290 N.W.2d 420 | Mich. Ct. App. | 1980
ANTCLIFF
v.
STATE EMPLOYEES CREDIT UNION
Michigan Court of Appeals.
Church, Wyble, Kritselis, Anderson & Robinson (by Thomas H. Hay), for plaintiffs.
Joselyn, Rowe, Jamieson & Grinnan, for defendant Spider Staging Sales Company, Inc.
Before: M.F. CAVANAGH, P.J., and R.M. MAHER and W. VAN VALKENBURG,[*] JJ.
R.M. MAHER, J.
Plaintiffs appeal as of right from a jury verdict of no cause of action as against Spider Staging Sales Company, Inc., the sole remaining defendant at the time of trial (hereinafter Spider).
This lawsuit arose out of a construction accident occurring on July 7, 1970, at the site of the State Employees Credit Union building in Lansing. Plaintiff Howard Antcliff was injured when the scaffold upon which he was working fell to the ground, taking him with it. He is permanently and totally disabled as a result of the accident, and requires round-the-clock nursing care.
Geraldine Antcliff, wife of Howard, and Howard, by his guardian (Geraldine), brought this action against Christman Construction Company, Inc., general contractor on the project; Manson, Jackson & Kane, Inc., architects; State Employees Credit Union, owner of the building under construction; and Spider Staging Sales Company, Inc., manufacturer of the scaffolding. Christman filed a third-party complaint for indemnification against Austin's Painters Flint, Inc., Antcliff's employer at *227 the time of the accident. Prior to trial, plaintiffs settled their claim against Christman Construction and released Christman, the architect, and the credit union. The case proceeded to trial on theories of negligence and breach of express and implied warranties by Spider.[1]
Defendant Spider manufactures and sells powered staging equipment for use in construction and maintenance of buildings, bridges and similar structures. The particular unit involved in this litigation is their model ST-18, consisting of a metal platform with railings, a motorized winch mounted below the platform, and a wire rope wound on the winch and leading through the platform and through a guide mounted above the platform to some means of support overhead. On the day of the accident, Howard Antcliff (hereinafter plaintiff) and James Hathcock, a co-worker, were standing on an apparatus consisting of two ST-18 units connected by a 25-foot aluminum platform manufactured for this purpose by Spider.[2] Each unit was suspended from a 4 X 4 wooden beam (called an outrigger) extending approximately 15 inches over the edge of the roof parapet and counterweighted by means of sand bags at the other end of the beam.
The sole eyewitness to the accident was James Hathcock.[3] Hathcock testified as follows: Plaintiff and he had been working at opposite ends of the scaffold, covering windows on the south face of the *228 building in preparation for the next day's sandblasting operation; Hathcock walked to the east end of the scaffold, where plaintiff was working, to borrow a cigarette; plaintiff was standing on the platform of the ST-18 itself; as Hathcock took a cigarette and turned away, he felt the scaffolding fall out from under him; Hathcock grabbed for plaintiff, apparently without success; he remembered seeing plaintiff crouched in the "buggy" as it fell; Hathcock remained suspended by his safety line; plaintiff's safety line apparently failed.
Post-accident investigation revealed that the outrigger on the east end of the scaffold had pulled loose from the counterweights and fallen to the ground and that the west outrigger had broken at the point where it crossed the parapet. The wreckage of the scaffold lay beneath the west outrigger, at right angles to the wall on which Antcliff had been working.[4] It was plaintiffs' theory that the west outrigger broke first, throwing the entire weight of the scaffolding on the east outrigger, causing it to pull out from its counterweights and plunging the scaffold to the ground. Spider, on the other hand, theorized that the east outrigger pulled loose first, throwing the entire weight on the west outrigger and causing it to break.
Plaintiffs alleged that Spider was negligent in failing to supply metal outriggers with their staging devices, in failing to warn users not to use wooden outriggers, in advising plaintiff's employer to use wooden supports, in failing to instruct users of its product in proper rigging techniques and in designing and selling a product which put dangerous sudden stress on the suspension system as a *229 result of slippage of the cable on the drum of the winch, caused by uneven winding.
Plaintiffs further alleged that Spider breached the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for purpose by falsely representing that its product could safely be suspended from wooden outriggers, that the ST-18 was a complete and safe system, that the cable would level wind and would not put undue stress on the suspension system by cable slippage, that the product could be operated without special instruction, and that Spider's repair manual and advertising brochure were adequate to instruct users in safe rigging techniques.
On the first day of trial, prior to the presentation of any evidence, Spider moved for the suppression of evidence intended to show that Spider breached its duty to instruct in proper rigging techniques, on grounds that the law imposes no such duty on Spider. Spider further moved to suppress evidence relating to an alleged duty to supply metal outriggers with its staging units. The court ruled that evidence regarding breach of the duty to warn against use of inadequate materials for outriggers would be received, but made no express ruling on duty to instruct in rigging techniques. Regarding the duty to supply metal outriggers, the court ruled that the law imposed no such duty upon a manufacturer. The issue of duty to instruct purchasers in proper rigging techniques reappeared later in the trial, at which time the trial court ruled that Spider had no such duty to purchasers of its equipment.
Plaintiffs claim on appeal that the trial court erred in ruling that Spider had no duty to supply metal outriggers and no duty to instruct in proper rigging techniques. Plaintiffs also assign as error certain rulings on admissibility of evidence, certain *230 of the instructions to the jury, and the court's refusal to give certain instructions requested by the plaintiffs.
Plaintiffs' first claim is that the trial court erred in ruling that Spider was under no duty to supply metal outriggers along with its ST-18 model and in refusing to admit evidence and to instruct the jury regarding such a duty. Plaintiffs argue that the outriggers are a safety device which must be included as part of a total package in order to render the ST-18 reasonably safe for its intended or foreseeable uses. In support of their argument, plaintiffs cite several cases involving, for the most part, industrial machines which lacked adequate shields or other safety devices. See, for example, Casey v Gifford Wood Co, 61 Mich. App. 208; 232 NW2d 360 (1975) (failure to provide shield for ice crushing machine), Byrnes v Economic Machinery Co, 41 Mich. App. 192; 200 NW2d 104 (1972) (providing shield which had to be removed for maintenance of machine), and McKinch v Dixon, 391 Mich. 282; 215 NW2d 689 (1974) (failure to provide screen to prevent dirt from entering brake cylinder).
There is no question that a manufacturer is under a duty to users of its product to furnish a product which is not unreasonably dangerous when used in the manner intended or in a manner reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer. Elsasser v American Motors Corp, 81 Mich. App. 379; 265 NW2d 339 (1978). A product may be rendered unreasonably dangerous by the omission or inadequacy of a safety device. Coger v Mackinaw Products Co, 48 Mich. App. 113; 210 NW2d 124 (1973).
The difficulty with plaintiffs' argument is that the outriggers are not a device which may be *231 integrated into the ST-18 itself to make it safer, but a separate element in a system of which the ST-18 is also a component. Plaintiffs argue that because the ST-18 must be suspended by some means in order to be used, the outriggers should be considered an integral part of the ST-18 just as, for example, a safety shield is considered part of an ice crusher, see Casey v Gifford Wood Co, supra. However, although the ST-18 must unquestionably be suspended by some means, it need not necessarily be suspended by outriggers. Testimony at trial revealed that staging like the ST-18 may be suspended by several methods, only one of which requires use of outriggers.[5] There are many situations in which use of outriggers would be inadvisable, dangerous or simply impossible (e.g. suspending staging from a bridge). To hold, as plaintiffs urge, that outriggers are an integral part of Spider's product is to ignore the evidence adduced at trial.
The outriggers, parapet hooks, tank rollers and other suspension devices may be viewed either as separate components of a system or as accessories to be used with the ST-18. In either case, Spider is under no duty to supply one or all of the suspension devices simply because it undertook to furnish an ST-18 to plaintiff's employer. It must be emphasized that the jury found that the ST-18 itself was not defective, either in manufacture or in design. Spider therefore fulfilled the only duty which the law imposes upon it: the duty to furnish a safe ST-18. It was not a failure of the ST-18 which caused plaintiffs' harm, but rather a failure of a separate *232 device, not furnished by Spider, which is at most an accessory to the ST-18.
It should be made clear that this is not a case in which a defendant voluntarily undertakes to do a task and does it negligently, or in which a special relationship between a defendant and a plaintiff imposes a duty of care over and above the usual duty. Cf. Farwell v Keaton, 396 Mich. 281; 240 NW2d 217 (1976), Funk v General Motors Corp, 392 Mich. 91; 220 NW2d 641 (1974), Wilhelm v The Detroit Edison Co, 56 Mich. App. 116; 224 NW2d 289 (1974). Spider assumed no responsibility for designing and fabricating a suspension system suitable for the needs of plaintiff's employer, but simply furnished a component for use in such a system. Cf. Robertson v Swindell-Dressler Co, 82 Mich. App. 382; 267 NW2d 131 (1978).
The limits of the component manufacturer's duty was briefly discussed in Jordan v Whiting Corp (On Reh), 49 Mich. App. 481; 212 NW2d 324 (1973), rev'd in part on other grounds 396 Mich. 145; 240 NW2d 468 (1976), in which the plaintiff therein alleged that his injury resulted from improper installation of an electrical device apparently manufactured by Whiting, from improper design of the crane of which the device was a component, and from failure to install a cover over certain electrical bars. This Court upheld a directed verdict for the defendant therein, saying:
"This defendant manufactured components which were ordered and bought from it by Dearborn. As to foreseeability and tort liability, Whiting could not have known at least so far as the record shows how these components were to be fashioned or fabricated into the completed unit. The obligation that generates the duty to avoid injury to another which is reasonably foreseeable does not at least yet extend to the anticipation of *233 how manufactured components not in and of themselves dangerous or defective can become potentially dangerous dependent upon the nature of their integration into a unit designed, assembled, installed, and sold by another." 49 Mich. App. at 486.
With regard to the lack of a cover over the bars, the Court said:
"We can hardly be expected to hold, since the exposed bars did not violate any electrical code legislatively imposed (a fact conceded by plaintiff), that Whiting had the obligation, and more importantly the right to insist that the purchaser buy the covers." 49 Mich. App. at 488.
Just as the manufacturer in Jordan, supra, had no obligation to insist that the purchaser buy a cover for electrical bars, Spider had no obligation to require that plaintiff's employer purchase metal outriggers.[6] This is especially true where, as is the case here, metal outriggers are but one of many suspension devices which may be utilized in conjunction with Spider's product.
Michigan is not alone in its reluctance to impose a duty to furnish accessories on a manufacturer. In Leonard v Albany Machine & Supply Co, 339 So 2d 458 (La App, 1976), the Louisiana court rejected the argument that the manufacturer of a lumber trimmer intended to be incorporated into a complete sawmill operation had a duty to provide a shield to protect the operator, noting that industry *234 custom put that duty on the sawmill designer and that it was difficult to tell what shields would be needed before the machine was incorporated into the total design of the mill.
Similarly, in the case before us, Spider furnished its ST-18 staging device with knowledge that it would be used in conjunction with other equipment, including some device for suspending the ST-18 from some overhead support. Spider did not, however, know the precise means which would be used to suspend the ST-18 in future jobs undertaken by plaintiff's employer, a painting contractor which offered a variety of services on construction sites. There was also ample evidence to establish that workers in the trade customarily did their own rigging at least in part to assure themselves that the scaffolding was safely rigged. In view of the wide variety of rigging devices and techniques available, the varying conditions presented by different contracting jobs, and the relative expertise of the consumers of this product, it seems reasonable to leave the task of selecting suspension devices to purchasers rather than to impose a duty to furnish such devices on the manufacturer. The burden which would result from imposition of a duty to furnish accessories was described by the Illinois Appellate Court as follows:
"Needless to say, this would require the manufacturer to confer with every prospective buyer and make a judgment, at his peril, of what the buyer needed. Alternatively, the manufacturer would be under a duty to recommend to or provide the buyer all of the accessories available regardless of how limited was the intended use. No case has been cited, nor do we think one exists, extending the doctrine of strict liability to this extreme." Weiss v Rockwell Manufacturing Co, 9 Ill App 3d 906, 912; 293 NE2d 375, 379 (1973). *235 We agree with the Illinois court that imposing such a duty would be an unwarranted expansion of the law of products liability.
Plaintiffs' second claim is that the trial court erred in refusing to admit evidence and to instruct the jury to the effect that Spider had an obligation to instruct purchasers and users of its products in proper rigging techniques. Plaintiffs argue that Michigan law imposes a duty to instruct in proper use of a product, separate and apart from the duty to warn of dangers created by improper use. We disagree. The cases cited by plaintiffs in support of their contention all involve either failure to warn of special precautions which must be taken to guard against hidden dangers, see Hill v Husky Briquetting, Inc, 54 Mich. App. 17; 220 NW2d 137 (1974), or inadequacy of the warning given, see Gutowski v M & R Plastics & Coating, Inc, 60 Mich. App. 499; 231 NW2d 456 (1975). See also Smith v E R Squibb & Sons, Inc, 405 Mich. 79; 273 NW2d 476 (1979). The trial court properly instructed the jury on Spider's duty to warn of dangers inherent in the use of the ST-18; specifically, the danger of using wooden outriggers to suspend the ST-18. The court's instructions in this regard accurately stated the limits of Spider's duty toward users of its products.[7]
Plaintiffs contend that the trial court erred in *236 instructing the jury that Spider had no duty to warn against using inadequate outriggers to suspend the ST-18 if the danger of an inadequate support system was obvious or known to the user, citing Casey v Gifford Wood Co, supra, and Shears v Pardonnet, 80 Mich. App. 358; 263 NW2d 373 (1977). Those cases, however, did not involve the duty to warn against dangers inherent in the use of the product, but rather involved the manufacturer's alleged failure to equip its product with *237 safety devices or shields. The rule on duty to warn has long been and continues to be that there is no duty to warn of dangers which are obvious to all. Hensley v The Muskin Corp, 65 Mich. App. 662; 238 NW2d 362 (1975), Gronlie v Positive Safety Manufacturing Co, 50 Mich. App. 109; 212 NW2d 756 (1973). The trial court's instructions were proper in this regard.
Plaintiffs also assign as error the trial court's exclusion of expert opinion testimony on certain matters, including foreseeability of the accident and adequacy of Spider's brochures as warnings. Whether expert testimony is required on a subject is a matter within the discretion of the trial court. Dowell v General Telephone Co of Michigan, 85 Mich. App. 84; 270 NW2d 711 (1978), Friedman v Farmington Twp School District, 40 Mich. App. 197; 198 NW2d 785 (1972). We see no abuse of discretion here.
The plaintiffs claim that reversal is mandated by the recent Supreme Court decision in Tulkku v Mackworth Rees Div of Avis Industries, Inc, 406 Mich. 615; 281 NW2d 291 (1979), which held that contributory negligence is not a defense in a products liability case where it is alleged that the manufacturer was negligent in failing to provide an adequate safety device. However, Tulkku is not applicable to the instant case, since we have found previously that the outriggers were not safety devices.[8]
Plaintiffs assign as error certain other portions of the trial court's instructions. We are of the opinion that, considered in their entirety, the *238 court's instructions fully and properly apprised the jury of the applicable law. Berlin v Snyder, 89 Mich. App. 38; 279 NW2d 322 (1979).
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed. Costs to defendant Spider.
NOTES
[*] Former circuit judge, sitting on the Court of Appeals by assignment pursuant to Const 1963, art 6, § 23 as amended in 1968.
[1] After the close of evidence, plaintiffs withdrew their claim of breach of express warranty, and only the negligence and implied warranty counts went to the jury.
[2] Except as hereafter noted, all equipment involved was owned by Austin's Painters, plaintiff's employer.
[3] Although Howard Antcliff appeared at trial and answered a few questions by means of pointing at the desired answer, he was not sworn as a witness. Plaintiff could neither speak nor hear at the time of trial.
[4] The wreckage lay parallel to a wall extending out at right angles from the south face of the building (on which the scaffold had been hung) immediately west of the west outrigger.
[5] According to a catalogue offered into evidence by plaintiffs, Spider itself offers no fewer than nine different devices which may be used to suspend the ST-18, depending upon the situation in which the staging is used. Special devices exist, for example, which attach to the support beams of a building to permit the ST-18 to be used in factories, etc.
[6] Although plaintiffs sought to establish at trial that construction safety codes prohibited the use of wooden outriggers, such codes apply to contractors, not necessarily to equipment manufacturers. Cf. Blanchard v Monical Machinery Co, 84 Mich. App. 279; 269 NW2d 564 (1978). Moreover, even if use of wooden outriggers is improper, their use in conjunction with an otherwise defect-free ST-18 would not create a defect in the ST-18. The defect, if any, would be in the outriggers.
[7] The trial court instructed the jury, with regard to duty to warn, as follows:
"I instruct you that if you find that the defendant, Spider, knew or should have known that the ST-18 powered suspension staging did not, in fact, level wind the wire rope in all instances which could result in an uneven wire rope buildup, which in turn could cause its product to have a sudden dropping and jerking propensity then you may find the defendant was negligent in failing to advise and warn the users of this propensity.
"I further instruct you that if you find that the defendant, Spider, knew or should have known that the effects of the dropping and jerking could result in a failure of the system to meet the four-to-one safety factor because of additional stress placed on overhead units then you may find the defendant was negligent in failing to warn against using inadequate or improper overhead units.
"If you find from the evidence that the defendant, Spider, knew or should have known based upon the state of the art that construction materials should never be used as part of the overhead support system, you may find the defendant negligent in failing to warn its users not to use construction-type materials in suspending its product.
"If you find that the defendant knew or should have known based upon the state of the art that tie-backs should have been used as a fail-safe system which could have supported the staging in the air in the event an outrigger failed, you may find defendant was negligent in failing to warn users that tie-backs should be used as part of their overhead support system.
"I have instructed you regarding the duty of the defendant, Spider, to warn of the danger of not using adequate rigging to suspend the ST-18s and platform. In this regard, I instruct you further that the defendant, Spider, does not have a duty to warn against use of its scaffolding with inadequate outriggers and/or using its scaffolding without tie-backs if you find from the evidence that the danger of not suspending the ST-18s and platform with an adequate supporting system or rigging was obvious or known to the user.
"If you find from the evidence that the defendant knew or should have known that its product was being used with wooden outriggers, and that it knew or should have known that its product and the entire scaffolding system was likely to be tested by persons jumping upon the platform, and knew or should have known that such testing could weaken wooden outriggers, then you may find that the defendant was negligent in failing to warn against such type of testing when its product was used in conjunction with wooden outriggers.
"Although, if you find plaintiff was aware of the danger, awareness alone would not preclude you from finding the defendant liable for negligence. A danger may be obvious but not appreciated. Even where a danger is appreciated, circumstances may cause it to be forgotten. Where a person must work in a place of possible danger, the care which he is bound to exercise for his own safety may well be less than is normally required due to the necessity of giving attention to his work."
[8] Furthermore, the record does not support plaintiffs' claim that the level wind system was in fact a "safety device" or was so presented at the trial. The fact that the mechanism which controlled the rope may have incorporated some safety features does not bring it within the rule of Tulkku, supra.
