Upon an information filed on April 5, 1919, charging the commission of the offense on October 26, 1918, the plaintiff in error, F. E. Anderson, was convicted of the crime of obtaining property by false pretense, under a statute defining the crime as follows: “If any person or persons shall knowingly and designedly, b}^ false pretense or pre
Several questions are presented upon exceptions relating to the sufficiency of the information and its effect as charging one or several false pretenses. Omitting such parts of the information as are not material in considering such questions, it alleges: That F. E. Anderson * * * on the 26th day of October, 1918 * *.* with intent then and there to defraud another, towit: G. S. Williams, did then and there feloniously, knowingly, designedly, and by false pretenses pretend and represent to him, the said G. S. Williams, that the Plymouth Securities Company, of which he, the said F. E. Anderson, was president, owned a controlling interest in the Glendo State Bank; That one Harry Devine was putting a deal through for the Plymouth Securities Company to get control of the Glenrock State Bank; That said Plymouth Securities Company was operating a chain of banks in the State of Montana and that from this chain of banks the said Company had earned sufficient profits to declare a twenty per cent dividend, and that the money hаd already been set aside for the payment of said dividend; That the following named persons, to-wit: Dr. Leeper, Dr. Lathrope, and Ex-Governor Brooks, were stock-holders in said company; That the
The sufficiency of the facts stated in the information to constitute an offense was challenged in the district court only by a motion for arrest of judgment, and the only
It is contended that the check and note should have been set out in haec verba, in the absence of a statement of facts showing a sufficient reason for not doing so, and the case of Bonnell v. State,
In State v. Carter,
And it is declared by statute in this state that it shall be sufficient in a ease of this kind to describe the instrument “by any name or designation by which the same may be-usually known, or by the purport thereof. ’ ’ Comp. Stat. 1920, § 7467; Comp. Stat. 1910, § 6170. Under such a statute, however, it may be necessary that the purport or other proper designation of the instrument shall be so given “that there may be no mistaking as to .the identification of the instrument described with that produced in evidence. ” 11 R. C. L. 860, 861.
The check seems to have been fully described except as to the bank upоn which it was drawn, and perhaps the person by whom it was signed. But since the words “the' cheek, draft, and bill of exchange of the said G. S. Williams, ’ ’ are followed by the words " of the personal property of the said G. S. Williams ’ ’ it seems evident that the former words were used in the sense that the check was drawn and signed by the person named, for the only other meaning it could have would be that the check belonged to him or was his property, and if taken in that sense it would state merely what is expressly stated in the words that immediately follow. And so, in the ease of the note it is alleged to be “the promissory note of the said G. S. Williams * * * of the personal property of the said G. S. Williams” seeming to indicate like the cheek, first, that the note was made and executed by him, and, second, as expressly, that it was his property. The date and amount of the note is also alleged, but the date of maturity is omitted, and the name of the person, if any, to whom it was made payable. Although the description of the check does not state in so many words that it was made -рayable to the defendant, the averment is that the prosecutor did pay and deliver to the defendant the sum of $100 of the check” etc./ which would seem to indicate a cheek collectible by defendant. But that feature of the
We are-satisfied, however, that upon the principle above stated, and under the provision aforesaid of our statute, the descriptions must be held sufficient, at least as against a motion for arrest of judgment. If the particulars omitted «from the description of the check or note might be held of sufficient importance for the purpose of identification, or for any other purpose, the defect would be one of form only or in the manner in which the offense is charged, to be objected to by a motion to quash. Comp. Stat. 1920, § 7843, Comp. Stat. 1910, § 6186. Such defeсts, if not excepted to by a motion to quash, are deemed to be waived by demurring to the indictment or pleading in bar, or not guilty. Comp. Stat. 1920, § 7487, Comj?. Stat. 1910, § 6190. Wilbur v. Territory,
The information sufficiently alleges that Williams was defrauded, assuming an averment to that effect to be necessary. It alleges that the said Williams, believing and relying upon the alleged false pretenses, delivered to the defendant the check and note aforesaid, the property of
‘ ‘ The criticism made on the information is that it is not therein alleged that the complaining witness was injured or damaged by the false pretenses of the defendant. So it is not in as many words, but it is averred, in substance, that, by means of. the false representations, the prosecuting witness was induced to and did part with property of the value of $235. Certainly this amounts to a charge of actual injury and damage, if it were essential that the information should contain such an averment. The obtaining of the property by means of false pretenses constituted the offense. It was unnecessary that the information should allege that the defendant did not pay for the horses at the time agreed upon, nor that he did not pay Craig. The crime, if it ever existed, was complete when the property was fraudulently obtained.” West v. State,
In Kentucky it is said that it is not necessary that an indictment, for false pretenses shall charge that the person to whom the false pretenses were made sustained any loss; that when the owner is induced to ,and does, part with his property by reason of the false pretense, the offense in this particular is completed, and it is wholly immaterial whether he actually or ultimately suffers a loss or not. Commonwealth v. Ferguson,
While in some of the approved forms of indictments for false pretenses found in the boohs a distinct averment that the party to whom the pretenses were made was thereby defrauded, in others the fact is not specifically stated, but rests upon the averments tha-t the accused had obtained property of and from the party to whom the false pretenses were made. See Joyce on Indictments, pp. 618-621; Gillett on Cr. L. § 217 ; 8 Ency. Forms, pp. 558-566. It is true that the party from whom the property was obtained must be actually defrauded by means of the alleged false pretense or pretenses to make the crime complete, as stated in Martins v. State,
The .objection to the information above mentioned as a
“The defendant in all criminal cases, in all courts in this state, may^ be sworn and examined as a witness, if he so elect, but shall not be required to testify in any case. If the defendant so elect, he may make a statement to the jury without being sworn, but the neglect or refusal to make a statement shall not create any presumption against him, nor shall any reference be made to, nor shall any comment be made upon, such neglect or refusal.” Comp. Stat. 1920, § 7507; Comp. Stat. 1910, § 6210.
The bill of exceptions recites that in the opening address of the prosecuting attorney to the jury he used these words: “The defendant in this ease, Mr. Anderson, has submitted himself to the court, not strictly as a witness, because he was not sworn.” Also: -“He submitted him"self to this court not as a witness, but he has gone on the stand and made a statement, not under oath, in which he makes certain statements.” And that the prosecuting attorney ixsed the following words in his closing address to the jury: “This man, by going on the stand without taking an oath, excluding the prosecuting attorney from cross-examination, ” * * * "But had he gone on the stand and taken the oath”. The bill also recites that to each of said comments on the fact that defendant was not sworn as a witness the defendant objected at the time and asked the court to restrain the prosecution from commenting on said fact, that the objections and-requests were each overruled, and in each instance the defendant excepted. The bill also recites that defendant excepted io the following instructions:
“You are instructed that under the laws of this state the defendant is not required to testify, but he may testify if he desires, or he may make a statement to the jury without being sworn. Tf the defendant elects to be sworn and
It is сontended that the remarks and instruction quoted were improper and in violation of the statute and defendant’s right to elect not to testify upon oath as a witness. And we think that by said remarks and instruction the prosecuting attorney and the court did respectively refer to and comment upon the failure of the defendant to be sworn and examined as a witness, and that it was improper. The provision of the statute that the neglect or refusal to make a statement shall not create any presumption against the defendant, and that no reference to or comment upon “such neglect or refusal” shall be made, must we think, be understood and construed, having in mind the purpose of the statute and of such prohibitory provision, as forbidding as well any reference to or comment upon the neglect or refusal to be sworn and examined as a witness. And that would prevent any such reference or comment where the defendant has elected to make an unsworn statement as well as where he has elected to remain silent. The statute was so construed in Leslie v. State,
The provisions of our statute are peculiar to this state in the respect that they permit an election to be sworn and examined as a witness or to make a statement without being sworn. In England, and in the several other jurisdictions of this country where the common law incompetency of an accused as .a witness in his own behalf has been abolished by statute permitting him to testify at his own election or request, he must either testify as a witness on oath or remain silent; and such disqualification has been so removed in England and in this country, except in the State of Georgia where the statute permits only the making of a statement not on oath. (1 Wharton’s Cr. Ev. 10th Ed. §§ 427, 428; 1 Wigmore on Ev. § 579; 2 id. § 892, note 1; 30 Am. & Eng. Ency. L. 2nd Ed. 916, 980.) The purpose of such statutes is to give the accused “the fullest opportunity to testify, but permitting no inference whаtever to be drawn from his silence; the statutes confer a privilege, but do not impose an obligation; hence, while he is rendered competent, he cannot be compelled, in any criminal case, to become a witness against himself.” (1 Wharton’s Cr. Ev. § 428.) If our statute should be construed as not forbidding comments upon a failure of an accused to be sworn as a witness the provision permitting him to be sworn, which was intended as a privilege to be availed of or not' at his election, would tend to operate as a penalty whenever de
Our statute was not originally in the form above quoted. As enacted, in 1869, (Comp. L. 1876, Ch. XIV, §§ 128 and 129), it provided that the person charged shall, at his own request but not otherwise, be allowed to make his statement, “nor shall the neglect or the refusal to make a statement create any presumption against him, nor shall any reference be made to, nor any comment upon, such neglect or refusal. ’ ’ Thus the law remained until 1877, when, by an аct approved December 6, 1877, it was provided: “Section i. The défendant in all, criminal cases, in all the courts in this territory, may be sworn and examined as a witness, if he so elect, but shall not be required to testify in any case. Sec. 2. If the defendant so elect, he may make a statement to the jury without being sworn. Sec. 3. All acts and parts of acts inconsistent herewith are hereby repealed.” (Laws 1877, p. 25.) The provisions of the old and new statute were wisely placed in a single section of the Revision of 1887, reading as above quoted. The only substantial change in the legislation was the added privilege of electing to testify as a witness on oath, protected by the provision that such testimony shall not be required in any ease. As the restrictive provisions of the former statute were not repealed they became applicable, we think, to a failure of the accused to avail himself of either privilege. And we think it necessary to so construe the statute to avoid defeating its purpose and to preserve thе constitutional right of the defendant to decline to testify against himself, especially as such restrictions would be implied for the reasons stated, if omitted from the statute.
Without an express statutory prohibition of unfavorable references to or comments upon a failure to testify, it is generally held that they would be improper under the provision permitting the defendant to be sworn and examined as a witness only at his own request or if he so elect, and for the reason, mainly, that they disregard the presumption of
“By our system of jurisprudence, the government has no right to interrogate a person accused of crime, or to compel him to testify, but must sustain its charge by independent-evidence. The accused has the right to simply deny his guilt, and to rely upon the legal presumption of his innocence until he is proved to be guilty. In accordance with this ancient rule of the common law, the- Constitution of the Commonwealth declares that no subject shall be compelled to accuse or furnish evidence against himself. The statutes allowing persons charged with the commission of crimes or offenses to testify in their own behalf were passed for their benefit and protection, and clearly recognizes their constitutional privilege, by providing that their neglect or refusal to testify shall not create any presumption against them. * * * And this court has decided that such silence cannot be taken into consideration by the jury in determining whether a defendant is or is not guilty, and that an equivocal instruction upon this matter entitles the defendant to a new trial; Chief Justice Chapman saying: ‘ It is important that courts should carefully guard Ms constitutional right.’ (Commonwealth v. Harlow,
The Act of Congress on this subject also declares that the defendant’s failure to request to be a witness “shall not
Under a like statute in New York, comments upon a failure to testify are held improper, and it was said, in Ruloff v. People,
In Georgia, the only state other than Wyoming, as we understand, where a statutory provision still remains, permitting a defendant in a criminal case to make a statement without being sworn, and the only state having no statute permitting the defendant to testify upon o.ath, the-statute does not provide that the failure to make a statement shall not create any presumption against the defendant, nor that no comment shall be made upon such failure, but it provides that the prisoner shall have the right to make such statement in the case as he may deem proper in his defense, that it shall not be under oath, and shall have such force only as the jury may think right to give it, that they may believe it in preference to the sworn testimony in the case, and that the prisoner shall not be compelled to answer any questions on cross-examination, should he think proper to decline to answer.
Applying that statute, it is held in Georgia substantially that no comment should be made upon the fact of the failure of a defendant to make a statement. (Bird v.
Considering alone that part of our statute which permits the defendant to elect to be sworn and examined as a witness, it provides also that he shall not be required to testify in any case; and that was clearly intended to protect
If it may be assumed that the prosecuting attorney in his argument to the jury and the court by an instruction might properly have stated that the defendant’s statement was not on oath and that he was not subject to cross-examination thereon, and that it would be possible to do so without calling attention to his failure to testify on oath, the remarks and the instruction above quoted clearly went beyond that. The prosecuting attorney said to the jury that the defendant had submitted himself to the court, not strictly as a witness because he was not sworn, which is the same as saying that he was not sworn as a witness. And he further said: “this man by going on the stand without taking an oath * * * but had be gone on the stand and taken an oath”; thus indicating that he might have gone on the stand and taken an oath as a witness, and had failed to do so. Such remarks not only tended to discredit the statement because not on oath, but to cast suspicion upon him, and cause an unfavorable inference to be drawn from the fact that he had not offered himself as a sworn witness; and to that extent tended to withdraw from the jury, or lessen the effect, of the presumption of innocence to which he was entitled in the consideration of the evidence. And the same is true of the instruction aforesaid, especially those parts declaring that the defendant is not required to testify but may do so if he desires, that if he elects to be sworn and testify in his own behalf he may be cross-examined and is sub
At the conclusion of the evidence for the prosecution the defendant offered only his own statement and with that rested his ease. Thereupon one Backland was offered as a witness by the prosecution and over repeated objections, which were overruled, he was permitted to testify that as deputy warden of the State Prison of Minnesota he had seen the defendant in that institution as a prisoner. Exceptions were taken to the rulings upon said objections and were duly preserved and are duly presented here. The-objections were that the testimony was incompetent and irrelevant and did not tend to prove or disprove any issue in the case. Motions were also made to strike out the several answers of the witness stating said facts, and they were overruled and exceptions taken, and those exceptions duly preserved are presented here with the others relating to said testimony. It was error to admit that evidence for at least two reasons. First, the defendant’s character had not been put in issue, and his statement was not impeachable. It might be contradicted by other witnesses as to facts narrated by him under and subject to the rules applicable to the contradiction of testimony of witnesses for the defense, but is not open to impeachment either as to his veracity, or
The Michigan statute expressly permitted cross-examination upon the statement, and in a learned discussion of the nature of such a statement it was said by Mr. Justice Campbell in People v. Thomas, supra: “I think the statute of 1861, when it permits a statement to be made, is best reconciled with the Constitution by construing such a statement to be a narrative of such facts as a prisoner may see fit to state. A cross-examination on such a statement would not, therefore, be allowed to go beyond it. It could not properly extend over the entire issue, as it might if he were a general witness, neither could it go into any of the collateral inquiries whereby a witness’ credit or memory is sometimes tested.” And it was later held, in Gale v. People, supra, the opinion being delivered by Judge Cooley, that it was error to permit the defendant when making his statement to be asked by the prosecution whether he had not at one time been arrested on a charge of murder, and at others also been arrested, and at others still been put in jail; and that the error was not cured by the court informing him that it was his privilege to answer or to decline to answer, just as he saw fit. And the rule above quoted from People v. Thomas forbidding the testing of the credit or memory of the defendant by collateral inquiries such as allowed in ease of a general witness was again stated.
Under the Alabama statute cross-examination was not allowed, and it was held in Chappell v. State, supra, that the defendant ‘‘ can not be impeached, as witnesses are, ny proof of bad character, by cross-examination, nor by any other proof of extrinsic facts, introduced for such purposes.’’ The Georgia case of Doyle v. State, supra, is to the
The second reason is that the evidence was inadmissible .for the reason that it would not have been competent even if the defendant had testified as a' witness on oath, and assuming that impeachment of a witness by independent proof of general bad character or previous conviction of crime is allowable. We do not recall any decision of this court determining the latter question. It was referred to in Eads v. State,
The rule requiring record proof to discredit a witnеss when the fact is sought to be shown by independent evidence is the natural and reasonable outgrowth of the rule which required such proof to show the ineompeteney of a witness at common law upon an objection that he had been convicted of an infamous offense. The principle is so well stated and explained in the Illinois case of Bartholomew v. People, supra, where the facts were similar to those in this case, but much stronger, that we will conclude the discussion of the' question by quoting at some length from the opinion in that case. The defendant in that case was sworn and examined as a witness, and denied repeatedly that he had been confined in the penitentiary. The prosecution, afterwards, introduced as a witness the receiving and discharging clerk of the penitentiary at Joliet, whom the court permitted to testify over defendant’s objection, that he had seen the defendant in said penitentiary, suffering punishment as a convict under two different judgments of conviction ; and the "witness "was allоwed to produce and read, over
“At common law, conviction of an infamous offense excluded the party from being a witness, but now he may testify notwithstanding such conviction, — i. e., of an infamous offence; but (by statute) the fact of such conviction — i. e., of an infamous offence — may be shown for the purpose of affecting his credibility. It could not have been'designed to have allowed proof of a conviction for an offence, not legally presumed to affect his credibility, to be given in evidence. It is to be noted, it is the conviction, not the punishment, for the offence, that may be shown, for the purpose of affecting credibility, — and this was the proof required at common law to exclude the witness: ‘It is,’ says Green-leaf’s Evidence, Sec. 375, ‘the judgment, and that only, which is received as the legal and conclusive evidence of the party’s guilt, for the purpose of rendering him incompetent to testify. * * * And the judgment itself, when offered against his admissibility, can be proved only by the record, or, in proper eases, by an authenticated copy, which the objector must offer and produce at the time when the witness is about to be sworn, or at farthest in the course of the trial.’ * * * The statute only requires a certified copy of the judgment — not a copy of the record of conviction, — to be delivered to the sheriff or other proper officer of the county, as his authority for taking a convict and delivering him to the warden of the penitentiary. This is not made evidence оf the conviction of the defendant generally, but is simply designed as a protection to the officers receiv
Exception was taken to a remark of the court when the defendant was making his statement. The defendant had related what he claimed to be the facts of the transaction between Williams and himself, without admitting any of the alleged false pretenses, but denying them either substantially or directly, and wаs proceeding to state what he did and was proposing to do upon hearing that- Williams had become dissatisfied with his purchase of the shares of stock aforesaid. He stated, in substance that he then attempted to see Williams to ascertain if he was dissatisfied, and failing in that, Mr. Phelps, his attorney in this case, wrote to Williams that if he wanted his money back from the company and his notes, to “kindly let us know and we will see that he gets it; ” that Williams did not reply, and he, the defendant, went several times to Glenroek to see him and he was not in, but finally saw him and asked him “what he wanted to do, if he wanted his money back from our company, we want to know about it, because we want to recall the stock then and return his notes and declare it off. ’ ’ At that point he was interrupted by the court saying to the jury:
“Gentlemen of the jury, any attempt on the part of the
It will be observed that the defendant referred in his statement, and the court in his remark, to the proposed return of “notes,” which may have included a note or notes passing between the parties in a previous transaction not involved in this case, for it appears from the testimony of Dr. Williams, the prosecuting witness, that in .June, preceding by several months the date of the transaction out of which this prosecution arose, he had purchased other shares in said company, and there is some intimation in his testimony that another prosecution was pending growing out of that transaction. That may not be material, and is here mentioned only as a possible explanation of a reference by the defendant and the court to “notes,” when but one note is charged or shown in this case to have been received by the defendant.
We think the court’s said remarks were improper and may have been prejudicial. The “matter” involved was the question of defendant’s guilt of the crime charged, and the remark that any attempt to settle “this matter” is no defense could only have been understood, if given any effect, as meaning that any attempt to settle the crime charged against him, or at least to avoid a prosecution for the crime, is no defense. However true that may be as a legal proposition it should not have been stated at the time the remark was made. Assuming that when charging the jury upon the law of the case the court might properly have instructed them to the effect that if they should find that the crime charged had been committed by defendant, any attempt thereafter to return the note and check or the money would not be a good defense, the remarks were not limited by telling the jury that it was for them to determine whether the crime charged had been committed. On the contrary, though we do not suppose it was so intended, they might be taken as an intimation that in the mind of the court the crime had been proven against the defendant and that his
As the ease must be remanded for a new trial for the errors above pointed out, we refrain from considering the question of the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the verdict or the other questions presented by the briefs not above considered. It would be improper to consider some of such questions and it is unnecessary to consider others based upon matters which may not occur upon another trial. The judgment will be reversed and the cause remanded for a new trial.