19 Wash. 575 | Wash. | 1898
The opinion of the court was delivered by
The respondent, a servant of the Inland Telephone & Telegraph Company, brought an action against the said telephone company and the Spokane Street Railway Company. The complaint alleges that at the time the accident occurred, the plaintiff was a lineman in the employ of the Inland Telephone & Telegraph Company; that the two defendants used in common a pole located on the corner of Olive and Hamilton streets, in the city of Spokane; that the telephone company used said pole for holding up telephone wires, and the street railway company had fastened to said pole a span wire or guy wire, which ran to the pole from the trolley wire used by the street railway company; that the plaintiff ascended said pole for the purpose of stringing a wire on the pole, and, while on the pole, came in contact with the span wire belonging to the street railway company, touched the same, received an electric shock, and fell to the ground, breaking his leg as a result of said fall; that the wire which plaintiff touched, which belonged to the street railway company, was not designed or intended to carry electricity, but was used as a support for the trolley wire used by said street railway company, but through the careless and negligent acts of the street railway company, said wire was at the time charged with a strong current of electricity, and was negligently left by the street railway company uninsulated,'
The contention of the respondent is that it is the duty of the master to furnish the employe with a safe place to work, and with safe and suitable machinery or appliances, and that this duty is a continuing one, which- is imposed upon the master during employment. There is no doubt that this proposition of law is a correct one, and it may be stated as a corollary to the proposition enunciated above, that the law charges the master with knowledge which he ought to have had; and it is settled law that he ought to know that which by the exercise of reasonable care he would have discovered. Also, it may be accepted as universally conceded law that the responsibility of the master cannot be transferred to another, and that when a duty is imposed upon him, and another is employed by him to perform that duty, the negligence of the agent will be imputed to the master. But this case must be considered with reference to another universally accepted proposition, viz., that, when a servant enters into an employment which is necessarily hazardous, he will be presumed to have assumed all the ordinary risks incident to such service; and the fact that the service is necessarily a dangerous one does not increase the master’s liability if the injury resulted from the natural and ordinary incidents of the undertaking, presuming, of course, that the servant is a person of mature years and common understanding. The trouble
It is contended by the respondent that the question of whether or not the respondent was an inspector is a question of fact, upon which the testimony is conflicting, and that, therefore, the verdict of the jury upon that proposition is binding upon the court. We think, in any event,
While there has been possibly some conflict in authority over cases which, in principle, were something like the case at bar, we think the great weight of authority sustains the view which we have taken. The first case cited by appellant — Flood v. Western Union Telegraph Co., 131 N. Y. 603 (30 N. E. 196) — was an action for the death of the servant while working as lineman on the telegraph pole, caused by leaning his weight on one of the cross-arms, so that it broke, causing him to fall. The court there decided that the defendant’s inspectors (and it seems conceded in that case that they had inspectors) were not required to climb each pole, and examine the arms; and the deceased knew this, having been employed by defendant for several years, part of the time as inspector, and the rest of the time as a lineman. The court, among other things, said:
“ The linemen all discharge their duties in the daytime.*582 They have frequent occasion to climb the poles, and work about the arms, and obviously they are the persons who are expected to see the condition of the arms, and, if they find them insufficient, to replace them, or to report the fact.”
And so in this case it was the linemen, and the linemen only, who were in the habit of climbing these poles; and under the undisputed testimony, there being no one else to inspect them, it was the duty of the linemen, before taking hold of the wire which might become dangerously charged with electricity, to test the same. So well understood are the general duties of a lineman, and the opportunities which he has for examining the poles and the instruments with which he works, that it was held in McGorty v. Southern New England Telephone Co., 69 Conn. 635 (38 Atl. 359; 61 Am. St. Rep. 62), that a lineman in the employ of the telephone company could not recover for an injury caused by a fall of a pole upon which he was at work, notwithstanding a prior statement by the foreman that he had been up the pole, and that it was safe, where plaintiff knew that it was the rule and custom for each lineman to test the pole for himself, and that suitable appliances were at hand for making such test, and for securing the pole in case the lineman doubted its safety. It seems to us that the circumstances of this case are parallel with the circumstances surrounding the case at bar, although there is an attempt by respondent in his brief to distinguish them. It was true that the trial court found in that case “ that it was the rule and custom, in this branch of the work, that ‘ each lineman should look out for his own safety in climbing poles ’ ”; but the undisputed testimony in this case is to the same effect. Bergin v. Telephone Co., 70 Conn. 54 (38 Atl. 888), was a case where a telephone company and an electric railroad
a Linemen are employed by the telephone company, among other things, for the purpose of doing work which is dangerous, by reason of the possible contact of the telephone wires with highly charged wires of the street railway or other companies. The linemen are to do their own testing in such work. The telephone company has no other men than the linemen to do the testing, as the linemen knew; and there was nothing to prevent Delaney [who was the plaintiff in the case] from testing the guy wire, and the linemen on this job were furnished with all the tools, appliances and wires with which to test wires of the electric street railway company.”
This case seems to us in principle to be almost parallel with the case at bar. It is insisted by the respondent that the first case cited (Flood v. Telegraph Co., supra) is inconsistent with the previous case in the same court (viz., Bushby v. New York, L. E. & W. R. R. Co., 107 N. Y. 374, 1 Am. St. Rep. 844, 14 N. E. 407), in which it was held that the defendant was liable to a brakeman on account of a wooden stake breaking because of a latent defect. "We think the circumstances of this latter case were altogether different, and it was evidently considered by the court deciding the case of Flood v. Western Union Telegraph Co., supra, that no inconsistent principles were applied in the two cases, for the former case is not overruled or mentioned in the latter opinion. Dixon v. Western
“ The employer is not an insurer of the safety and sufficiency of the tools, machinery, or appliances furnished to the employé for his use, nor is he a guarantor of the safety of the place where or upon or about which the employé is required to work. The duty cast by law upon the employer is to use ordinary and reasonable care to furnish safe and sufficient tools, machinery, and working places. If he has done this, he has performed the full measure of his duty. The employé, in order to recover for defects in the appliances or working places of the business, must allege and prove that the appliance was defective; or the working place insecure; that the employer had notice or knowledge thereof, or that, by the exercise of ordinary and reasonable care, he might have had such notice or knowledge; and that the employé did not know of the defect, and had not equal means of knowing with the employer.”
The last sentence in this proposition must be given as much force as the preceding ones; for if the employé does know of the defect, or has equal means of knowing with the employer, then, certainly, it is his unquestioned duty to investigate before proceeding. In Griffin v. Ohio
“ In a case where the servant is one of mature age and experience, as in this case, the law never imposes the duty on the master of becoming eyes and ears for his servant, where there is nothing to prevent the servant from using his own eyes and ears to avoid danger. . . . The law requires that men shall use the senses with which nature has endowed them; and, when without excuse one fails to do so, he alone must suffer the consequences, and he is not excused where he fails to discover the danger if he made no attempt to employ the faculties nature has given him.”
The rule is thus announced in Wood, Master & Servant, § 328:
“ When a servant is employed upon work which, equally within the knowledge of the master and the servant is of a*586 dangerous nature, the master is not liable for the consequences of an accident occurring to the servant in the course of that, employment, unless there be negligence on the part of the master, and the absence of rashness on the part of the servant. A servant is bound to exercise his own shill and judgment, so as to protect himself in the course of his employment, and the master is not regarded as warranting, generally, his safety. He is himself bound to exercise proper care, and cannot claim indemnity from the master for an injury resulting to him which might have been prevented if he 'had himself been reasonably vigilant.”
Substantially the same principle is announced in § 366, viz.:
" A master is not liable for injuries to his servant while using machinery in the employment, if the servant has the same knowledge of its defects, or the danger incident to its use, as the master, or if in the exercise of due care, he ought to have such knowledge, and, at or before the time the accident occurred, there was nothing to indicate any danger such as demanded or suggested precautions which were omitted by the master.”
In this case it was equally within the knowledge of the master and the servant that this was a dangerous employment, and it cannot be said that there was negligence on the part of the master, and absence of rashness on the part of the servant, or that the servant used his skill, to protect himself in the course of his employment. He had sufficient skill, according to the undisputed testimony, to protect himself, and he had the apparatus at hand for testing the insulator and the wires.
“ If the servant is to recover damages,” says Mr. Beach, in his work on Oontributory Negligence (§ 299), "he, like any other plaintiff, comes into court under the legal obligation of showing, or having it sufficiently appear, that his own negligence has contributed in no legal sense to the injury.”
“Knowledge on the part of the employer, and ignorance on the part of the employe, are of the essence of the action; or, in other words, the master must he at fault and know of it, and the servant must Be free from fault and ignorant of his master’s fault, if the action is to lie. The authorities all state the rule with these qualifications.”
There is a wilderness of authority to the same effect, hut it would serve no good purpose to reproduce it here. We have examined with patience the authorities cited by the respondent, and, except in one or two eases, notably eases with reference to damages arising from the falling of posts, which we think are in conflict with the cases cited on that subject by the appellant and noticed above, they are not in point. In all of them it appeared that the injury was caused by defects or dangers which were not apparent to the servant, or which would not have been apparent to him if he had exercised ordinary care — such care as was consistent with the dangers incident to the employment. The citation from 7 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, p. 830, to the effect that “ it is the duty of a master, not only in the first instance to make reasonable efforts to supply his employes safe and suitable machinery, tools, etc., but also thereafter to make like efforts to keep such machinery, etc., in safe and serviceable condition; and to that end he must make all needed inspections and examinations,” and 2 Bailey, Master & Servant, §§ 2619, 2620, to the same effect, are, of course, accepted as the law; but we do not think that acceptance will avail the respondent in this case, for the reason, as we before intimated, that these tests were made through the linemen for this company. The same rule is announced in Comben v. Belleville Stone Co., 59 N. J. Law, 226 (36 Atl. 473), cited by appellant, where it is announced that the rule is
The respondent alleges in his complaint that the plaintiff did not know, and by the exercise of reasonable care could not have known, the fact that said wire was charged with electricity. By this allegation he recognized the principle of law which we have just enunciated, and it was necessary for him to make this fact appear. We think, from an investigation of the whole case, that it appears from undisputed testimony that plaintiff did not exercise reasonable care in the investigation of the dangers which he knew were incident to his employment, and that had he exercised such care, and made the tests which reasonable prudence would have dictated, he would have had knowledge of the danger which beset him. The accident was unfortunate, and the result most lamentable; but, with our view of the law governing the case, the judgment must be reversed, and the cause is remanded to the lower court, with instructions to dismiss the same.
Soott, C. J., and Gobdou, Beavis and Ahdebs, JJ., concur.