109 Pa. 271 | Pa. | 1885
delivered the opinion of the court,
This action was commenced before a justice of the peace. It resulted in a judgment in favor of the plaintiff for $16.50. The defendant entered an appeal to the Common Pleas. After a trial, consuming nearly an entire day in that court, there was a verdict for the defendant. The plaintiff brings it here upon a writ of error. It may be, the parties regard litigation as a luxury. Be that as it may they have a legal right to come here, and we will dispose of the case with as much care as if it involved a large amount as well as a great principle.
The plaintiff was the owner of a farm; the defendant was his tenant. When the latter moved upon the demised premises he brought with him two loads of hay and a quantity qf cornstalks.. At the end of the term he took away about the same quantity of each. This was authorized by the terms of the lease, and is not the subject of the present contention. The dispute is about a small quantity of hay and cornstalks which belonged to the landlord and which the tenant found on the premises when he moved there. This hay and cornstalks the tenant fed to his cattle and refused either to compensate' the landlord therefor, or to leave a corresponding amount when he moved off;hence this suit.
The lease is silent upon this matter. Upon the trial below the landlord testified that he gave the tenant permission to use the hay and cornstalks in question provided he left the same amount when he moved. He said in the course of his examination: “ When he (the defendant) had signed the lease, and the witness John Hartzell had signed the lease, then Hummel got up and said “ Now, Mr. Anewalt, I must go; how is it about the hay and cornstalks ? ” and I says, “You can have what is left, but you must leave the same
The defendant when upon the stand denied this and said that “there was nothing said about the fodder or abont the hay; ” but that there was a custom amongst farmers in that neighborhood, by virtue of which he was entitled to use this hay and the cornstalks without making compensation or leaving an equal quantity in place thereof. He called several witnesses to prove such custom, and the admission of this evidence and the rulings of the court thereon form the subject of the several assignments of error.
The first four assignments are not of much importance. They relate to the admission of-evidence in proof of the alleged custom; but the custom itself is so obscurely stated in the questions, and the answers are so vague, that no harm, could have resulted under proper instructions from the court. One witness said: “well, what they bring there they ought to take away again, that is the custom; ” another witness said “ of course he would take away as much as he put there.” Daniel Fogle, another witness for the defendant, went a little further, and said: “ Well, if it is on the premises, on the farm or in the barn, it is the custom and practice for them to use the fodder; that is the custom and practice in that neighborhood — to feed what remains upon the farm and has not been taken away.” The knowledge of this witness appears to have been eon fined to himself and a neighbor named Desh, both of whom allowed their tenants this privilege, and in the opinion of the witness that made the custom and practice. The testimony of Isaac Nesley was substantially to the same effect. He did not however name any other farmer who followed such a custom.
The plaintiff called two witnesses who denied there was-ail}'- such custom in that neighborhood.
The learned court submitted the question of this custom to the jury, and instructed them that if they found it really existed, “ then I say to you that the law presumes that the parties made their contract in subjection to that custom and the custom itself would enter into the contract as much as if it liad been expressly included in it;.....then so far as that branch of the case of the plaintiff is concerned he would have failed in making out a case entitling him to recover.” See fifth assignment.
This was error. The evidence of the custom was too weak and inconclusive to submit to tlie jury. The most that it amounted to was the practice of a very limited number of farmers in dealing with their own tenants, while there were other farmers in the same neighborhood who had never heard
Moreover, had the proof been clear, it was a bad custom. It was so wholly unreasonable that it could not be set up as a defence. It was a custom that the tenant may use the property of his landlord without making compensation. The tenant might with equal propriety have set up a custom that his landlord should pay his debts or give him his share of the crops. It is a familiar rule of law that a custom to be valid must be reasonable. We are of opinion that the learned judge erred both in the admission of the evidence and in his instructions to the jury.
We sustain all of the assignments of error.
Judgment reversed, and a venire facias de novo awarded.
