Anh Van Dang v. Gilbert (In re Anh Van Dang)Anh Van Dang v. Gilbert (In re Anh Van Dang)
MEMORANDUM AND OPINION
The bankruptcy debtors in this consolidated action, Anh Van Dang and Hong Bich Chau, appeal from the bankruptcy court’s grant of summary judgment. Trevor and Jorja Gilbert, the plaintiffs in the adversary proceedings, had sued Dang and Chau in state court, alleging'fraud and unconscionable conduct in the debtors’ sale of a house to the Gilberts. The jury awarded the Gilberts over $1.5 million, and Dang and Chau filed separate chapter 7 cases. The Gilberts brought adversary actions to declare the judgment nondischargeable under 11 U.S.C. • §§ 523(a)(2)(A) and (a)(6). The bankruptcy court granted the Gil-berts’ motion for summary judgment, finding the total damages award nondischargeable under § 523(a)(2)(A).
Dang and Chau raise one issue on appeal: whether the bankruptcy court properly granted summary judgment by giving preclusive effect to the state-court judgment on the nondischargeability of the judgment debt.
I. Background
On October 2, 2009, the- Gilberts bought a house in Houston from Dang and Chau, who were living together on the property. The Gilberts paid $145,000. (Adv. No. 15-3088, Docket Entry No. 11, Ex. B, at- 2). On September 17, 2011, the Gilberts sued Dang and Chau in state court for failing to disclose significant water and mold damage. The Gilberts presented evidence that Dang and Chau had made four separate insurance claims for burst pipes in 2009 and had received $54,000 from their insurer. The Gilberts alleged that Dang and Chau spént none of the money on repairs and’ disclosed none of the damage at the time of the sale. (Id, at 2-3).
Dang and Chau demandéd a jury. After a week-long trial, the jury awarded the
The jury returned its verdict in November 2014. In December, before the state court entered final judgment, Dang and Chau filed separate chapter 7 cases. (Adv. No. 15-3088, Docket Entry No. 15 at 7). The Gilberts filed their adversary actions against Dang and Chau in March 2015, seeking a judgment declaring the state-court judgment debt nondischargeable under 11 U.S.C. §§ 523(a)(2)(A) and (a)(6). (Id.). Over Dang and Chau’s objections, the bankruptcy court lifted the stay in both cases to allow for the entry of the final state-court judgment. That occurred on July 16, 2015. (Id.). The Gilberts moved for summary judgment in August 2015, arguing that the state-court judgment was preclusive and required the bankruptcy court to find that the judgment debt resulted from fraud and was nondischargeable. (Id. at 7-8). The bankruptcy court denied summary judgment on the § 523(a)(6) issue of wilful and malicious conduct but granted it on the § 523(a)(2)(A) issue of false pretenses and fraud. (Id. at 26-27). Dang and Chau appealed.
II. The Legal Standards for Review and Nondischargeability
“[Tjraditional appellate standards” apply to a district court’s review on an appeal from a bankruptcy court’s judgment or order under 28 U.S.C. § 158(a). Stern v. Marshall,
A bankruptcy discharge is intended to provide a debtor with a fresh start “unhampered by the pressure and discouragement of existing debt.” Grogan v. Garner,
The Fifth Circuit applies “different, but somewhat overlapping, elements of proof for § 523(a)(2)(A) actual fraud, as opposed to false pretenses/representation.” In re Mercer,
Issue preclusion, or collateral es-toppel, applies to nondischargeability findings under § 523(a). Grogan,
In analyzing the second prong, whether the facts were essential to the judgment, Texas follows the Restatement (Second) op Judgments § 27 comment L, which states that “[i]f a judgment of a court of first instance is based on determinations of two issues, either of which standing independently would be sufficient to support the result, the judgment is not conclusive with respect to either issue standing alone.” Eagle Properties, Ltd. v. Scharbauer,
III. Analysis
The jury in the state-court litigation answered the following specific questions in its verdict:
• Question 1 asked if Dang and Chau engaged in any “false, misleading, or deceptive act or practice.” The jury answered “Yes” as to both Dang and Chau.
• Question 2 asked if Dang and Chau engaged in any “unconscionable action.” The jury answered ‘Tes” as to both Dang and Chau.
• Question 3 asked if any person who engaged “in the conduct that you found in response to Question Nos. 1 or 2, above,” did so “knowingly or intentionally.” The jury answered ‘Tes” as to both Dang and Chau and as to both “knowingly” and “intentionally.”
• Question 4 asked if Dang and Chau . committed fraud. The jury answered ‘Tes” as to both Dang and Chau.
• Question 5 asked if Dang and Chau committed statutory fraud, which lacked an element of knowing or reckless disregard of falsity listed for fraud in Question 4. The jury answered ‘Tes” as to both Dang and Chau.
• Question 7 asked “[w]hat sum of money, if any, if paid now in cash, would fairly and reasonably compensate Trevor and Jorja Gilbert for their damages” if “your answer to Question Nos. 1, -2, 4, or 5 was Tes’ for any party.” The jury answered with the damages verdict detailed above.
(Adv. No. 15-3088, Docket Entry No. 11, Ex. C).
As the bankruptcy court correctly noted, unconscionable conduct under the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act, Tex. Bus. & Com. Code § 17.50(a)(3), does not necessarily satisfy the elements of 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A), because “[ijntent to deceive the consumer is not required in order to maintain a cause of action for unconscionable conduct.” In re Bairrington,
Dang and Chau argue that statutory fraud, Tex.-Bus-, & Com. Code § 27.01, is another basis for the jury award that makes the damages dischargeable. (Docket Entry Nos. 7, 9). The bankruptcy court did not explain why the damages for statutory fraud under § 27.01, covered in Questions 5 and 10, would be. nondischargeable. The court apparently treated Texas statutory fraud and common-law fraud in the same way. (See Adv. No. 15-3088, Docket Entry No. 15 at 23 n,7) (noting that the jury found that Dang and Chau “committed fraud in their answers to Question No. 4 and Question No. 5”). Under Texas’s DTPA § 27.01, a plaintiff need not establish the defendant’s actual awareness of the falsity of the representations if he seeks only actual damages, not exemplary damages. In re Enron Corp. Sec., Derivative & ERISA Litig.,
The jury returned a conjunctive award based on both dischargeable and nondis-chargeable damages. Unconscionable conduct without a specific finding of knowledge or intent and statutory fraud without a specific finding of actual awareness do not satisfy 11 U.S.C. § 523(a) and are dis-chargeable in a bankruptcy proceeding. Common-law fraud and fraudulent nondisclosure under the DTPA § 17.46 do satisfy the elements of § 523(a) and cannot be discharged. Recognizing this, the bankruptcy court reasoned that “the alternative determinations present in the jury charge and the Final Judgment would prevent the application of collateral estoppel to this dischargeability dispute pending before this Court.” (Adv. No. 15-3088, Docket Entry No. 15 at 20). The bankruptcy court nevertheless applied collateral estoppel and set out three reasons for holding that all the damages awarded in the state-court judgment were nondischargeable.
The bankruptcy court first reasoned that “the Final Judgment is quite specific. While it incorporates all of the jury findings by reference, it explicitly states that the Debtors are liable for ‘knowing and intentional violations of the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act_’ This lan
Second, citing Eagle Properties,
Third, the bankruptcy court applied collateral estoppel for reasons of fairness and administrability. Dang and Chau, the court reasoned, fully and fairly litigated their liability for knowingly misrepresenting the house’s condition. (Id, at 22). (“To hold a trial in this Court would be giving the Debtors the classic ‘second bite of the apple.’ ”). They — not the- Gilberts — demanded the jury that awarded the exemplary damages. (Id. at 21). The bankruptcy court “believe[d] that it would be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to find that a portion of the Final Judgment is due to unconscionable actions and a portion of the Final Judgment is due to fraudulent conduct.” (Id. at 23). The bankruptcy court distinguished the alternative-judgment cases in this circuit on the basis that they involved alternatives less intertwined than those involved in this case. Schwager, for instance, involved a judgment of defalcation with an alternative finding of breach of a partnership agreement, “whereas fraudulent behavior and unconscionable behavior are tied to the hip and cannot be easily separated.” (Id. at 24) (citing In re Schwager,
These arguments do not move this case beyond the clear rule in Schwager that a conjunctive award is not preclusive as to any independent basis for the award standing alone.
This court differs from the bankruptcy-court’s analysis in a critical area. Based on the record and applicable law, the bankruptcy court should not have relied on the conclusory statement in the state court’s final judgment that Dang and Chau committed “knowing and intentional violations of the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act” to determine that the entire judgment debt was nondischargeable. (Adv. No. 15-3088, Docket Entry No. 11, Ex. D). The final judgment included no specific findings of knowledge or intent and did not cite the DTPA provisions the defendants violated. See id. Looking beyond the judgment to the jury instructions makes the nature of the award clear. Question 7 asked the jury to award damages for the combination of false pretenses, unconscionable conduct, actual fraud, and statutory fraud, without a specific finding of actual awareness of statutory fraud. Two bases of the award exempt damages from discharge, and two do not. The bankruptcy court had to review the rest of the eviden-tiary record or to hold an evidentiary hearing on the issues of causation and apportionment (if any) of the damages. See Schwager,
The conjunctive jury findings make the “rigorously considered” exception of Eagle Properties inapplicable. In the judgment in FDIC v. Eagle, the state court issued a detailed and reasoned opinion finding that certain parties did not fraudulently induce Eagle to enter the transaction at issue. The state court noted that even if fraudulent inducement had been present, the FDIC’s lack of knowledge of the fraud would prevent recovery. The Texas Supreme Court ruled that giving preclusive effect to the fraudulent inducement claim in a subsequent case was appropriate.
Eagles Properties concerned alternative reasons to dismiss a claim, not a conjunctive damages award.
The bankruptcy court’s careful work to distinguish Schwager is ultimately not persuasive. Schwager, the bankruptcy court wrote, “involved only two alternate findings,” while this case “contains three subquestions, all of which would lead to nondischargeability — versus only a single question outside the realm of § 523.” (Adv.
Finally, although this court acknowledges the difficulty of apportioning a jury’s damages award, the task is not so difficult to require setting aside the Schwager rule. At least in this case, certain clear lines can be drawn. A plaintiff need not prove a knowing or intentional violation of § 17.50(a)(3) (unconscionable conduct) or § 27.01 (statutory fraud), so long as the plaintiff seeks only actual rather than exemplary damages. In re Enron,
The redetermination need not be burdensome. It does not allow the debtors, or the bankruptcy court, to relitigate the state-court case from the beginning. Even though the final judgment cannot support the issue preclusion the Gilberts seek, the preclusion rules continue to apply to the matters litigated in the state-court action. Indeed, much of the work involved to determine nondischargeability has already been done in the bankruptcy court’s opinion on summary judgment. But rather than giving preclusive effect to the jury findings, the court must make “specific, independent factual findings,” most of which are likely to be in the record from the state-court action. In re Schwager,
IV. Conclusion
The bankruptcy court’s order of October 30, 2015, is reversed. The case is remanded to the bankruptcy court to make specific factual findings on causation and any apportionment of dischargeable actual damages awarded by the state jury.
Notes
. Dang and Chau initially identified four issues on appeal:
a. Whether the bankruptcy court erred in granting summary judgment on the findings of the jury in the state court.
b. Whether the bankruptcy court erred in applying In re Schwager,121 F.3d 177 (5th Cir, 1997), in finding the debt was not discharged under 11 U.S.C. § 523.
c. Whether the bankruptcy court erred in considering the judgment of a nonbank-ruptcy court issued after the debtors’ bankruptcy court filing when granting summary judgment that the debt was not discharged.
d.Whether the bankruptcy court had exclusive jurisdiction over 11 U.S.C. § 523 after the bankruptcy case was filed.
(Adv. No. 15-3088, Docket Entry No, 24; Adv, No. 15-3089, Docket Entry No. 27).
The first two issues are identical. The propriety of granting summary judgment turns on Schwager’s application to preclusion. The other two issues are waived because they were not raised in the bankruptcy court and cannot be raised for the first time on appeal of that court’s summary judgment, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 56, and because they were not briefed, (See Docket Entry Nos. 7, 9).
. At the same time, Dang and Chau’s reliance on Eagle Properties does not support their argument. Eagle Properties noted that the Fifth Circuit applies the Restatement’s alternative basis rule against preclusion in the context of "offensive collateral estoppel.” The court in Eagle Properties permitted preclusion under the Fifth Circuit rule in part because the preclusion was asserted defensively.