding that Crowell‘s arrest did not occur until after Crowell was taken to police headquarters, advised of his Miranda rights, and made incriminating statements about a break-in at the Arco Service Station. Rather, I think that on the present state of the record, the conclusion is ineluctable that the arrest occurred earlier when Crowell was taken from his home to the police Station.2 At that time, Crowell had not made incriminating statements, and without them I think that the police lacked probable cause to arrest him. I would therefore conclude that at the time the arrest was made, it was illegal. Whether that illegality tainted the subsequent inculpatory statements is an issue on which I will comment later.
The facts pertinеnt to my views are these: A certain Ronald Colina locked up his Arco Service Station at 8:15 p. m. on August 16, 1974. When he reopened at approximately 8:15 a. m. on August 17, he found the outside soft drink dispensing machine broken into and two panes in the front door of the station were broken out. Various cartons of cigarettes were found outside the building and others had been moved to a point near the broken door. Other personal property was missing.
During the early morning hours of August 17, a policeman, in responding to an unrelated call, saw an unoccupied automobile parked at the end of a dead end street approximately 100 feet from the Arco station. The policeman parked at the Arco station and shortly thereafter the automobile came by. The policeman stopped the vehicle and found that Crowell was the driver, and there were three other passengers in the car. At the request of the policeman, Crowell exhibited his driver‘s license and other identification; he and the policeman conversed; and the policeman, finding nothing amiss, permitted him to go on his way. At this time, the policeman had no knowledge that there had been a break-in at the Arco station.
After 8:15 a. m., when the break-in had been discovered, the policeman went to Crowell‘s address, which he had learned a few hours earlier, advised him of the break-in, and told Crowell that he was under suspicion of burglary and he must go to the police station. Enroute to the police station, the police took Crowell to the Arco station. They told him that this was where he had broken in; and when he denied knowledge of their сharge, they took him to the police station. There he was questioned extensively and told, apparently falsely, that the police had a witness who would testify that Crowell perpetrated the crime. Eventually Crowell made a statement putting the blame for the burglary on his companions, but incriminating himself.
If Crowell was arrested without probable cause, it is possible, although by no means certain, that the illegal arrest so tainted the subsequent inculpatory statements, even though Miranda warnings were given, that the statements were constitutionally inadmissible. Brown v. Illinois, 422 U.S. 590, 95 S.Ct. 2254, 45 L.Ed.2d 416 (1975); Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 83 S.Ct. 407, 9 L.Ed.2d 441 (1963).
III.
The major problem which this case presents is whether the district court, on an application for a writ of habeas corpus, should have adjudicated the validity of the arrest and if it found that the arrеst was illegal when made, whether that illegality tainted the inculpatory statements thereafter made. At his state trial, Crowell made no objection to the admission of the inculpatory statements on the ground that they were tainted by a violation of his fourth amendment rights. He did move to strike the Commonwealth‘s evidence at the conclusion of the Commonwealth‘s case. He did appeal to the Supreme Court of Virginia, but his appeal was confined to the contentions that the trial court should have granted his motion to strike the Commonwealth‘s evidence and that the verdict was contrary to the law and the evidence. The Supreme Court of Virginia denied Crowell‘s petition for a writ of error. Crowell did not seek any collateral review in the state courts, but it seems clear that he would have had no right to litigаte the issue in the state courts since he had not raised it at trial and pursued it on appeal, except to the extent that he claimed ineffective assistance of counsel.4 Spencer v. Cundiff, 413 F.Supp. 1246, 1247-48 (W.D.Va.1976).
The majority adopts the Commonwealth‘s argument that Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72, 97 S.Ct. 2497, 53 L.Ed.2d 594 (1977), forecloses Crowell from litigating whether his inculpatory statements were tainted by an illegal arrest because of Virginia‘s procedural bar to his claim. Stated otherwise, the argument is that the failure to make a contemporaneous objection in accordance with state practice forecloses a later assertion of the invalidity of the conviction on the very ground which might have been asserted at trial, because there is a valid state procedural ground to uphold the validity of the conviction.
There can be no doubt that Wainwright adopted such a rule and that it applied it to a case in which the clаim for habeas corpus relief was so fundamental as the voluntariness of a confession. In a thoughtful opinion in Jiminez v. Estelle, 557 F.2d 506 (5 Cir. 1977), Judge Tuttle discussed the holding in Wainwright and its historical context. Judge Tuttle also called attention to the “failsafe” provisions of the Wainwright rule, namely that, notwithstanding the rule, a federal habeas court could adjudicate for the first time the federal constitutional
In considering the application of Wainwright and the exceptions to its general rule to the instant case, I begin by recognition that Wainwright was decided after the district court‘s decision in the case at bar. Thus, the case at bar was not litigated in the district court with Wainwright in mind. Nonetheless, I think it manifest that there was the “prejudice” required by Wainwright to relieve Crowell from Virginia‘s procedural bar. One who reads the transcript of his trial can only conclude that Crowell‘s inculpatory statements were essential to his conviction. Only three witnesses testified against him: (1) the manager of the Arco station who established that the station had been burglarized but who could shed no light on who burglarized it, and (2) two police officers—the one who saw Crowell in the vicinity of the station contemporaneously with the burglаry, and the other who interrogated Crowell and obtained the inculpatory statements. Without these statements, Crowell undoubtedly would have been acquitted. Thus, the admission of his inculpatory statements did prejudice him because without them he would have been freed.
Whether Crowell can establish the “cause” required by Wainwright to relieve him from his failure to object to the admission of his statements is more problematical. First, Wainwright gives very little guidance as to what constitutes an adequate “showing of cause” for the petitioner‘s failure to make a contemporaneous objection on a proper ground before the trial court, Jiminez v. Estelle, 557 F.2d at 510, and understandably, since Wainwright was decided after the proceedings in the district court in the instant case, the present record is devoid of any reason to show why the objection was not made. It seems to me, however, that since the general rule in Wainwright is not absolute but does admit the exception that it will not be applied where a habeas petitioner establishes “prejudice” and “cause,” the majority is unwarranted in applying the general rule at this stage of the proceedings. Rather, we should adopt the approach in Jiminez and remand the case to the trial court to determine whether there was “cause” for the failure to object аnd whether that cause satisfies the exception in Wainwright. I confess my inability, however, to suggest to the district court precisely what may constitute “cause” within the meaning of Wainwright until such time as the Supreme court fleshes out the precise content to be given that term, as it has indicated that it would do. 433 U.S. at 87, 97 S.Ct. 2506.
To summarize, therefore, I would vacate the judgment of the district court and remand the case for further proceеdings. On remand, I would direct the district court to determine whether there was “cause” within the meaning of Wainwright for Crowell‘s failure to object to the admission of his inculpatory statements. To my mind, the record conclusively establishes that there was “prejudice.” If the district court finds that such “cause” exists, it should reopen the record to receive whatever additional evidence may be offered, both with respect to the time at which Crowell was arrested and whether there was probable cause for the arrest. Should the district court, after having found that such “cause” exists, also find that Crowell was arrested at his home before being taken to the police station and that the police did not have probable cause to arrest him at that time, it should then turn to the question of whether the illegal arrest tainted the оbtention of Crowell‘s incriminating statements so as to render them inadmissible. Depending upon its conclusions with respect to the various issues that I have identified, the district court should thereafter grant or withhold appropriate relief.